Uke wezwa nge-SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)? Ake sixoxe ngayo ngokuningiliziwe!

Ungase ukhumbule, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kwakukhulunywa ngesifo esibi esasakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Leso kwakuyi-SARS. Uma sikhuluma iqiniso, kwakucishe kube ngu-2002 noma u-2003 lapho lokhu kwaba yinkinga enkulu emhlabeni. Abantu emazweni amaningi bahlupheka ngenxa yalokhu, futhi abanye baze balahlekelwa yimpilo yabo. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngalesi sifo se-SARS. Ake siqonde ukuthi siyini, saqala kanjani, nokuthi kwenzekani ngaleso sikhathi.

Iyini i-SARS? Yawuthinta kanjani umhlaba?

Kalula nje, i-SARS yisifo esibangelwa yigciwane esithinta kakhulu uhlelo lwethu lokuphefumula, okungukuthi, uhlelo lokuphefumula. Saqala ukutholakala ngasekupheleni kuka-2002. Kwakuphakathi kuka-2002-2003 lapho lesi sifo sasakazeka ngokushesha emazweni angaba ngu-29 emhlabeni jikelele, sathelela abantu abangaphezu kuka-8,000. Ngaleso sikhathi, sabangela ukwesaba okukhulu nokukhathazeka, ngoba kwakuyisifo esisha futhi sasithinta kakhulu.

Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, ngenxa yesinyathelo esisheshayo esithathwe yiziphathimandla zezempilo emhlabeni wonke, lokhu kwalawulwa. Nakuba inani elincane labantu laphinde latheleleka ngo-2004 ngenxa yesigameko elabhorethri eShayina, nalokho kwalawulwa ngokushesha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, akukho mibiko ye-SARS emhlabeni. Akuyona yini impumuzo enkulu leyo?

Ziyini izimpawu ze-SARS?

Manje ake sibheke izimpawu ze-SARS. Ezinye zalezi zingase zizwakale njengomkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane ovamile. Kodwa ezinye izimpawu zimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi izinto ezifana nobunzima bokuphefumula.

Izici eziyinhloko ezingabonakala yilezi:

• Umkhuhlane ophakeme oqhubekayo: Umkhuhlane ovame ukuba ngaphezu kwama-degree Celsius angu-38 (100.4 Fahrenheit). Lolu uphawu oluyinhloko oluza kuqala.
• Ukugodola: Umuzwa wokubanda, njengokuthuthumela, okwenza umzimba uthuthumele.
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu : Kungase kube nzima kakhulu kunekhanda elibuhlungu elivamile.
• Ubuhlungu bomzimba: Ukuzwa ubuhlungu emzimbeni wonke, ikakhulukazi emisipheni.
• Ukukhwehlela: Kungase kuqale njengokukhwehlela okomile bese kuba ukukhwehlela okune-mucus zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa.
• Ukuphelelwa umoya: Lokhu kuyimpawu eyesabisayo kancane. Kungaba nzima ukuphefumula, uzizwe sengathi uyaphefumula, futhi uzizwe sengathi isifuba sakho siyacinana.
• Uhudo: Kwabanye abantu, cishe oyedwa kwabayishumi, uhudo lungaba uphawu.
• Umphimbo obuhlungu: Umphimbo obuhlungu, ubunzima bokugwinya.

Cabanga, abanye abantu bangase babe nomkhuhlane nezinye izimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane kuphela. Kodwa kwabanye, lezi zimpawu zokuqala zingase zibe ukukhwehlela nobunzima bokuphefumula zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbili kuya kweziyisikhombisa. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngaleso sikhathi ngalezi zimpawu, ikakhulukazi uma zihambisana nobunzima bokuphefumula kanye nomkhuhlane.

Yini ebangela i-SARS?

Kulungile, pho lesi sifo se-SARS sivela kanjani? Imbangela yalokhu i-coronavirus ehlobene ne-SARS , igciwane elithile elibizwa ngokuthi (SARS-CoV-1) ngamafuphi. Uyazi ukuthi ayini amagciwane? Kalula nje, lezi yizingcezu ezincane kakhulu, ezingabonakali zezakhi zofuzo. Okusho ukuthi, izinto zofuzo ezifana ne- (DNA) noma (RNA) zimbozwe ngegobolondo elivikelayo elenziwe ngamaprotheni. Lapho la magciwane engena emizimbeni yethu, asebenzisa izinsiza zamaseli emizimba yethu ukwenza amakhophi amaningi awo. Lapho inani lala magciwane landa, amangqamuzana ethu ayalimala futhi siyagula. Leli gciwane (SARS-CoV-1) nalo lisebenza ngendlela efanayo.

I-SARS idluliselwa kanjani?

Manje ake sibheke ukuthi igciwane le-SARS lisakazeka kanjani lisuka komunye umuntu liye komunye. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba yilokho okungavimbela ukusabalala kwalesi sifo.

Isakazeka kakhulu ngamaconsi okuphefumula . Okusho ukuthi, amaconsi amancane oketshezi, njengamathe kanye ne-sputum , aphuma lapho umuntu onegciwane ekhwehlela, ethimula, noma ekhuluma kakhulu. Uma useduze nomuntu onjalo, lawo maconsi angangena emzimbeni wakho ngekhala lakho, umlomo, futhi mhlawumbe namehlo akho, futhi ungagula.

Enye indlela iwukuthinta izindawo ezinegciwane. Isibonelo, uma umuntu ogulayo ethinta isibambo somnyango, itafula, noma ucingo ngaphandle kokugeza izandla zakhe, noma uma amathe akhe efafazwa kuleyo ndawo, igciwane lingase libe khona kulezo zindawo. Khona-ke, uma uthinta leyo ndawo bese uthinta umlomo, impumulo, noma amehlo akho ngaleso sandla esingcolile, igciwane lingangena emzimbeni wakho. Yingakho ukugeza izandla njalo nokuhlanza izindawo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo.

Kwenzekani uma uthola i-SARS? Ingabe kungaba yinto engathi sína?

Manje sesiyazi ukuthi i-SARS ayisasabalali emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kuka-2002-2003, abanye abantu bagula ngayo njengomkhuhlane ojwayelekile futhi balulama ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Kodwa-ke, cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabayishumi (10% - 20%) waba nesifo esibi kakhulu. Kunezinkinga eziningana ezingase zenzeke uma siba sibi kakhulu:

• I-pneumonia: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amaphaphu etheleleka khona futhi amasaka amancane omoya (ama-alveoli) angaphakathi kwamaphaphu agcwala uketshezi. Lokhu kuvimbela umoya-mpilo ukuthi ungene kahle kanye ne-carbon dioxide ukuthi ingaphumi. Kuba nzima kakhulu ukuphefumula.
• Amazinga aphansi e-oxygen egazini nasezicutshini (Hypoxia): Uma amaphaphu engasebenzi kahle, igazi alikwazi ukumunca inani le-oxygen elidingwa ngumzimba. Lokhu kuholela ekuntulekeni kwe-oxygen ezicutshini kuwo wonke umzimba. Lesi yisimo esiyingozi kakhulu.
• Ukwehluleka kokuphefumula: Lapho amaphaphu eba buthakathaka kangangokuthi awakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wawo, okuwumsebenzi wokuphefumula. Yilapho-ke kudingeka khona ukuphefumula okwenziwayo.

Abantu abagula kakhulu kanje, uma bengakwazi ukuphefumula bodwa, bangeniswa ezikhungweni zokunakekelwa okujulile ezibhedlela.Kwadingeka sisebenzise imishini yokuphefumula, okungukuthi, imishini yokuphefumula.

Kodwa-ke, labo ababenezimpawu ezingezimbi kangako futhi ezazivamile nje bakwazile ukuthola ukwelashwa ekhaya. Njengoba nje senza lapho sinomkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane, siphuza imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu, imithi yokunciphisa umkhuhlane, siphuza amanzi amaningi, futhi siphumule.

Ingabe kukhona ukwelashwa okukhethekile kwegciwane le-SARS?

Umbuzo abantu abaningi abawubuzayo ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini ukwelashwa okuthile kwegciwane le-SARS, okungukuthi, umuthi ongawelapha ngokuphelele lesi sifo. Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, cha. Akukho muthi othize ongawelapha ngokuphelele igciwane le-SARS. Futhi, njengezifo eziningi ezibangelwa amagciwane, kwakungekho mithi ethile yokulwa namagciwane ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ayikho namanje. Ukwelashwa kuhloswe kakhulu ukulawula izimpawu, ukusekela umzimba (isibonelo, ukunikeza umoya-mpilo), nokuvimbela izinkinga ezingaba khona.

Ingabe i-SARS ingavinjelwa? Yini okufanele siyenze?

Yebo, kunezinto eziningi esingazenza ukunciphisa ukusabalala kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane njenge-SARS nezinye izifo ezithelelanayo. Lezi ngokuvamile yimikhuba yezempilo sonke esiyaziyo futhi okufanele siyilandele nsuku zonke. Lokhu kusiza ekuvikeleni hhayi kuphela kwi-SARS, kodwa nasezifweni ezifana ne-COVID, kanye nasezintweni ezifana nomkhuhlane ovamile kanye nomkhuhlane.

• Geza izandla zakho njalo: Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugeza izandla zakho kahle ngensipho namanzi agobhozayo okungenani imizuzwana engama-20. Kufanele ugeze izandla zakho ngemva kokuphuma ngaphandle, ngaphambi kokudla, ngaphambi kokulungisa ukudla, nangemva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese. Uma insipho ingekho, ungasebenzisa isihlanzi sezandla esinotshwala.
• Hlala kude nabanye abantu uma ugula: Uma unomkhuhlane, ukukhwehlela, noma ikhala eligobhozayo, hlala ekhaya ngangokunokwenzeka. Gwema ukuya emsebenzini, esikoleni, noma ezindaweni zomphakathi. Lokhu kuzokusiza ekuvimbeleni ukusabalalisa lesi sifo kwabanye.
• Gqoka imaski uma ugula noma ucabanga ukuthi ungase ugule nalapho uya ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi: Lokhu kuvikela abanye emathonsini owakhiphayo uma ukhwehlela noma uthimula.
• Mboza umlomo nekhala lakho ngendololwane yakho uma ukhwehlela noma uthimula: Kungcono umboze umlomo wakho ngengaphakathi lendololwane yakho noma ngethishu kunangesandla sakho. Uma usebenzisa ithishu, yilahle emgqonyeni kadoti ngokushesha ngemva kokusebenzisa.
• Gwema ukuthinta ubuso bakho, amehlo, impumulo, nomlomo ngezandla ezingagezwanga.

Ukulandela le mikhuba kuzosisiza ukuthi sizivikele ezifweni eziningi ezithelelanayo, hhayi nje i-SARS.

Bangaki abantu abashonile ngenxa ye-SARS?

Ngesikhathi ubhubhane lwe-SARS luphela ngo-2003, abantu abangu-916 base beshonile emhlabeni wonke. Kwabe sekuthi ekuqubukeni okuncane ngo-2004, kwashona omunye umuntu oyedwa. Lokho kwenza inani eliphelele labashonile libe ngu-917. Njengoba abantu abangaphezu kuka-8,000 bathelelekile ngaleso sikhathi, izinga lokufa lalicishe libe ngu-10%. Leso yisimo esidabukisayo, kodwa uma sibheka indlela lesi sifo esasakazeka ngayo, singacabanga nokuthi isinyathelo esisheshayo esathathwa yi-World Health Organization kanye namanye amazwe sasingase sivimbele inani labashonile ukuba likhuphuke ngezinga elithile.

Ingabe i-COVID ne-SARS ziyisifo esifanayo?

Lona futhi umbuzo obalulekile kubantu abaningi, ngoba amagama afana kancane. Cha, i-COVID-19 ne-SARS akuzona izifo ezifanayo. Zombili ziyizifo zokuphefumula ezibangelwa izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene zamagciwane . Kodwa-ke, amagama afana kancane ngoba womabili amagciwane angowomndeni ofanayo wamagciwane abizwa ngokuthi amaCoronavirus . Igciwane elibangela i-SARS laziwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi i-SARS-CoV-1 kanti igciwane elibangela i-COVID-19 laziwa ngokuthi i-SARS-CoV-2. Ubuwazi ukuthi amanye ama-coronavirus angabangela ngisho nezifo ezincane zokuphefumula njengomkhuhlane ovamile?

Kunezinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile:

• Isivinini nokusabalala: Igciwane le-COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) lisakazeka ngokushesha kakhulu futhi kalula kunegciwane le-SARS (SARS-CoV-1). Futhi, izigidi zabantu abaningi sezivele zithelelekile nge-COVID-19, inani elikhulu kakhulu kune-SARS.
• Ukudluliselwa okungenazo izimpawu: Kubonakala sengathi i-COVID-19 idluliselwa kalula ngabantu abangakabonakali izimpawu kanye nabantu abangenazo izimpawu. Kodwa-ke, i-SARS yayithelela kakhulu ngemva kokuvela kwezimpawu. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuyilawula i-COVID-19.
• Ubunzima: Nakuba kokubili kungaba kubi kakhulu, izinga lokufa ngenxa ye-COVID-19 ngokuvamile libonakala liphansi kunele-SARS, kodwa ngenxa yenani elikhulu labantu abangenwe yi-COVID-19, inani eliphelele lokufa liphezulu kakhulu kunele-SARS.

Ukusabalala kwe-SARS kwamiswa kanjani?

Izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi zaziwusizo kakhulu ekulawuleni ubhubhane lwe-SARS. Ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi, odokotela, kanye nabasebenzi bezempilo emhlabeni wonke babesebenza ndawonye ngokushesha okukhulu.

• Ukuhlonza Igciwane: Ososayensi basheshe bathola igciwane (SARS-CoV-1) njengembangela yalesi sifo esisha.
• Ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuhlola: Lapho igciwane selitholakele, izindlela (ezifana nokuhlolwa kwe-PCR) ezazingahlola ukuba khona kwalo zafakwa ngokushesha.
• Ukuhlonza nokuhlukanisa iziguli: Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi i-SARS ithelelana kakhulu ngemva kokuqala kwezimpawu, ngakho-ke abantu abanezimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane kufanele batholakale ngokushesha ezikhumulweni zezindiza nasezibhedlela, futhi kufanele bahlukaniswe emakhaya.Okwenziwayo, noma okwagcinwa emagumbini akhethekile ezibhedlela, kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu ekulawuleni ukusabalala kwalesi sifo.
• Ukulandelela othintana nabo: Uma kutholakala isiguli, sithola ukuthi sithintane nobani futhi sisiqaphe.
• Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe: Amazwe abelana ngolwazi futhi asebenzisana ngezinhlangano ezifana ne-World Health Organization (WHO).

Eqinisweni, kuyinto evamile ukuba abantu bazizwe bengaqiniseki, besaba, futhi bekhathazekile lapho noma yisiphi isifo, ikakhulukazi ubhubhane olusha, sisakazeka. I-SARS, kwabanye, yayincane, kanti kwabanye yayinzima, ibulala amakhulu. Kodwa ososayensi, izisebenzi zezempilo, kanye nemiphakathi ethintekile basebenze ndawonye futhi basebenza kanzima, benciphisa inani labantu abagulayo. Iziphathimandla zezempilo emazweni ahlukahlukene zasebenzisana ukuze zithole ngokushesha igciwane futhi zilawule ukusabalala kwalo. Yingakho kungekho amacala amasha e-SARS kusukela ngo-2004.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule

Kulungile, ngakho ngicabanga ukuthi manje usuqonda kangcono lokho ebesikhuluma ngakho nge-SARS. Into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele uyikhumbule ukuthi okwamanje akukho ukuqubuka kwe-SARS emhlabeni. Lokho kuyimpumuzo yangempela. Kodwa, sinezifundo eziningi ezibalulekile okufanele sizifunde kulezi zinhlobo zezifo eziwumshayabhuqe.

• Ukubaluleka kwemikhuba emihle yempilo: Ngisho nezinto ezilula njengokugeza izandla zakho, ukuhlala kude nabanye uma ugula, nokugqoka imaski yobuso kungenza umehluko omkhulu ekuvimbeleni ukusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo.
• Intuthuko kwezesayensi nocwaningo: Izinto ezinjengalezi zisibonisa ngokusobala ukuthi isayensi ibaluleke kangakanani ekuxilongeni izifo ngokushesha, ekwenzeni izivivinyo, ekutholeni ukwelashwa, nasekuthuthukiseni imijovo yokugoma.
• Amandla obunye: Sibona nokuthi kunamandla kangakanani ukunqoba izinselele zomhlaba ezinjengalezi lapho amazwe, ososayensi, imikhakha yezempilo, kanye nomphakathi behlangana futhi besebenzela umgomo ofanayo.

Ngakho-ke, yize i-SARS yayiyisifo esiyingozi esikhathini esidlule, sidinga ukulungela kakhudlwana ukubhekana nezimo ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo ngezifundo esizitholile kuyo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukunakekela impilo yakho njalo nokwenza ngendlela efanele.

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