Wake wazibuza ukuthi imizimba yethu ikhiqiza igazi elisha njalo yini? Yebo, kuyiqiniso. Kwezokwelapha, lokhu yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-hematopoiesis. Kalula nje, lena inqubo emangalisayo imizimba yethu ekhiqiza ngayo amangqamuzana egazi, noma amangqamuzana egazi. Njengokulahla imoto endala nokuthenga entsha sha, imizimba yethu isusa amangqamuzana egazi amadala njalo futhi yenza amangqamuzana egazi amasha, amasha esikhundleni sawo. Lena yindlela imizimba yethu egcina ngayo ukuhlinzekwa kwegazi njalo. Akumangalisi yini? Le nqubo iqala ngaphambi kokuba sizalwe futhi iyaqhubeka impilo yethu yonke.
Kuyini i-hematopoiesis? Kalula nje...
Kulungile, ake sibone ukuthi leli gama elithi Hematopoiesis lisho ukuthini. Nakuba lingase libonakale njengegama elingavamile, incazelo ilula kakhulu. Leli gama livela ekuhlanganisweni kwamagama amabili avela olimini lwesiGreki.
- 'Haîma' (Haima): Lokhu kusho 'igazi' noma ' igazi '.
- I-Poesis (i-poesis): Lokhu kusho 'ukwenza okuthile' noma 'ukukhiqiza'.
Khona-ke lapho la magama amabili ehlanganiswa, kuvela umqondo
'wokwakheka kwegazi' noma
'ukukhiqizwa kwegazi' . Kulula kakhulu ukuyiqonda, akunjalo? Ngezinye izikhathi le nqubo ebizwa ngokuthi
i-hematopoiesis ibizwa nangokuthi i-hemopoiesis, i-hematogenesis, noma i-hemogenesis. Wonke la magama asho into efanayo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zamaseli egazi akhiqizwa yi-hematopoiesis?
Igazi lethu alinawo uhlobo olufanayo lwamaseli. Njengoba nje ukudla kuqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla njengelayisi, amalentili, nenhlanzi, igazi lethu liqukethe nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zamaseli egazi zikhiqizwa ngenqubo ye-
hematopoiesis . Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini.
Amaseli egazi abomvu (ama-Erythrocyte)
Lawa uhlobo lwamaseli oluningi kakhulu egazini lethu. Ubuwazi ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko wamaseli abomvu egazi
ukuthwala umoya-mpilo ongena emaphashini lapho siphefumula uye kuzo zonke ezinye izitho nezicubu emzimbeni wonke. Lawa maseli asebenza njengethangi lomoya-mpilo. Futhi, lawa maseli abomvu egazi asiza ekubuyiseleni i-carbon dioxide engafuneki ekhiqizwa emzimbeni wethu emaphashini bese eyikhipha lapho sikhipha umoya-mpilo. Inqubo yokukhiqiza amaseli abomvu egazi ibizwa ngokuthi
i-erythropoiesis .
Amaseli amhlophe egazi (ama-leukocyte)
Amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi afana nonogada emizimbeni yethu. Njengebutho elivikela izwe, lawa maseli
asivikela ezifweni ngokulwa namagciwane, njengebhaktheriya namagciwane, angena emizimbeni yethu. Akukhona lokho kuphela, lawa maseli amhlophe egazi asiza nasekubhubhiseni amangqamuzana angajwayelekile akhula emizimbeni yethu, njengemangqamuzana omdlavuza. Inqubo okukhiqizwa ngayo amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ibizwa ngokuthi
I-Leukopoiesis. Akukhona uhlobo olulodwa nje lweseli elimhlophe legazi, kodwa kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyinhloko: Phakathi kwalawa, ama-neutrophils, ama-basophil, nama-eosinophils anemisebenzi efanayo kakhulu, ngakho-ke abizwa ngokuthi ama-granulocytes . Ama-platelet (noma ama-Thrombocyte)
Ama-platelet anjengodokotela abancane emizimbeni yethu. Uma unenxeba elincane bese uqala ukuphuma igazi, la ma-platelet asiza ekumiseni ukuphuma kwegazi. Lawa ayizingcezu ezincane zamaseli ezinamathelayo. Ahlangana endaweni yenxeba, akhe ihlule, bese evala inxeba. Kufana nokufaka i-plaster. Yingakho igazi lingaphumi emizimbeni yethu ngokungadingekile. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ama-platelet ibizwa ngokuthi i-thrombopoiesis . Le nqubo yokwakheka kwegazi yenzeka kuphi?
Umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu! Le nqubo emangalisayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-hematopoiesis yenzeka kakhulu engxenyeni enesiponji ngaphakathi kwamathambo ethu. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi umongo wamathambo. Uke wayibona ingxenye ebomvu ngaphakathi kwethambo uma udla inkukhu? Yilokho okwenziwa umongo wamathambo. Ukwakheka kwegazi ngale ndlela ngaphakathi komnkantsha wamathambo kubizwa ngokuthi i-medullary hematopoiesis . Amaseli egazi akhiwa ngale ndlela abese ehamba emzimbeni wethu ngemithambo yegazi yethu. Kodwa-ke, ngezinye izikhathi, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezithile zesifo, igazi lingakhiqizwa kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba wethu ngaphezu komnkantsha wamathambo, isibonelo, ezithweni ezifana nesibindi kanye ne-spleen . Ukwakheka kwegazi ngaphandle komnkantsha ngale ndlela kubizwa ngokuthi i-extramedullary hematopoiesis . Kunezinguquko ezincane endaweni lapho kwakheka khona leli gazi, ngaphambi nangemva kokuzalwa kwethu. Ngaphambi kokuzalwa
Leli gazi liqala ukwakheka sisesesibelethweni sikamama, okungukuthi, njengembungu.- Okokuqala, phakathi namasonto amathathu okuqala okukhulelwa, uhlobo lweseli elibomvu legazi luqala ukwakheka esakhiweni esizungeze umbungu obizwa ngokuthi i-yolk sac . Lawa awakhuli kahle kakhulu kunamaseli abomvu egazi esiwakhiqizayo njengabantu abadala.
- Bese kuthi, cishe ezinyangeni ezingu-2-3 zokukhulelwa, amangqamuzana abomvu egazi nama-platelet aqala ukwakheka esibindini nasesinqeni. Amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi akhiwa esibindini, esinqeni, kanye nasesinqeni se-thymus.
- Ngenyanga yesihlanu yokukhulelwa, iningi lokukhiqizwa kwegazi kwenzeka emnkantsheni wethambo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zamaseli amhlophe egazi nazo zikhiqizwa endlaleni i-thymus, i-spleen, kanye nezinye izicubu ze-lymph.
Ngemva kokuzalwa
Ngemva kokuzalwa kwethu, kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya ebudaleni, iningi lokukhiqizwa kwegazi lethu kwenzeka emnkantsheni wethambo. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo olukhethekile lweseli elimhlophe legazi elibizwa ngokuthi ama-lymphocyte nalo luyakhula endlaleni yethu ye-thymus. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo zesifo, isibonelo, uma umnkantshe wethambo ungakwazi ukwenza amangqamuzana egazi ngendlela efanele, umzimba wethu uzama ukwenza igazi futhi ezindaweni lapho igazi lenziwa khona ngaphambi kokuzalwa, njengesibindi, i-spleen, noma ama-lymph node. Lokhu kufana nesu elisetshenziswa esimweni esiphuthumayo. Inqubo ye-hematopoiesis yenzeka kanjani?
Lena inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa ehlelekile kakhulu. Cabanga nje ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli egazi ezingakhiwa kusuka kuseli elilodwa le-stem! Zonke lezi zinhlobo zamaseli egazi zineseli eliqalayo elivamile. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi iseli le-hematopoietic stem (HSC) . Lokhu kufana "neseli eliyinhloko." Leli seli le-HSC liqala likhule libe yiseli elingaphambi kweseli noma iseli "eliqhumayo" . Leli seli elingaphambi kweseli liyiseli elisendleleni eya ekubeni yiseli legazi elithile, kodwa elingakakhuli ngokugcwele. Leli seli elingaphambi kweseli libe selihlukana futhi lishintshe amaseli amaningi ngaphambi kokuba libe yiseli legazi elisebenzayo ngokugcwele. Kunezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-hematopoiesis, ngokusekelwe endleleni izinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli egazi esixoxe ngazo ekuqaleni ezakhiwa ngayo:- I-Erythropoiesis: Ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli abomvu egazi.
- I-Leukopoiesis: Ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli amhlophe egazi.
- I-Thrombopoiesis: Ukukhiqizwa kwama-platelet.
Ngazo zonke lezi zinguquko, lelo seli lokuqala le-stem (HSC) liba elikhethekile kakhulu. Okusho ukuthi, lilahlekelwa izici zeseli le-stem bese lithola izici zeseli elibomvu legazi, iseli elimhlophe legazi, noma i-platelet. I-Erythropoiesis (ukwakheka kwamaseli abomvu egazi)
Amaseli abomvu egazi akhiwa emnkantsheni wethu wamathambo. Iseli legazi eliyinhloko (i-HSC) liqala ngokuba yiseli elingaphambili elibizwa ngokuthi i-erythroblast . Le erythroblast ibe yiseli legazi elibomvu elingakavuthwa elibizwa ngokuthi i-reticulocyte . Ekugcineni, le reticulocyte iba yiseli legazi elibomvu elikhule ngokugcwele, elisebenzayo. Indlela amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi akhiwa ngayo (i-Leukopoiesis)
Akuwona wonke amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi adalwe ngendlela efanayo. Ama-granulocyte esixoxe ngawo ngaphambilini - okungukuthi, ama-basophil, ama-eosinophil, nama-neutrophil - adalwe ngendlela ehluke kancane kuma-monocyte nama-lymphocyte. Indlela ama-granulocyte akhiwa ngayo
Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zama-granulocyte zikhiqizwa emnkantsheni wethambo. Uma iseli legazi eliyinhloko (i-HSC) liqhubeka nokuzenza, likhula ngendlela ebizwa ngokuthi umugqa weseli le-myeloid . Igama elithi "myeloid" lisho ukuthi "lihlobene nomnkantshe wethambo." Ngakho-ke, la maseli aqanjwa ngoba akhiqizwa emnkantsheni wethambo. Ukuze kwenziwe i-granulocyte, iseli le-HSC liqala libe yiseli elingaphambili elibizwa ngokuthi i-myeloblast . Le myeloblast ibe isiba yi-myelocyte , ekugcineni ehluka ibe yi-basophil, i-eosinophil, noma i-neutrophil. Indlela akhiwa ngayo amaseli e-mononuclear
Ama-monocyte akhiqizwa emnkantsheni wamathambo. Ama-lymphocyte - okungukuthi, ama-B-cell, ama-T-cell kanye namaseli okubulala emvelo - akhiqizwa emnkantsheni wamathambo nakwezinye izicubu ze-lymphoid, njenge-thymus gland. Isibonelo, ama-lymphocyte akheka emnkantsheni wamathambo esemncane kakhulu, bese ethutha aye emnkantsheni we-thymus, lapho avuthwa khona abe ama-T-cell.- Ama-monocyte akhula ngomugqa weseli le-myeloid: Ngenxa yokuthi akhiwa futhi emnkantsheni wamathambo, aqala akhule abe yiseli elingaphambili elibizwa ngokuthi i-monoblast , bese kuba yilapho kuphela lapho eba ama-monocyte akhule ngokugcwele.
- Ama-lymphocyte akhula eduze komugqa weseli le-lymphoid: ngoba akhiwa ezicutshini ze-lymphoid, njenge-bone marrow kanye ne-thymus gland. Ngakho-ke, amaseli e-HSC aba ama-lymphocyte akhula abe amaseli angaphambili abizwa ngokuthi ama-lymphoblast . Lawa yiwo agcina ehlukene abe amaseli e-T, amaseli e-B, noma amaseli okubulala emvelo.
Ukwakheka kwamaplatelet (Thrombopoiesis)
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-platelet kwenzeka nasemongweni wethambo. Lapha, iseli legazi eliyinhloko (i-HSC) liqala likhule libe iseli elingaphambili elibizwa ngokuthi i-megakaryoblast . Le megakaryoblast ibe isikhula ibe iseli elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi i-megakaryocyte . Ekugcineni, ama-platelet akheka lapho izingxenye zale megakaryocyte ziwohloka. Akumangalisi yini lokho? Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani le nqubo ye-hematopoiesis?
Eqinisweni, izinga lokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi lincike ezidingweni zomzimba wakho. Isibonelo, uma ugula, umzimba wakho wandisa ukukhiqizwa kwawo kwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ukuze ulwe namagciwane. Ngokuvamile, inqubo ye-hematopoiesis yenzeka njalo, ngoba amangqamuzana egazi nawo anesikhathi esithile sokuphila. Lapho iseli elilodwa legazi lifa, umzimba ophilile wenza elisha ukuze ulithathe indawo yalo. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuphila kwamangqamuzana egazi simi kanje:- Amaseli egazi abomvu: Aphila cishe izinsuku ezingu-120.
- Amaseli amhlophe egazi: Aphila kusukela emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
- Ama-Platelet: Aphila phakathi kwezinsuku ezi-5 nezi-9.
Ngakho-ke, imizimba yethu ihlala isusa la maseli amadala futhi iqhubeka nokwenza amasha.
Kuthiwani uma kunenkinga ngenqubo ye-hematopoiesis?
Imizimba yethu iyakwazi kakhulu ukulawula ukukhiqizwa kwala maseli egazi, okusho ukuthi sinenani elifanele lamangqamuzana egazi. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izimo zezokwelapha zingaphazamisa le nqubo ye-hematopoiesis. Lokhu kungabangela ukuthi kukhiqizwe amangqamuzana egazi ambalwa kakhulu noma kube maningi kakhulu. Uma inani lamangqamuzana egazi lishintsha ngendlela engavamile ngale ndlela, kungavela izimpawu ezahlukene kanye nezimo zezokwelapha.- Izinkinga ngamaseli abomvu egazi:
- Uma inani lamaseli akho abomvu egazi lincipha, kubizwa ngokuthi i-anemia . Ungase uzizwe ukhathele futhi ubuthakathaka ngoba izicubu zomzimba wakho azitholi umoya-mpilo owanele.
- Ukwanda kwenani lamaseli abomvu egazi kubizwa ngokuthi i-erythrocytosis . Ezimweni ezincane, lokhu kungabangela izimpawu ezithile ezingakhululekile. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukwanda kwamaseli abomvu egazi kungabangela ukuba igazi lijiye, okwandisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo noma isifo sohlangothi.
- Izinkinga ezihlobene namaseli amhlophe egazi:
- Uma inani lamaseli akho amhlophe egazi lehla, kubizwa ngokuthi i-leukopenia . Lokhu kwandisa ingozi yakho yokuthola izifo.
- Ukwanda kwenani lamaseli amhlophe egazi kubizwa ngokuthi i-leukocytosis . Lokhu kuvame ukuba uphawu lokutheleleka. Kodwa-ke, ngezinye izikhathi inani eliphezulu kakhulu lamaseli amhlophe egazi kungaba uphawu lwesifo segazi noma umdlavuza.
- Izinkinga ezihlobene nama-platelet:
- Ukubalwa kwama-platelet aphansi kubizwa ngokuthi i-thrombocytopenia . Lesi simo singabangela ukopha kalula futhi uqhume kalula.
- Uma inani lama-platelet likhuphuka, libizwa ngokuthi i-thrombocytosis . Lokhu kwandisa ingozi yokuba namahlule egazi amakhulu.
Yiziphi izimo eziphazamisa inqubo ye-hematopoiesis?
Kunezici eziningana ezingaphazamisa inqubo ye-hematopoiesis. Ezinye zalezi zingaba nemiphumela emincane, kanti ezinye zingaba zimbi kakhulu. Isibonelo, njengoba sikhula, amafutha anganqwabelana emnkantsheni wethu wamathambo, okunciphisa ikhono lokwenza igazi. Izifo ezihlobene negazi kanye nomdlavuza wegazi , njenge -leukemia, i-lymphoma, kanye ne-myeloma, nazo zingaphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli egazi. Lezi zifo zibangela ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwamaseli egazi angavamile, anesifo. Enye into ukuthi eminye imithi ingaphazamisa inqubo ye-hematopoiesis, okubangela ukwehla kwenani lamaseli egazi. Isibonelo, i-chemotherapy, esetshenziselwa ukubhubhisa amaseli omdlavuza, ingabangela ukwehla kwenani lamaseli amhlophe egazi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-neutropenia . Ngakho-ke, eminye imithi ingabangela nokwehla kwamaseli egazi njengomphumela ongemuhle. Into ebaluleke kakhulu esifuna ukuyithatha ekhaya kule ndaba (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)
Kulungile, manje usuyaqonda ukuthi le hematopoiesis, inqubo yokwakheka kwegazi esikhulume ngayo namuhla, yinto eyenzeka njalo, into ebalulekile ekuphileni kwethu okunempilo nokusinda. Lokhu kuhlinzekwa kwegazi okuqhubekayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni umoya-mpilo ezicutshini zomzimba wethu nasekusivikeleni ezifweni. Khumbula, le nqubo yenzeka kakhulu ngaphakathi komnkantsha wethu. Izinto eziningi ezithinta impilo yethu zingathinta naleli khono lokwenza igazi.
Ngakho-ke, ukugcina impilo yethu iyonke ngokudla ukudla okulinganiselayo, ukuzivocavoca, nokulandela iseluleko sezokwelapha kuzosiza ukugcina le nqubo emangalisayo ye-hematopoiesis isebenza kahle. Uma uneminye imibuzo mayelana nalokhu, ungesabi ukukhuluma nodokotela.
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