Konke mayelana namagciwane - izitha ezincane esingenakuzibona - kalula!

Sonke sesizwile ngamagciwane, akunjalo? Ikakhulukazi muva nje nge-`(COVID-19)`, igama elithi igciwane seliyingxenye yezimpilo zethu. Kodwa liyini ngempela igciwane? Lisigulisa kanjani? Ungakhathazeki, namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho konke lokhu kalula nangokucacile, njengokungathi sikhuluma nomngane.

Iyini igciwane? (Yini igciwane?)

Kalula nje, igciwane liyigciwane elincane kakhulu . Lincane kakhulu kangangokuthi asikwazi nokulibona ngamehlo ethu, lifana nabahlaseli abancane. Lawa magciwane angathelela abantu, izilwane, izitshalo, kodwa futhi namagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Kodwa kukhona into eyodwa ekhethekile, akuwona wonke amagciwane athinta wonke umuntu. Athelela kuphela ngokuthola "ikhaya" elifanele wona. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi ukucaciswa komsingathi .

Uma igciwane lingena emzimbeni, ngezinye izikhathi lingaba buhlungu ngokuphelele. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lingaba yingozi kakhulu. Nazi ezinye zezifo ezingabangelwa amagciwane:

• Izifo ezibangela ubunzima bokuphefumula (isib. umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane)
• Ubuhlungu besisu, ukuhlanza, uhudo
• Izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (ama-STI)
• Izifo zesikhumba (isb., i-chickenpox, ama-warts)

Cabanga ngale ndlela: igciwane lifana nengxenye encane yolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo olugoqwe "ephaketheni" elincane. Leli phakethe, noma igobolondo elivikelayo, libizwa ngokuthi i-capsid . Amagciwane awakhiwanga ngamaseli. Ngakho awakwazi ukwenza amanye amagciwane ngokwawo. Lokho akwenzayo ukuthatha imiyalelo yawo, angene ngaphakathi kweseli eliyi-host efana nelethu, bese esebenzisa amathuluzi akulelo seli ukuze enze amakhophi awo.

Kufana nomuntu ongena ekhishini lakho ngesinyenyela, ephethe iresiphi yakhe, bese esebenzisa amabhodwe akho, amapani, kanye nesitofu ukupheka ukudla kwakho. Ngeshwa, bagcina beyingcolisa ikhishi uma sebeqedile!

Ngezinye izikhathi amagciwane abizwa ngokuthi “ama-virion”.

Yiziphi izici ezivamile zamagciwane?

Cishe wonke amagciwane anezici ezimbalwa ezifanayo. Bheka:

• Zenziwe ngezinto zofuzo (i-RNA noma i-DNA) kanye ne-protective protein coat (i-capsid) ezizungezile.
• Amanye amagciwane anesembozo sangaphandle phezu kwale capsid. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi imvilophu . Amagciwane angenaso isembozo esinjalo abizwa ngokuthi "amagciwane anqunu."
• Ama-virus afana nama-parasite . Adinga ngempela iseli lomnikazi ukuze azale. Angaphila ngaphandle komnikazi isikhathi esithile, kodwa kuphela kuze kube yilapho i-capsid iphuka.
• Incane ngokuphindwe kayi-100 kuya ku-1000 kunamaseli asemzimbeni wethu. Kunzima ukuyicabanga, akunjalo?

Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-virus?

Odokotela nososayensi bahlukanisa amagciwane ngokubukeka kwawo (usayizi, ukuma) kanye nohlobo lwezinto zofuzo eziqukethwe kuwo. Ahlukaniswe ngemindeni, njengezizwe. Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo zamagciwane okungenzeka ukuthi wake wezwa ngawo:

Ezinye zezinhlobo zamagciwane esivame ukuzwa ngazo

• Amagciwane omkhuhlane: Yilokhu okubangela umkhuhlane ovamile (umkhuhlane). La magciwane omkhuhlane nawo abangela izinto ezifana nomkhuhlane wezinyoni kanye nomkhuhlane wezingulube (H1N1).
• Ama-herpesvirus abantu: Lona umndeni omkhulu wamagciwane. Ayimbangela yezifo eziningana, okuhlanganisa i-herpes yomlomo neyobulili, i-chickenpox, i-herpes zoster (ama-shingles), igciwane le-Epstein-Barr, kanye ne-cytomegalovirus (CMV).
• I-Coronavirus: Wonke umuntu useyazi leli gama manje, akunjalo? Igciwane elibangela i-COVID-19 liyilungu elidumile kakhulu kulo mndeni. Kodwa amanye amagciwane kulo mndeni ofanayo abangela nezifo ezincane njengomkhuhlane ovamile.
• Ama-Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Yilokhu okubangela izinhlungu. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-HPV nazo zingabangela umdlavuza.
• Ama-Enterovirus: Lawa magciwane abangela ukutheleleka emathunjini ethu. Ayimbangela yezinto ezifana ne-polio nesifo sezandla, unyawo, nomlomo.
• Ama-Flavivirus: Leli qembu lamagciwane lisakazwa kakhulu omiyane. Babangela izifo ezifana nomkhuhlane we-Dengue, i-Zika, kanye ne-West Nile.
• Ama-Orthopoxvirus: Lawa magciwane abangela ukuqubuka kwesikhumba okunamaqhubu. I-Mpox kanye ne-smallpox kuyizibonelo zalolu hlobo lwegciwane.
• Amagciwane e-Hepatitis: Nakuba la magciwane engekho emndenini owodwa, wonke athinta isibindi sethu. I-Hepatitis A, B, kanye no-C yiwona avame kakhulu.

Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zamagciwane

Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile zamagciwane:

• Ama-retrovirus: Lawa ama-RNA virus. Asebenzisa amaprotheni akhethekile ukuguqula i-RNA yawo ibe yi-DNA. Bese efaka leyo DNA ku-DNA yamaseli ethu. Amaseli ethu abe eseqala ukufunda i-DNA yegciwane njengokungathi iyimiyalelo yawo. I-HIV ( igciwane elibangela ingculaza) kanye ne-HTLV-1 ziyizibonelo zama-retrovirus anjalo.
• Ama-Oncovirus: Lawa amagciwane angabangela umdlavuza. Amagciwane afana ne-HPV, igciwane le-Epstein-Barr, i-HIV, i-hepatitis B no-C, i-HTLV-1, kanye negciwane le-herpes 8 (HHV-8) ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza.
• Amagciwane e-satellite: Lawa magciwane awakwazi ukuzala ngokwawo. Adinga igciwane "elisizayo". Lawa avame ukutholakala ezitshalweni.
• Ama-bacteriophage:Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi "ama-phage" ngamafuphi. Lawa magciwane athelela ngqo amagciwane. Ososayensi manje bacwaninga ukwelashwa kwe-bacteriophage njengokwelashwa kwezifo zamagciwane ezingamelani nama-antibiotic.

Amagciwane angena kanjani emizimbeni yethu?

Amagciwane avame ukungena emizimbeni yethu nge-mucous membranes yethu. Lokho kusho izindawo ezifana namehlo, ikhala, umlomo, izitho zangasese, isitho sangasese sowesifazane, kanye ne-anus. Amanye amagciwane angangena emzimbeni ngokuqhekeka kwesikhumba, noma kusuka kumiyane noma ikhizane.

Asebenza Kanjani Ama-Virus?

Igciwane lithelela iseli futhi lilandela izinyathelo eziningana ukuze lizenzele amakhophi alo.

1. Okunamathiselwe: Igciwane liqala linamathele esitokisini esiphethe.

2. Ukungena: Bese kufakwa iseli.

3. Ukuphindaphinda: Iseli lenza amakhophi ezinto zalo zofuzo kanye namaprotheni ngaphakathi kwalo.

4. Ukuhlanganiswa: Izingxenye ezisanda kwakheka ziyahlangana ukuze zakhe igciwane eliphelele.

5. Ukukhululwa: Igciwane elisha liyaphuma esitokisini bese liqhubeka nokuthelela amanye amangqamuzana.

Ukufaka iseli

Ama-virus asebenzisa izindlela ezintathu zokufaka amaseli:

• Ukubopha ama-receptor: Amaseli ethu ane-receptor ngaphandle esebenza "njengamasango." Amanye amagciwane akhohlise la maseli acabange ukuthi anemvume yokungena, futhi angene ngala masango.
• Ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile: Amanye amagciwane anamathela ngqo kuseli eliyibamba futhi angene kulo.
• Ama-bacteriophage amagciwane afaka izakhi zofuzo zawo kuphela engqamuzaneni lebhaktheriya. Igciwane lonke alidingi ukungena.

Kwenzekani ngemva kokungena ngemvume? (Ukwenza amakhophi)

Uma igciwane noma izakhi zalo zofuzo zingena engqamuzaneni, lisebenzisa izindlela ezimbili ukuze lizenzele amakhophi alo. Amanye amagciwane ngezinye izikhathi asebenzisa zombili izindlela.

• Umjikelezo we-Lytic: Kulo mjikelezo, igciwane lisebenzisa izinsiza zeseli eliyibambayo (njengezinto zasekhishini) ukuze lenze amakhophi amaningi alo. Izinhlayiya zegciwane ziyahlangana, bese izinto zofuzo zingena ngaphakathi kwe-capsid. Lapho amakhophi amaningi egciwane enziwa ngale ndlela ngaphakathi kweseli, iseli ekugcineni liyaqhuma. Bese kuvela amagciwane amasha futhi athelele amanye amangqamuzana.
• Umjikelezo we-Lysogenic: Amanye amagciwane anesikhathi "sokuthula" noma "esifihliwe". Angena emaselini bese ehlala lapho isikhashana, engenzi lutho. Kufana nokungena ekhishini lakho ngokunyenya bese ubhala iresiphi yawo encwadini yakho yeresiphi esikhundleni sokupheka. Iseli aliqapheli ukuthi kukhona igciwane ngaphakathi, ngakho iseli liyahlukana futhi liphindaphindeke ngokujwayelekile. Iseli ngalinye elisha elakhayo linekhophi yalelo gciwane. Bese kuba nokucindezeleka, ngenxa yokuthile okufana namakhemikhali athile noma izinguquko zokushisa, igciwane elicashile liba ngokoqobo, liqhume emaseli, futhi izinhlayiya zegciwane zisakazeka emzimbeni wonke.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagciwane

Amagciwane angachazwa ngezici ezahlukene:

• Indlela ezibukeka ngayo (isimo nosayizi).
• Izakhiwo zabo ze-genome.
• Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona amaprotheni akhiwe kanye ne-envelope noma cha.

Izimo zamagciwane

Ama-virus angabonakala ehluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Ososayensi bawahlukanisa ngesimo sawo:

• I-Icosahedral noma i-polyhedral: Lesi isimo sejiyometri esinezinhlangothi eziningi, njengebhola. Amagciwane amaningi athelela abantu analesi simo.
• I-Helical: Leli gciwane libunjwe njengesilinda. Ulwazi lwalo lwezakhi zofuzo lugoqeke ngaphakathi njengesiphethu.
• Eziyindilinga: Amagciwane ayindilinga angama-virus anesivikelo esiwazungezile, kungaba esijikelezayo noma esinezingqimba eziningi. Akhiwe njengebhola.
• Inkimbinkimbi: Amagciwane ayinkimbinkimbi anezimo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ezihlanganisiwe. Amagciwane athelela amagciwane ane-"head" enezingqimba eziningi kanye "nomzimba" ojikelezayo.

Usayizi wegciwane

Wonke amagciwane mancane kakhulu – mancane kakhulu ukuba angabonwa ngaphandle kwesibonakhulu esinamandla. Uma kulinganiswa, amaningi awo aphakathi kwama-nanometer angu-20 (nm) nama-400nm. Cabanga ngakho, lokho kuncane ngokuphindwe ka-2000 kunohlamvu lwesihlabathi ! Ancane ngokuphindwe ka-100 kuya ku-1000 kunamaseli emizimbeni yethu.

Kodwa ubukhulu bazo bungahluka kakhulu. Isibonelo, igciwane lesimungumungwane likhulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunegciwane leZika.

Ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo lwamagciwane

Ulwazi olugcinwe kugciwane – izinto zalo zofuzo – lungaba yi-`(DNA)` noma i-`(RNA)`. `(DNA)` lufana nencwadi yemiyalelo etshela igciwane ukuthi lingenziwa kanjani. `(RNA)` lufana nemiyalelo efundwa umshini weseli futhi ihunyushwe ibe ulimi olungenza amaprotheni. Igciwane lingaba yi-`(DNA)` noma i-`(RNA)` kanje:

• Okuqondile noma okuyisiyingi .
• Umuzwa omuhle noma umuzwa omubi: I-RNA enengqondo enhle ingasetshenziswa njengemiyalelo yokwenza izinhlayiya zamagciwane ngqo ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezengeziwe. Ama-virus e-RNA enengqondo embi adinga ama-enzyme akhethekile ukuze enze i-RNA enengqondo enhle ngaphambi kokwenza amakhophi egciwane.
• I-single-strand noma i-double-strand: Ama-virus e-DNA angaba nezinto zawo zofuzo njenge-single strand (ssDNA) noma njenge-two strand ezixhunywe ndawonye (dsDNA). (I-DNA yomuntu i-double-strand). Ama-virus e-RNA avame ukuba ne-single-strand, kodwa kukhona namanye ama-RNA a-double-strand.

Ingabe amagciwane ayaphila noma awaphili?

Lona umbuzo othakazelisayo kancane. Ososayensi abavamile ukubheka amagciwane njengezinto eziphilayo.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi azikwazi ukwenza ezinye zezinto ezenziwa izinto eziphilayo, njengokuguqula ukudla kube amandla (i-metabolism). Azikwazi futhi ukusinda noma ukuzala ngaphandle kweseli eliyisitha.

Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, zingaphindaphinda ngaphakathi kweseli elifanele lomgcini, futhi zingashintsha (ziguquke) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ziphile. Hhayi lokho kuphela, kodwa futhi zingalimaza futhi zibhubhise amaseli omgcini kule nqubo. Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu abaningi babheka amagciwane njengento ekhona endaweni engwevu, emngceleni phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili.

Yiziphi izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane?

Njengoba sesixoxile ngaphambili, amagciwane angabangela izifo ezahlukahlukene. Ezinye zezifo ezivame kakhulu ezibangelwa amagciwane yilezi:

• Umkhuhlane ovamile
• Umkhuhlane `(Umkhuhlane)`
• I-Covid-19 `(COVID-19)`
• Igciwane le-syncytial lokuphefumula `(RSV)`
• Inqubulunjwana
• Isimungumungwane
• I-HIV/AIDS
• I-Human papillomavirus/izinhlungu zangasese (i-HPV/izinhlungu zangasese)
• I-herpes yesitho sangasese sowesifazane (HSV)
• Uvendle
• Amarabi
• I-Mpox `(Mpox)`
• I-Zika
• I-Hepatitis

Izinto okudingeka sizikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Okwamanje kufanele ube nomqondo omuhle wokuthi ayini amagciwane. Khumbula, amagciwane ayizinto ezincane eziza ngazo zonke izinhlobo nobukhulu. Adinga umninikhaya ukuze asithelele. Kodwa akuwona wonke amagciwane asigulisayo. Eqinisweni, ososayensi bathi kungaba nezigidigidi zamagciwane ahlala emizimbeni yethu, angalimazi!

Kodwa-ke, amagciwane asibangela ukugula afana nezivakashi ezingadingeki eziza emakhaya ethu. Ngakho-ke, singazivikela kulezi zifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngokuhlala sihlanzekile, sigeza izandla zethu njalo, futhi sigonyelwe izifo ezithile. Uma unesifo esithile, ungakhohlwa ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha. Hlala uphilile!

Amagciwane , ukutheleleka ngamagciwane, izinhlobo zamagciwane, izifo, impilo, ukuzivikela komzimba, izifo