Izakhi zofuzo 'ezimbi' ezibangela umdlavuza? Ake sixoxe nge-oncogenes!

Ngisho noma uzwa igama elithi umdlavuza, uzizwa unzima kancane enhliziyweni yakho, akunjalo? Kuvamile cishe kuwo wonke umuntu. Kunezizathu ezahlukene ezenza lezi zimdlavuza zikhule. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo olukhethekile lwezakhi zofuzo olukhona emizimbeni yethu, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lungaziphatha 'kabi' futhi lubangele umdlavuza. Lezi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-oncogene . Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa leli gama kudokotela noma kwenye indawo. Ngakho-ke, ake sibone ukuthi ziyini lezi zi-oncogene, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani emizimbeni yethu, nokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukwazi ngazo.

Ziyini i-oncogenes?

Kulungile, manje ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini lezi zinhlobo ze-oncogene . Kalula nje, i-oncogene iyi-gene engabangela umdlavuza. Kodwa lokhu akuyona into evele iwele esibhakabhakeni. Imizimba yethu ivame ukuba nohlobo lwe-gene ebizwa ngokuthi i-proto-oncogene . Lawa ma-proto-oncogene yiwo alawula izinto ezifana nokukhula nokuhlukana kwamaseli ethu ngendlela ehlelekile. Cabanga ngakho 'njengomphathi omuhle' wamaseli emzimbeni wethu.

Uma nje lo 'mphathi omuhle' (i-proto-oncogene) esebenza kahle, akukho nkinga. Amaseli akhula ngendlela efanele, ngobukhulu obufanele, enza umsebenzi wawo, futhi afe lapho isikhathi sifika. Leyo inqubo enempilo nejwayelekile.

Kodwa-ke, uma kukhona ushintsho, okungukuthi, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo , kule proto-oncogene, khona-ke iba yi-oncogene, okungukuthi, 'umphathi omubi'. Lokho 'umphathi omubi' (i-oncogene) akwenzayo ukuyala njalo amaseli ukuthi "akhule kakhulu! ahlukane kakhulu! ngokushesha!" njengokuhlanya. Ngakho la maseli ahlukana ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulawula, aqongelele, futhi ekugcineni amathumba , okungukuthi, izimo zomdlavuza, aqala ukwakheka. Igama elithi 'oncogenic' lisho 'ukubangela ukukhula kwesimila'. Ngakho yilokho okwenziwa yi-oncogenes.

Ingabe kukhona izinhlobo ze-oncogene?

Yebo, ososayensi empeleni bathole ama-oncogene angaphezu kwe-100 ahlobene nezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza. Isibonelo, cishe umdlavuza owodwa kwabahlanu uhlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze -gene 'Ras' . Lawa ma-gene 'Ras' enza amaprotheni alawula indlela amangqamuzana athola ngayo izimpawu, indlela amangqamuzana akhula ngayo, kanye nendlela amangqamuzana afa ngayo (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-apoptosis) .

Kukhona futhi ama-oncogene athile ahlobene kakhulu nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo:

• I-gene ethi `BCR/ABL1`: Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa ne -chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze- B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia) .
• I-gene ethi `CMYC`: Ihlotshaniswa nomdlavuza obizwa ngokuthi i-Burkitt lymphoma .
• Izakhi zofuzo ze-`EGFR` kanye ne-`EML4AK`: zakheka emaphashiniKuhlobene nomdlavuza obizwa ngokuthi i-adenocarcinoma yamaphaphu.
• I-gene ye-`HER2`: Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngaleli gene kumdlavuza webele .
• I-gene ethi `KRAS`: Ihlotshaniswa nomdlavuza onzima njengomdlavuza we-pancreatic , umdlavuza wamathumbu amakhulu , kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu .
• I-gene ethi `NMYC`: Ihlobene nomdlavuza obizwa ngokuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu wamangqamuzana amancane kanye ne -neuroblastoma (lo umdlavuza ovame ukwenzeka ezinganeni ezincane).

Manje usungacabanga ukuthi la ma-gene ahlukahlukene futhi aqondile kangakanani. Ukuqonda ngayinye yala ma-oncogene kuzosiza odokotela ukwelapha umdlavuza ngokunembe kakhudlwana.

La ma-oncogene asebenza kanjani ngempela?

Ukuze siqonde kahle ukuthi la ma-oncogene asebenza kanjani, sidinga ukucabanga emuva 'kumphathi omuhle' esikhulume ngaye ngaphambilini, ama-proto-oncogene . Khumbula, ama-proto-oncogene ayizakhi zofuzo ezivamile nezinempilo. Kodwa anamandla okuguquka abe ama-oncogene.

Cabanga nje, kunezigidigidi zamaseli emzimbeni wethu. Iseli ngalinye linezakhi zofuzo ezahlukene, ngalinye elilawula imisebenzi ehlukene. Lawa ma-proto-oncogene alawula inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo weseli . Umjikelezo weseli inqubo yonke iseli elidlula kuyo ngaphambi kokuba lihlukane ukuze lenze amaseli amasha. Futhi, ukuthi amaseli kufanele akhule ngokushesha kangakanani, ukuthi kufanele ahlukane nini, nokuthi kufanele afe nini (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-apoptosis , okusho ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe) nakho kulawulwa yilawa ma-proto-oncogene. Ukuze kube sobala, alawula isikhathi sokuphila kweseli.

Ngakho-ke, lapho i-proto-oncogene iguquka futhi iba i-oncogene, yilokhu okwenzekayo: leso sakhi sofuzo siqhubeka nokuthumela izimpawu kumaseli ukuze 'sikhule futhi sihlukane'. Kufana nempompi ephukile eqhubeka isebenza, noma i-accelerator yemoto ibambekile. Amaseli asabela kulezi zimpawu eziqhubekayo futhi aqala ukuhlukana ngesivinini esisheshayo kunokujwayelekile. Ekugcineni, yilokhu okubangela lawo mathumba anomdlavuza esasikhuluma ngawo. Uyaqonda ukuthi kwenzekani?

Kungani la ma-proto-oncogene eshintsha kanje? Iyini imbangela?

Odokotela abakakwazi ukusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kungani la ma-oncogene akheka. Kodwa izinto eziningi esizaziyo zingabangela umdlavuza. Isibonelo:

• Ukuchayeka kakhulu elangeni (ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wesikhumba).
• Izinhlayiya zomdlavuzaUkuchayeka (njengokubhema, amakhemikhali athile).
• Ngisho nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zingaguqula lezi zakhi zofuzo.

Into ebalulekile ukuthi la ma-oncogene awawona ama-genetic mutation esizalwa nawo . Okusho ukuthi, awazuzwa njengefa. Avame ukukhula ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu. Lawa abizwa ngokuthi 'ama-acquired mutations'.

Kunezindlela ezahlukene lapho la ma-proto-oncogenes angaguquka khona:

• Ukuguquka kwamaphuzu: Lapho amangqamuzana ehlukana futhi elungiselela ukwenza amangqamuzana amasha, i-DNA (izakhi zofuzo ezikula ma-molecule e-DNA) kulawo maseli iyakopishwa. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, kungaba noshintsho, ukwengezwa okusha, noma ukulahlekelwa ingxenye endaweni eyodwa kule DNA. Ngisho nangalolu shintsho oluncane, i-proto-oncogene ingaba yi-oncogene.
• Ukwandiswa kwezakhi zofuzo: Ngezinye izikhathi, kwenziwa amakhophi amaningi kakhulu ezakhi zofuzo ku-chromosome - isakhiwo esiqukethe i-DNA. Lokhu nakho kuyinkinga. Kufana nemiyalelo efanayo eza ngezindlela eziningi futhi iphazamisa izinto.
• Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-Chromosome: Ngezinye izikhathi ingxenye ye-chromosome eyodwa iyaphuka bese ishintshana nengxenye ye-chromosome enye, noma ibambeke endaweni engafanele. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-translocation . Lokhu kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-oncogene.

Ngezinye izikhathi, la ma-oncogene kanye nama-gene aqeda umdlavuza asebenzisana ukudala umdlavuza. Ama-gene aqeda umdlavuza angenye iqembu elibalulekile lama-gene ahilelekile nomdlavuza. Sizobheka lokho ngokulandelayo.

Kungani la ma-oncogene ebalulekile ekwelapheni umdlavuza?

Umdlavuza awuvamile ukwenzeka lapho i-gene eyodwa ishintsha, kodwa lapho izakhi zofuzo eziningana zishintsha. Isibonelo, izimila eziningi zomdlavuza ziqukethe izakhi zofuzo ezahlukene eziphakathi kuka-30 no-60. Cabanga ukuthi lokho kuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani!

Kodwa la ma-oncogene anamandla kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, i-oncogene eyodwa ingabangela ukuba amangqamuzana akhule ngokungalawuleki futhi abangele umdlavuza .

Kodwa kukhona inzuzo encane kulokhu, ngokombono wokwelashwa. Cabanga ngakho, kulula ngodokotela ukuqondisa nokwelapha uguquko olulodwa olukhulu lwezakhi zofuzo kunokwelapha inqwaba yezinguquko zezakhi zofuzo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Yingakho ukwelashwa komdlavuza kungasebenza kangcono. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa okuqondiwe .

Isibonelo, odokotela bayazi ukuthi i-chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)Umdlavuza wegazi ubangelwa lapho uhlobo lwe-proto-oncogene luguquka lube yi-oncogene ebizwa ngokuthi 'i-BCR-ABL'. Le-oncogene ikhiqiza ama-enzyme angajwayelekile abangela ukuba amaseli amhlophe egazi angajwayelekile ande ngokungalawuleki.

Manje sekukhona uhlobo lwemithi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) . Le mithi ivimba ukusebenza kwama-enzyme angavamile e-'BCR-ABL'. Bese amaseli amhlophe egazi angajwayelekile ayafa. Lokhu kungafaka i-CML ekukhululweni . Ukukhululelwa kusho ukuthi awusabonisi zimpawu noma izimpawu zomdlavuza. Ngaphambi kokufika kwala ma-TKI, umuntu oyedwa kwabahlanu kuphela one-CML wayephila ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu. Kodwa manje, ngemithi ehlasela le oncogene, abantu baphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nesikhathi sokuphila esijwayelekile. Bheka ukuthi lokho kuthuthuka kangakanani!

Ingabe i-`p53` nayo iyi-oncogene?

Cha, i-`p53` iyi- gene yokucindezela isimila . Kusho ukuthi ``i-gene yokucindezela isimila.'' Kodwa njenge-oncogene, uma le gene ``p53`` ishintshashintsha, ingabangela nomdlavuza. I-gene yokucindezela isimila isebenza njenge-``brake'' yamaseli ethu. Okusho ukuthi, inika amaseli isibonakaliso sokuthi ayeke ukuhlukana ngokweqile, ''ayeke ukwenza amaseli amaningi.'' Futhi, la ma-gene asiza ukulungisa umonakalo we-DNA, noma, uma kudingeka, ukubhubhisa iseli (i-apoptosis).

Kodwa uma enye yalezi zakhi zofuzo zokucindezela isimila, isibonelo `p53`, iguquka, ayikwazi ukunikeza kahle leso sibonakaliso `sokuma', 'ibhuleki'. Khona-ke amaseli anganda ngokungalawuleki futhi akhe izimila . Ngakho-ke ungabona, ama-oncogene angasebenza njengoba 'i-accelerator ibambeka', kanti izakhi zofuzo zokucindezela isimila zingasebenza njengoba 'ibhuleki lihluleka', futhi umdlavuza ungakhula kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.

Ochwepheshe bahlala befunda ngomdlavuza ukuze bathole izindlela ezintsha zokuwelapha. Ucwaningo ngala ma-oncogenes lushintshe ngokuphelele indlela amanye ama-cancer aphathwa ngayo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuqonda ukuthi ama-oncogene asebenza kanjani kuye kwaholela ekutholakaleni kwezindlela zokwelapha ezisindisa impilo.

Uma unomdlavuza, ungase uzizwe ukhungathekile futhi udidekile njengoba uzama ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani nokuthi kungani. Lokho kuyinto evamile. Abanye abantu abanomdlavuza bathola ukuthi ukufunda ngesimo sabo kanye nezici zofuzo ezibangele lokhu kubanika umuzwa wokukhululeka nokulawula. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokufunda ngesisekelo sesayensi kanye nocwaningo olungemuva kokwelashwa kwakho komdlavuza. Uma uzizwa ngendlela efanayo, cela udokotela wakho ukuthi akuchazele izinguquko zofuzo ezibangele isimo sakho. Ungesabi ukubuza, ngoba kuyilungelo lakho.

Okokugcina, izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzikhumbule

Kulungile, sesikhulume kakhulu nge-oncogenes, akunjalo? Kungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi kancane, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ugcine lezi zinto zilula futhi ziqondakala.

• Ama-oncogene ayizakhi zofuzo eziguquliwe: Lawa ekuqaleni angama-proto-oncogene awusizo emizimbeni yethu. Yiwo alawula ukukhula kwamaseli ngendlela ehlelekile. Uma lawa eguquka ngesizathu esithile, aba ama-oncogene, anikeze amaseli umyalo wokukhula ngokungalawuleki.
• Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwakheka kwezimila: Izimila zomdlavuza zakha ngenxa yalokhu kukhula kweseli okungalawulwa.
• Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene, ezixhunyaniswe nomdlavuza ohlukene: I-oncogene ngayinye ingaxhunyaniswa ngqo nomdlavuza ngamunye.
• Okubalulekile ekwelashweni: Ukuqonda i-oncogenes kuvule indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezihlosiwe ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zeminye imidlavuza. Lokhu kuye kwandisa impumelelo yokwelapha futhi kwasindisa izimpilo.
• Izakhi zofuzo zokucindezela isimila ezifana ne-`p53` nazo zibalulekile: i-`p53` akuyona i-oncogene, iyizakhi zofuzo zokucindezela isimila . Ngisho noma lezi ziguqukile, zingabangela umdlavuza.

Uma uneminye imibuzo, ukukhathazeka, noma ukungabaza ngalokhu, qiniseka ukuthi ukhuluma ngokukhululekile nodokotela wakho. Bangakunikeza izincazelo ezengeziwe futhi baphendule noma yimiphi imibuzo ongase ube nayo. Khumbula, ukwaziswa kungenye yezikhali ezinhle kakhulu onazo lapho ubhekene nezimo zempilo eziyinkimbinkimbi kangaka.

Umdlavuza , i-oncogene, i-gene, ukukhula kwamaseli, ukwelashwa komdlavuza, i-proto-oncogene, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo