Ingabe ngezinye izikhathi ucabanga ukuthi, "Amehlo ami afana ncamashi nakamama" noma "Izinwele zami zifana ncamashi nakababa"? Sonke sizuza izici ezahlukene zokubukeka kwethu nokuziphatha kwethu kumama nobaba. Isizathu salokhu yizakhi zofuzo. Ngakho-ke namuhla sizokhuluma ngento ebaluleke kakhulu ehlobene nalezi zakhi zofuzo. Leso yisimo esibizwa ngokuthi `(Homozygous)`. Nakuba igama lingase lizwakale liyinkimbinkimbi kancane, empeleni lilula impela. Ake sibone?
Kalula nje, iyini i-Homozygous?
Kulungile, cabanga ngale ndlela. Sithola amakhophi amabili esakhi ngasinye sofuzo kubazali bethu bemvelo. Elinye livela kumama wethu, elinye livela kubaba wethu. Ngezinye izikhathi ikhophi yesakhi sofuzo kumama wethu kanye nekhophi yesakhi sofuzo kubaba wethu ziyafana ncamashi . Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi ``Homozygous'' ku-genetics.
Kalula nje, ngesici esithile (isib. umbala wamehlo), uthola ifa elifanayo lemiyalelo yezakhi zofuzo kubazali bakho bobabili. Lawa maqoqo afanayo ezakhi zofuzo abizwa ngokuthi ama-allele. Ngakho-ke uma uzuza ama-allele amabili afanayo, ufana kakhulu nalelo zakhi zofuzo. Yilokhu okubangela izici ezithile, njengamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezinwele ezibomvu. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, uma zombili izakhi zofuzo ziguquguquka, izimo ezithile zezakhi zofuzo zingavela.
Iyini i-allele?
Sonke sinezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo ezingaphezu kuka-99% emizimbeni yethu. Kodwa iphesenti elincane kakhulu (elingaphansi kuka-1%) lezakhi zofuzo linomehluko omncane kusuka komunye umuntu kuya komunye. Lezi 'zinguqulo' ezahlukene zezakhi zofuzo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-allele. Lomehluko omncane yiwo okunikeza izici zakho ezihlukile.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Homozygous ne-Heterozygous?
La magama amabili azwakala efana kancane, ngakho-ke kungadida. Kodwa umehluko ulula kakhulu. Ake sibheke ithebula elincane ukuze kube lula ukuliqonda.
| Isici | I-Homozygous | I-Heterozygous |
|---|---|---|
| Incazelo | Igama elithi "Homo" lisho "okufanayo." Kusho ukuthi uhlobo olufanayo lwama-allele luzuzwe njengefa kubazali bobabili. | Igama elithi "Hetero" lisho "okwehlukile." Kusho ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unezinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene zama-allele ezivela kumzali ngamunye. |
| Isibonelo | Uma uthatha i-gene ngombala wamehlo, uthola i-allele ensundu kumama wakho kanye ne-allele ensundu kuyihlo. | Uma sithatha i-gene ngombala wamehlo, sithola i-allele ensundu kumama wethu kanye ne-allele ensundu kubaba wethu. |
Khumbula nje: I-Homozygous = amakhophi amabili esakhi sofuzo esifanayo. I-Heterozygous = amakhophi amabili ahlukene esakhi sofuzo.
Yiziphi izici 'eziphambili' kanye 'nezisele'?
Uma kukhulunywa ngezakhi zofuzo, amagama amabili okufanele aziwe ngokuqinisekile yilawa athi `olawulayo` kanye nelithi `olawulayo`.
- I-allele ebusayo: Lona ufana nengane enonya kakhulu ekilasini. Nguye kuphela ongenzi umsindo. Okusho ukuthi, uma kukhona i-allele ebusayo, isici esivezwa yiyo sizobonakala nakanjani. Sibhala lokhu ngoonobumba abakhulu besiNgisi (isib. B, F, D).
- I-allele ephindaphindayo: Lokhu kufana kancane nengane ethule, ekhululekile. Ukuze isici sayo sivele, sidinga ukuhlanganiswa nenye i-allele ephindaphindayo efana nayo. Sibhala lokhu ngezinhlamvu zesiNgisi ezilula (isib.: b, f, d).
Manje lokhu kwenzeka kanjani esimweni `(se-Homozygous)`?
Ungaba nama-allele amabili amakhulu. Lokho sikubiza ngokuthi yi -homozygous dominant (isb. BB ). Noma ungaba nama-allele amabili amakhulu. Lokho sikubiza ngokuthi yi -homozygous recessive (isb. bb ).
Uma umuntu `(Heterozygous)` (isb. Bb ) ethola ama-allele abusayo (B) kanye nama-allele abusayo (b), kuzobonakala kuphela uphawu olubusayo. Kodwa kumuntu `(Homozygous)`, lokhu ngeke kwenzeke. Njengoba zombili izakhi zofuzo zifana, uphawu luzobonakala ngendlela efanayo.
Yiziphi izici ezivamile ezibangelwa yi-homozygous?
Izinto eziningi, njengokubukeka kwethu kanye nohlobo lwezingxenye ezahlukene zomzimba wethu, zinqunywa yilezi zakhi zofuzo `(Homozygous)`. Ake sibheke izibonelo ezimbalwa.
| Isici | I-Homozygous Dominant | I-Homozygous Recessive |
|---|---|---|
| Umbala wamehlo | BB - Amehlo ansundu (lesi yisici esivelele) | bb - amehlo ombala ohlukile, njengoluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani |
| Ama-Freckle | FF - Indawo yamabala ebusweni (evelele) | ff - Azikho izibazi |
| Izinwele ezigoqekile | HH - Ukuba nezinwele ezigoqekile (ezigqamile) | hh - ukuba nezinwele eziqondile (eziqondile) |
| Ama-Earplugs | I-UU - Indlebe elengayo (evelele) | uu - uhlobo lwezindlebe eziphumayo |
Izifo ezingabangelwa yi-homozygous
Njengoba kunjalo njalo ngezinto ezinhle, ngezinye izikhathi lesi simo '(se-Homozygous)' singaholela nasezifweni zofuzo. Kwenzeka kanjani lokho?
Cabanga ukuthi umama nobaba banezakhi zofuzo ezinesici, eziphindaphindayo ezibangela isifo esithile. Kodwa akekho kubo onaleso sifo, ngoba bobabili banezakhi zofuzo ezinamandla nezinempilo ezisicindezelayo (okungukuthi, bobabili 'bangamaHeterozygous'). Kodwa-ke, uma ingane izalwa naleyo zakhi zofuzo ezinesici ezivela kumama nakubaba, leyo ngane izoba 'yiHomozygous Recessive' yaleyo zakhi zofuzo. Khona-ke amathuba okuba leso sifo sezakhi zofuzo sivele aphezulu.
Nazi ezinye zezifo ezingase zivele:
- I-Cystic Fibrosis: Lesi sifo sibangelwa ukuba namakhophi amabili anephutha e-CFTR gene. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi i-mucus yomzimba (efana noketshezi) iqine, okuthinta izinhlelo zokuphefumula nezokugaya ukudla.
- I-Sickle Cell Anemia: Lesi sifo senzeka lapho amakhophi amabili anephutha e-HBB gene ezuzwa njengefa. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi amangqamuzana abomvu egazi akhubazeke (abe nesimo sokugoba) futhi angakwazi ukuthwala umoya-mpilo kahle.
- I-Phenylketonuria (PKU): Lesi sifo sibangelwa ukuba namakhophi amabili anephutha e-gene ye-PAH. Lokhu kuvimbela umzimba ekuqhekekeni kwe-amino acid phenylalanine.
Okubalulekile: Uma othile emndenini wakho enesifo sofuzo, noma uma unokungabaza noma ukwesaba ngaso, kungcono ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho noma uchwepheshe wezokwelapha ngaso. Bazokunikeza iseluleko nesiqondiso osidingayo.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- `I-Homozygous` isho ukuthi uthola izakhi zofuzo ezimbili ezifanayo (ama-allele) zesici esithile kumama nobaba wakho.
- Izinto eziningi, njengombala wamehlo akho kanye nokuthungwa kwezinwele zakho, kunqunywa yilezi zakhi zofuzo.
- Lokhu kungaba yi-allele ebusayo (isib. i-BB) noma i-allele ephindaphindayo (isib. i-bb).
- Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuzuza amakhophi amabili anephutha esakhi sofuzo kungabangela izimo zofuzo ezifana ne-Cystic Fibrosis noma i-Sickle Cell Anemia.
- Uma unenkinga ngezifo zofuzo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iseluleko kudokotela.
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