Ingabe izakhi zofuzo zakho ziyafana? Ake sixoxe ngesimo "sokuba ne-homozygous"!

Namuhla sizokhuluma ngento ebaluleke kakhulu ngezakhi zofuzo zethu. Cishe uke wezwa igama elithi 'homozygous'. Kalula nje, lokhu kusho ukuthi unekhophi efanayo yezakhi zofuzo ezithile ezivela kumama wakho nakubaba wakho. Lokhu kungase kuzwakale kungokwesayensi kancane, kodwa empeleni kulula kakhulu. Ake sichaze lokhu kabanzi.

Iyini i-allele-ke?

Cabanga ngakho, sithola amakhophi amabili esakhi ngasinye sofuzo, esisodwa sivela kumama wethu nesinye sivela kubaba. Iningi lamazakhi zofuzo emizimbeni yethu liyafana kuwo wonke umuntu. Kodwa inani elincane kakhulu (elingaphansi kuka-1%) lamazakhi zofuzo linokwehluka okuncane. Ama-allele ayizinhlobo ezahlukene zesakhi esifanayo sofuzo olunekwehluka okuncane. Lokhu kwehluka okuncane kokulandelana kwe-DNA yikona okukunikeza izici zakho ezihlukile. Kufana nokunambitheka okuhlukile kweresiphi efanayo, akunjalo?

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-homozygous ne-heterozygous?

Manje usunomqondo othile ngama-allele. I-Homozygous isho ukuthi uzuze ama-allele amabili afanayo esakhini esifanayo kubazali bakho bobabili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikhophi yesakhi esivela kumama wakho kanye nekhophi yesakhi esivela kubaba wakho zombili ziyafana.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba yi-heterozygous kusho ukuthi uzuze ama-allele amabili ahlukene esakhi sofuzo esifanayo kubazali bakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukulandelana kwe-DNA yekhophi yesakhi sofuzo osithole kumama wakho kuhlukile kancane kulokho osithole kuyihlo. Igama elithi 'Hetero' lisho 'okuhlukile', elithi 'Homo' lisho 'okufanayo'. Kulula, akunjalo?

Ngakho-ke iyini i-genotype ye-homozygous?

I-genotype izwakala ingokwesayensi kancane, akunjalo? Ungakhathazeki, ngizoyigcina ilula. I-genotype ibhekisela ohlotsheni noma uhlobo lochungechunge lwe-DNA oluthola njengefa. Ngakho-ke, i-genotype ye-homozygous isho ukuthi uzuze ama-allele amabili ohlobo olufanayo. Lokho kusho ukuthi, ukulandelana kwe-DNA yesakhi esithile abazali bakho bobabili abakunike sona kufana ncamashi, akukho mehluko.

Izici ezivelele neziphindaphindayo zihlobene kanjani nezakhi zofuzo ezi-homozygous?

Amanye ama-allele 'anamandla' , okusho ukuthi anamandla kakhulu. Amanye 'anamandla' , okusho ukuthi acindezelwe kancane. Manje cabanga ukuthi une-genotype ye-heterozygous, okusho i-allele eyodwa ebusayo kanye ne-allele eyodwa ebusayo. Kwenzekani-ke? I-allele ebusayo icindezela i-allele ebusayo, bese kuvela isici esibusayo. Kufana nengane eyisiwula ekilasini ecindezela abanye.

Kodwa-ke, ku-genotype ye-homozygous, lokhu akunjalo. Ungaba nama-allele amabili amakhulu esici (homozygous dominant). Noma, ungaba nama-allele amabili amakhulu (homozygous recessive).Noma ngabe yikuphi, isici sama-allele amabili afanayo siyavezwa. Ku-genetics, isici esiyinhloko se-homozygous sikhonjiswa ngoonobumba abakhulu ababili (isibonelo, i-BB). Isici se-homozygous esiphindaphindayo sikhonjiswa ngoonobumba ababili abancane (isibonelo, i-bb).

Yiziphi izibonelo zezimpawu ze-homozygous?

Uma uzuza ama-allele afanayo kubazali bakho, angaholela ezicini ezifana neze-homozygous. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukubukeka kwakho, uhlelo lwakho lwamathambo, nokuthi ngabe unesifo esithile noma cha. Ake sibheke izibonelo ezimbalwa.

Izici ezihlobene nokubukeka

• Umbala wamehlo: I-gene ye-homozygous ingathinta umbala wamehlo akho. Insundu iyisici esiyinhloko sombala wamehlo. Lokhu kuboniswa i-BB. Yonke eminye imibala yamehlo iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Le kuboniswa i-bb. Ngakho-ke, umuntu onamehlo ansundu one-gene ye-homozygous une-gene ye-BB. Umuntu onamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka one-gene ye-homozygous une-gene ye-bb. Cabanga nje, uma abazali bomuntu onamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bobabili benamakhophi e-gene (bb) efaka isandla emehlweni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, khona-ke umuntu onamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka cishe angaba namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
• Ama-Freckles: Ama-Freckles nawo ayisici esiyinhloko se-autosomal. Umuntu one-freckles une-melanin eningi emzimbeni wakhe. Lokhu kuboniswa yi-FF. Umuntu ongenawo ama-freckles une-gene ye-autosomal eyinhloko, eboniswa yi-ff.
• Ama-Dimples: Ama-Dimples nawo ayisici esiyinhloko se-autosomal. Lokhu kuboniswa yi-DD. Abantu abanesici esiyinhloko se-autosomal (dd) abanazo izinciphiso.
• Izinwele ezigoqekile: Izinwele ezigoqekile nazo ziyisici esivelele se-autosomal. Sichazwa yi-HH. Isici esivelele se-autosomal izinwele eziqondile. Sichazwa yi-hh.

Izici ezihlobene nohlelo lwamathambo

• Ama-earlobe angaxhumene: Uma une-earlobe engaxhumene, une-gene ye-UU eyinhloko. Uma ama-earlobe akho enamathele emzimbeni, une-gene ye-uu ephindaphindayo.

Ezinye izimo zempilo zihlobene kanjani nezakhi zofuzo ezihambisana ne-homozygous?

• Ukuzwa nokukhuluma: Isici esiyinhloko yikhono lokuzwa nokukhuluma ngendlela evamile. Lokhu kumelelwa yi-gene eyinhloko i-SS. Uma unezinhlobo ezimbili ze-gene eziphindaphindayo, ungase ungakwazi ukukhuluma noma ukuzwa ngendlela evamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungase ube yisithulu futhi uyisimungulu.
• Ukumelana ne-Poison Ivy: Ukumelana ne-poison ivy kungenye imfanelo evelele. Lesi sici esivelele simelelwa uphawu lwe-PP. Uma unezakhi zofuzo zombili ze-PP, ngeke ukwazi ukumelana ne-poison ivy.

Yiziphi izimo zofuzo ezingabangelwa izakhi zofuzo ezi-homozygous?

Manje ake sixoxe ngento engathi sína kakhulu. Une-gene eguqukile evela kubazali bakho bobabili., okungukuthi, uma unezinhlobo ezimbili ze-allele ezifanayo ezingasebenzi kahle, ungumuntu ofana kakhulu nalowo muguquko lwezakhi zofuzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ube nesimo sezakhi zofuzo esibangelwa yilelo zakhi zofuzo. Nazi ezinye zezimo zezakhi zofuzo ezingazuzwa njengefa:

• I-Cystic Fibrosis: Iphrotheni ehambisa uketshezi emaseli omzimba wethu yenziwa yi-gene ebizwa ngokuthi i-'CFTR'. Uma udla amakhophi amabili aguquliwe ale gene ye-'CFTR', uzoba nesifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-'Cystic Fibrosis'. Lokhu kubangela ukwakheka kwe-mucus ejiyile ezindaweni ezifana namaphaphu kanye nohlelo lokugaya ukudla.
• I-Sickle Cell Anemia: I-HBB gene, eyingxenye ye-hemoglobin emaseli ethu abomvu egazi, isiza ekuthwaleni umoya-mpilo kuwo wonke umzimba. Uma udla amakhophi amabili aguquliwe e-HBB gene, uzoba ne-sickle cell anemia. Kulesi simo, amaseli abomvu egazi ashintsha isimo futhi abe nesimo se-sickle, yingakho igama libizwa kanjalo. Lokhu kungaphazamisa ukuhamba kwegazi.
• I-Phenylketonuria: I-gene PAH itshela amangqamuzana ukuthi enze i-enzyme ephula i-amino acid phenylalanine. Uma udla amakhophi amabili aguquliwe e-gene ye-PAH, uzoba nesifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-phenylketonuria. Kulesi simo, i-phenylalanine iyanqwabelana emzimbeni futhi ingalimaza ubuchopho.

Into ebalulekile ukuthi uma "uyi-homozygous" yesakhi esithile, kusho ukuthi uzuze amakhophi afanayo (ama-allele) aleso sakhi kubazali bakho bobabili. Ngenxa yalezi zakhi zofuzo ezi-homozygous, ungaba nezici eziningi zomzimba ezihlukile.

Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okudingeka sizikhumbule kule ndaba?

Kulungile, sesikhulume kakhulu ngale ndaba ethi 'Homozygous'. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzikhumbule ngamafuphi:

• I-Homozygous isho ukuthi unezinhlobo ezimbili ezifanayo ze-gene ethile, ezivela kumama wakho nakubaba wakho.
• Zombili lezi zi-allele zingaba zinkulu noma ziphindaphindeke, okunquma izici zakho.
• Ngezinye izikhathi, uma ama-allele amabili aguqukile ohlobo olufanayo ezuzwa ngale ndlela, izimo ezithile zofuzo zingavela. Isibonelo, i-cystic fibrosis noma i-sickle cell anemia.
• Kodwa-ke, izakhi zofuzo ezi-homozygous azizona njalo imbangela yezifo. Izici eziningi ezivamile, njengombala wamehlo akho, ukuthungwa kwezinwele zakho, nokuthi unezimbotshana ezihlathini zakho noma cha, nazo zibangelwa yilezi zakhi zofuzo ezi-homozygous.

Ngakho-ke, lena indaba elula mayelana nezakhi zofuzo ezi-homozygous. Ukwazi izinto ezinjengalezi kusisiza kakhulu ukuqonda imizimba yethu, akunjalo? Uma uneminye imibuzo ngalokhu, ungangabazi ukubuza udokotela noma umeluleki wezakhi zofuzo.

` I-Homozygous, Izakhi Zofuzo, Ama-Allele, Izici Ezivelele, Izici Eziphindaphindayo, Izifo Zofuzo