Wake wacabanga ukuthi kungakanani ukulwa okwenzekayo ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu ngaso sonke isikhathi? Amagciwane avela ngaphandle, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane njengebhaktheriya, amangqamuzana omdlavuza akhula ngaphakathi emzimbeni, noma amangqamuzana ethu aguga futhi afe... Sonke sinesimiso esikhulu sokuzivikela sokuvikela imizimba yethu kuzo zonke lezi zinto. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi isimiso sokuzivikela komzimba. Kufana nebutho elivikela izwe lethu. Kodwa leli butho liyazi kanjani ukuthi ngubani oyisitha nokuthi ubani ongumngane? Namuhla sizokhuluma ngenqubo emangalisayo kakhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu esiza ngalokho.
Kuyini i-Opsonization? Ake sikuqonde kalula.
Leli gama lingase lizwakale liyinkimbinkimbi kancane, kodwa umqondo ulula impela. Ukuphikisa, kafushane nje, inqubo lapho amasosha omzimba ethu "ephawula" futhi ebamba izinto eziyingozi kithi, njengamagciwane noma amaseli alimele.
Cabanga ngalokhu. Isela liphunyukile futhi licashe endlini yakho. Amaphoyisa ayafika azolifuna, kodwa kunzima ukulithola. Kodwa kuthiwani uma othile efika enamathisela isitikha esicwebezelayo ezingutsheni zesela? Khona-ke amaphoyisa angalibona kalula futhi alibambe ngisho nasebumnyameni. Yilokho okwenzekayo ngale nqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-opsonization. Uhlobo olukhethekile lweprotheni lunamathela kumagciwane namaseli angafuneki amangqamuzana okuzivikela omzimba wethu angakwazi ukuwabona kalula. Njengaleyo sitikha ecwebezelayo. Khona-ke amangqamuzana ethu okuzivikela ayafika abone lezi zinto "eziphawuliwe", azibambe futhi azibhubhise.
Leli gama livela egameni lesiGreki elisho “ukwenza kube mnandi.” Njengoba nje senza ukudla kube mnandi futhi sifuna ukukudla, le nqubo iphawula amangqamuzana ethu omzimba ngendlela ewenza afune “ukudla” amagciwane.
Ngakho-ke obani laba "baphawu" ababizwa ngokuthi ama-Opsonins?
Uyakhumbula lezo "zitikha ezicwebezelayo" esikhulume ngazo ngaphambili? Lezo zitikha yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi ama-opsonins kwezokwelapha. Lawa amaprotheni akhethekile antanta ngokukhululeka egazini lethu kanye nasesimisweni se-lymphatic. Lapho isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisebenza, siyasebenza futhi sinamathele ebusweni balawo magciwane noma amaseli angafuneki.
Lawa ma-opsonin abizwa nangokuthi "ama-bridging molecules" ngoba akha ibhuloho phakathi kwegciwane kanye neseli lokuzivikela eliza ukuzolibhubhisa. Leli bhuloho livumela iseli lokuzivikela ukubamba nokugwinya kalula igciwane.
Lisho ukuthini igama elithi Phagocytosis?
I-Phagocytosis yigama elisetshenziswa ukuchaza "ukugwinya nokubhujiswa kwento ngamaseli." Kalula nje, "ukugwinya kwamangqamuzana." Amanye amangqamuzana okuzivikela emizimbeni yethu, njengamaloli kadoti, ayagwinya, agwinye, agaye, futhi abhubhise izinto ezingafuneki. Siwabiza ngokuthi lawa maseli "agwinya".Okubizwa ngokuthi ama-phagocyte.
Yini edla la maseli e-phagocytic?
- Igciwane: Noma yimuphi umhlaseli ovela ngaphandle, njengamagciwane, amabhaktheriya, isikhunta.
- Amaseli athelelekile: Amaseli ethu awonakele yigciwane.
- Amaseli afile noma asekhulile: Amaseli asefinyelele ekupheleni kwesikhathi sawo sokuphila futhi awasasebenzi.
- Amaseli omdlavuza: Amaseli akhula ngendlela engavamile futhi alimaze umzimba.
- Izingcezu zamaseli: Izingxenye ezincane ezisele lapho amaseli efa.
Kunezimo eziningi lapho "ukumaka" okubizwa ngokuthi i-opsonization kubalulekile ukuze le nqubo yokugaya ukudla yenzeke kahle.
La ma-phagocyte asebenza kanjani?
Lawa maseli e-phagocytic afana namarobhothi amancane. Anezinhlelo ezahlukene zokubonisa izimpawu emizimbeni yethu eziwatshela ukuthi yini afuna ukuyigwinya nokuthi yini okungafanele ayigwinye. Ake siqonde nje lezi zinhlobo zezibonakaliso etafuleni elifana naleli.
| Uhlobo Lwesignali | Kuyini lokhu? (Kwenzani lokhu?) |
|---|---|
| Izimpawu "zokuthola mina" | Imiyalezo yamakhemikhali ekhishwa ukuze idonsele ama-phagocyte endaweni yeseli noma i-pathogen edinga ukubhujiswa. Kufana nokuthi, "Ngilapha, woza uzongilanda." |
| Izimpawu zokuthi "Ngidle/Ungangidli" | Ama-molecule akhethekile ebusweni bamaseli. Amaseli anempilo anesignali ebusweni bawo ethi "ungangidli." Ngakho amaseli adla ezinye awawalimazi. Iseli elifayo likhipha isignali ethi "ngidle." |
| Ama-Opsonins | Lawa amaprotheni "aphawulayo" esikhulume ngawo. Akha uhlobo lokumboza oluzungeze igciwane noma iseli elingafuneki, okwenza kube lula ngamaseli ezilo ukuba aligwinye. Enza isignali ethi "ngidle" ibe namandla nakakhulu. |
| Ama-opsonins amabi | Lezi zenza okuphambene nalokho: ziyayivimbela noma zivimbele i-phagocyte ekugwinyeni okuthile. |
Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-opsonin ezikhona?
Imizimba yethu isebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-opsonins ukuze ibone izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitha. Nazi ezinye zezibonelo eziyinhloko:
- Ama-antibodies: Lawa angamasosha akhethekile esimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela. Uma ehlangana ne-antigen eqashelwe ngaphambilini, ayayivala njengoba nje ukhiye ungena kukhiye. Uma esekwenzile lokho, i-antibody nayo isebenza njenge-opsonin. Ama-antibodies e-Immunoglobulin G (IgG) kanye ne -Immunoglobulin M (IgM) asebenza kahle kakhulu kulo msebenzi.
- Izici Zokwengeza: Leli iqoqo lamaprotheni asiza isimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela ukuthi sisebenze ndawonye. Uma lolu hlelo lusebenza, amanye amaprotheni oluwakhiqizayo (isibonelo, i-C3b ne -C4b ) ayanamathela ebusweni bamagciwane. Lawa asebenza njenge-opsonins enamandla kakhulu.
- Ama-opsonins abopha i-phosphatidylserine: Leli gama liyinkimbinkimbi kancane. Kalula nje, kunje. Lapho iseli selizokufa (i-apoptosis), i-molecule engaphakathi kwe-membrane yeseli layo iyakhishwa. Lesi yisignali ethi "ngidle" esikhulume ngayo ngaphambili. Lolu uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-opsonin olubopha kuleyo signali.
- Amanye ama-opsonin: Ngaphezu kwalawa, kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi zamaprotheni ezisebenza njenge-opsonin. Isibonelo, i-fibronectin kanye ne-mannose-binding lectin.
Kungani ukubandlulula kubalulekile?
Le nqubo ibaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kwethu. Kunezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko zalokho.
1. Ukubamba amagciwane ayinkimbinkimbi: Amanye amabhaktheriya akha isembozo esijiyile esifana ne-capsule esizungezile. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngama-phagocyte ethu ukubamba nokugwinya. Ayashelela njengebha yensipho. Kodwa lapho ama-opsonin (ikakhulukazi i-C3b nama-antibodies) efika futhi enamathela ebusweni baleli capsule, ama-phagocyte athola "isibambo" angasibamba. Bese egwinywa kalula futhi abhujiswe.
2. Gcina umzimba wakho uhlanzekile: Izigidigidi zamaseli ziyafa futhi kwakheka amasha emizimbeni yethu nsuku zonke. Uma lawa maseli afile ehlala enjalo, angabola futhi abe yingozi emzimbeni, okubangela izifo ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yenqubo ye-opsonization, lawa maseli afayo "ayaphawulwa", futhi amaseli e-phagocytic ayafika awasuse ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuwusizo olukhulu ekugcineni imizimba yethu iphilile futhi ihlanzekile.
Kalula nje, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, amasosha ethu omzimba ngeke akwazi ukubona amagciwane athile akhohlisayo, njengesitha esicashe ebumnyameni. Futhi ngeke akwazi ukususa "udoti" oqongelela emzimbeni ngesikhathi esifanele.
Kwenzekani uma kukhona okungahambi kahle kule nqubo?
Njenganoma yiluphi uhlelo, le nqubo yokuphikisana ingahamba kabi. Izifo zofuzo, imiphumela yemithi ethile, noma ezinye izizathu zingaphazamisa ukusebenza kwalolu hlelo. Ngemuva kwalokho izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinkinga zingavela.
- Ukungakwazi ukubhubhisa izinto eziyingozi: Uma ama-opsonin engakhiqizwa kahle, noma uma ama-phagocyte engakwazi ukuwabona, amagciwane, amaseli alimele, namaseli omdlavuza aqala ukuqongelela emzimbeni. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthelelekeni okuvamile, okunzima kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza .
- Ukubhubhisa izinto okungafanele zibhujiswe: Ngezinye izikhathi, ngenxa yephutha kulesi simiso, ama-opsonins aqala ukunamathela ebusweni bamaseli ethu aphilile. Bese kuthi, amaseli e-phagocytic afike abhubhise lawo maseli aphilile, ecabanga ukuthi “ayizitha.” Lesi simo sisibiza ngokuthi izifo zokuzivikela komzimba . Isibonelo, izifo ezifana ne -lupus . Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi amaphutha kule nqubo angase abe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo zezinzwa ezifana ne-Alzheimer's .
Uma unokungabaza ngalolu hlobo lwesimo, kungcono ukubona udokotela wakho futhi ucele iseluleko.
Ingabe i-opsonization ingazelapha izifo?
Lena yindawo ethokozisayo kakhulu yezokwelapha njengamanje. Ososayensi bacwaninga ukuthi le nqubo yokwelapha ingalawulwa yini nokuthi izifo zingelapheka yini.
- Ngomdlavuza: Amaseli omdlavuza awuhlobo lweseli oluhlakaniphe kakhulu olungagwema isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Siphenya ukuthi singakha yini ama-opsonin okwenziwa anamathela kuphela ebusweni bamangqamuzana omdlavuza futhi asize isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela siwabhubhise.
- Ngokutheleleka: Ucwaningo lwenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindlela "zokuhlasela" nokubulala amagciwane, ikakhulukazi lawo amelana nama-antibiotic.
- Ngezifo ezithinta amasosha omzimba: Kwenziwa imizamo yokuthuthukisa imithi evimba ukwenziwa kwamaseli anempilo.
Futhi, ukuhlolwa kokubulala kwe-opsonophagocytic (i-OPKA) yizivivinyo ezisetshenziselwa ukukala ukusebenza kahle komjovo. Zilinganisa ikhono lama-antibodies akhiqizwa ngumjovo "lokumaka" igciwane futhi libangele ukuthi libhujiswe yi-phagocytes.
Ngakho-ke, ukuphikisa kuyinqubo enamandla kakhulu eyenzeka buthule, ngokungabonakali, ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, kodwa ivikele izimpilo zethu. Kufana nomnyango wezobunhloli okhombisa izinhloso ezifanele emabuthweni ethu okuvikela.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Ukuhlaselwa yisifo kuyinqubo eyenza kube lula ukuthi amasosha omzimba ethu “aphawule” futhi abone izinto eziyingozi, njengamagciwane namaseli alimele.
- Amaprotheni akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-opsonin enza lokhu "kuphawulwa." Ama-antibodies kanye nezinto ezihambisanayo yizinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-opsonin.
- Amaseli okuzivikela abizwa ngokuthi ama-phagocyte ayangena futhi "agwinye" futhi abhubhise lezi zinto eziphawuliwe. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-phagocytosis.
- Uma le nqubo ingasebenzi kahle, ingaholela ekuthelelekeni okuvamile kanye nezinkinga zokuzivikela komzimba njenge-lupus.
- Uma unemibuzo noma ukukhathazeka ngalokhu, ungesabi ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho ngakho.
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