Dɛn ne DNA, Genes & Chromosomes? Momma yɛnkasa tiawa!

So woasusuw nea ɛmaa woyɛɛ sɛnea wote no ho pɛn? Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔkyerɛ wo ti nhwi kɔla, w’ani kɔla, wo tenten, wo nipadua nsusuwii, eyinom nyinaa? Mmuae no wɔ nneɛma a yɛbɛka ho asɛm nnɛ yi mu, DNA , awosu mu nkwaadɔm, ne chromosomes . Ɛwom sɛ ebia ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nyansahu mu kasakoa kakra de, nanso eyinom yɛ nneɛma a ɛnyɛ den koraa sɛ wobɛte ase. Momma yɛnhwɛ.

Dɛn ne DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)? Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a...

Fa wo nipadua nyinaa sɛ akwankyerɛ nhoma kɛse. Saa nhoma no ka sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wo nipadua no fã biara yɛ adwuma, sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wohwɛ wo ho, ne sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wohwɛ wo ho kyerɛ wo. Wɔfrɛ saa akwankyerɛ ahorow no `DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).` Ɛwɔ wo nipadua mu nkwammoaa biara mu. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, DNA ne onipa ko a woyɛ ho nhyehyɛe.

Dɛn na wɔde na ɛyɛ DNA?

DNA nso wɔ n’ankasa kasa a wɔde kyerɛw akwankyerɛ nhoma yi. Saa kasa no wɔ nkyerɛwde anan. Wɔne:

• Adenine (A) .
• Cytosine (Nkwammoaa mu nkwaadɔm – C) .
• Thiamine (Thymine – T) a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu.
• Guanine (Guanine – G) 1. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so.

Saa nnuru anan yi na ɛka bom yɛ “nsɛmfua” a ɛwɔ wo nkyerɛkyerɛ nhoma no mu, a wɔahyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso. Sɛnea wɔboaboa yɛn Sinhala nkyerɛwde ano de yɛ nsɛmfua no ara pɛ. Fa no sɛ, saa nnyinaso yi bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 3 na ɛwɔ onipa nipadua mu! Wɔn mu 99% yɛ pɛ ma onipa biara. Saa 1% a aka no ne nea ɛma woyɛ soronko wɔ afoforo ho, w’ankasa nipa soronko. So ɛnyɛ nwonwa?

DNA reyɛ ne ho mfonini bere nyinaa. Ɛne sɛ, ɛyɛ wo nipadua no akwankyerɛ nhoma no bi, te sɛ nea wɔde nsa akyerɛw. Ɛde nsɛmfua a wɔde saa nnyinasosɛm no bom hyehyɛ no na edi dwuma.

Enti dɛn ne awosu mu nkwaadɔm?

Ne titiriw no, awosu mu nkwaadɔm te sɛ nneɛma a ɛkyekye wo nipadua no . Awosu mu nkwaadɔm bi de akwankyerɛ ma sɛnea wɔyɛ protein. Protein dwumadi ne sɛ ɛbɛkyerɛ wo nipadua no nipadua mu su horow a wopɛ sɛ wunya. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nneɛma te sɛ wo ti nhwi kɔla ne w’ani kɔla. Awosu mu nkwaadɔm binom kyerɛw biribi a wɔfrɛ no `RNA (Ribonucleic acid),` a ɛyɛ nnwuma afoforo.

Yɛbɛyɛ dɛn anya awosu mu nkwaadɔm?

Worentumi ntɔ saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi mfi awosu mu nkwaadɔm sotɔɔ mu. Wo nsa ka fi wo maame ne wo papa hɔ. Sɛ yɛbɛka no pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wunya w’awosu mu nkwaadɔm no biako fi wo maame nkesua mu na wunya biako fi wo papa mmadwoa mu . Sɛ wunya awosu mu nkwaadɔm abien pɛ a, saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm no mu paapae, yɛ wɔn ho mfonini, na ɛyɛ adwuma kosi sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ wo akwankyerɛ nhoma no nyinaa ma. Fa no sɛ, awosu mu nkwaadɔm bɛyɛ 20,000 kosi 25,000 na ɛwɔ wo nipadua mu!

Afei ma yɛnhwɛ nea chromosomes yɛ.

Chromosomes yɛ nneɛma a ɛte sɛ asaawa. Wɔwɔ nkwammoaa mfinimfini, wɔ nuklea no mu. DNA ne protein ahorow wɔ chromosomes mu. Ɛsono ne kɛse. Wɔyɛ protein soronko a wɔfrɛ no `Histones` a ɛma ɛyɛ compact na ɛda ntam wɔ nucleus no mu. Susuw ho hwɛ, sɛ ɛnyɛ saa histones no a, anka yɛn chromosomes no bɛyɛ tenten te sɛ yɛn! Chromosomes yɛ akwankyerɛ pɔtee a wo nkwammoaa nya a ɛma woyɛ soronko na woyɛ soronko.

Nkwammoaa ahe na nnipa wɔ?

Mpɛn pii no, ɛsɛ sɛ obi a ɔwɔ apɔwmuden nya nkwaboaa abien abien 23 (ne nyinaa yɛ 46). Wɔakyekyɛ saa chromosomes yi mu abien abien a wɔde nɔma ahyɛ mu (a wɔfrɛ no `autosomes`) ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu chromosomes abien (`X` ne `Y` chromosomes). Wo nsa ka baanu biako fi wo maame hɔ na biako nso fi wo papa hɔ.

Nanso, ɛntaa mma koraa sɛ mfomso betumi aba bere a nkwammoaa mu apaapae na wɔayɛ bi no. Sɛ eyi ba a, ebia nnipa binom benya chromosome foforo wɔ baanu mu (tebea bi a wɔfrɛ no `Trisomy`) anaasɛ chromosome biako wɔ baanu mu betumi ayera (tebea a wɔfrɛ no `Monosomy`).

Abusuabɔ bɛn na ɛda DNA, awosu mu nkwaadɔm, ne chromosomes ntam? Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ adwuma?

Saa nneɛma abiɛsa yi, DNA, awosu mu nkwaadɔm, ne chromosomes, bom yɛ adwuma bom yɛ onipa a woyɛ.

• Chromosomes ne nea ɛde DNA kɔ nkwammoaa mu.
• DNA na ɛkyekyere wo nipa nhyehyɛe na ɛhwɛ so.
• Awosu mu nkwaadɔm yɛ wo DNA no afã horow a ɛma wunya wo nipadua mu su soronko na ɛma woyɛ soronko wɔ afoforo ho.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, sɛ eyinom nyinaa bom a, wo nipadua no nya akwankyerɛ a edi mũ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wo nkwammoaa yɛ wɔn ade.

Ɛhe na DNA wɔ? Ɛte sɛn?

DNA wɔ wo nipadua mu nkwammoaa biara mu. Ne mu dodow no ara wɔ nkwammoaa biara nucleus (mfinimfini) mu. DNA bi nso wɔ mitochondria (akwaa nketenkete a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa mu a ɛma ahoɔden) no mu.

Ɛdefa sɛnea DNA te ho no, nnuru anan a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no na ɛyɛ: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), ne guanine (G). Saa nnyinaso abien yi bom yɛ abien abien; A ne T bom bere nyinaa, na C ne G bom bere nyinaa Saa nnyinaso abien yi, ne asikre molecule ne phosphate molecule (a wɔfrɛ no `nucleotide`) bom yɛ nsusuwii a ɛte sɛ antweri a ɛyɛ nkuruwankuruwa (a wɔsan frɛ no `double helix`). Nhyɛase abien no te sɛ antweri a ɛwɔ soro, na asikre ne phosphate no te sɛ nsateaa.

Chromosomes te sɛn?

Chromosomes wɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛte sɛ asaawa. Chromosomal proteins (`histones` a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no) kyekyere DNA ho, te sɛ asaawa a ɛkyekyere asaawa a wɔde ahyɛ mu, na ɛmia DNA no mu nketenkete ma ɛhyɛ nkwammoaa mu. Fa no sɛ, sɛ chromosomes no ankyekyere DNA no saa a, anka wo DNA tenten bɛyɛ anammɔn 6 fi awiei kosi awiei!

Dɛn ne Awosu mu Tebea?

Awosu mu tebea yɛ yare a awosu mu nkwaadɔm bi a ɛnteɛ na ɛde ba. Awosu mu nsakrae yɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔnyɛ ho mfonini yiye bere a nkwammoaa mu mpaapaemu no. Ɛne sɛ, ɛsono sɛnea ɛte nnidiso nnidiso anaa sɛnea ɛte wɔ awosu mu nkwaadɔm afoforo a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu no ho. Sɛ wowɔ awosu mu nsakrae a, ebia wo nipadua no rentumi nnyin na ɛnyɛ adwuma sɛnea ɛsɛ.

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wubetumi anya saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi afi w’awofo hɔ. Ɛtɔ mmere bi nso a wubetumi anya awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae a ɛba wo nipadua mu no wɔ akwanhyia mu, a obiara nni w’abusua mu a wanya nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae anaa awosu mu tebea no pɛn. Awosu mu tebea horow mpempem pii wɔ hɔ a ɛte sɛ eyi.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na awosu mu nsakrae ba?

Awosu mu nsakrae ba bere a wo nkwammoaa mu paapae na ɛyɛ nkwammoaa foforo no. Sɛ nkwammoaa mu paapae a, ɛte sɛ nea wode nsa akyerɛw wo nipadua no akwankyerɛ nhoma a edi kan no. Mfomso pii wɔ hɔ a wobetumi adi wɔ saa adeyɛ yi mu. Ɛte sɛ nea worehuruw kratafa anaa ti bi bere a worekenkan nhoma bi no. Sɛ wudi mfomso (awosu mu nsakrae) a, wo akwankyerɛ nhoma no betumi ama wo nipadua no anya akwankyerɛ a ɛnteɛ. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no nsakra ɔkwan a wo nipadua no fa so yɛ adwuma no. Nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a, nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no betumi asiw wo kwan sɛ wobɛyɛ adwuma sɛnea ɛsɛ. Ne nyinaa gyina ade ko a saa awosu mu abɔde no reyɛ ho mmara so.

So nhwehwɛmu ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ebetumi ahwɛ sɛnea m’awosu mu nkwaadɔm te?

Yiw, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu pii wɔ hɔ. Eyinom de wo mogya, wo honam ani, wo ti nhwi, anaa sɛ wonyinsɛn a, wo awotwaa mu nsu bi na edi dwuma. Saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi ahu nsakrae a aba w’awosu mu nkwaadɔm, wo nkwaadɔm, anaa protein ahorow mu. Saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi akyerɛ awosu mu tebea pɔtee bi ne awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔasakra no. Afei nso, sɛ wowɔ anidaso sɛ wobɛwo ba a, nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi aboa wo ma woahu asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobɛwo abofra a ɔwɔ awosu mu yare bi.

Mɛyɛ dɛn atumi ama me DNA akwahosan atu mpɔn?

Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wo DNA no atu mpɔn no, ɛsɛ sɛ wohwɛ wo nipadua so yiye. Efisɛ wo DNA na ɛma wunyin na woyɛ adwuma. Wubetumi ama w’akwahosan nyinaa atu mpɔn denam:

• Di aduan a ɛkari pɛ .
• Dwumadie.
• Kura mu duru a ɛfata mu.
• Kwati sigaretnom ne tawa ho nneɛma a wode bedi dwuma.

Dɛn ne Homologous Chromosome?

Homologous chromosome yɛ chromosomes abien, biako fi ɛna no hɔ na biako fi agya no hɔ. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn baanu nyinaa nya awosu mu nsɛm koro, wɔ mmeae koro. Chromosomes nso betumi ayɛ nea ɛnyɛ pɛ. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ ɛsono awosu mu nsɛm a ɛwɔ mu no, anaasɛ ɛsono mmeae ahorow.

Awiei koraa no, nea ɛsɛ sɛ wokae (Take-Home Message) .

Wo DNA, wo awosu mu nkwaadɔm, ne wo chromosomes yɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛma woyɛ onipa ko a woyɛ no bi. Ɛwom sɛ wɔyɛ nketewa dodo sɛ wɔde aniwa betumi ahu de, nanso dwuma a wodi no yɛ nwonwa na ɛsõ yiye. Enti, ɛyɛ wo na ɛsɛ sɛ wudi asetra a ɛfata akyi na wokɔ so yɛ wo DNA, awosu mu nkwaadɔm, ne wo chromosomes adwuma yiye. Sɛ wodɔ wo ho a, susuw nnamfo nkumaa a wɔwɔ wo nipadua mu yi ho. Sɛ wɔn ho ye nkutoo a na wubetumi ayɛ yiye.