Dɛn ne "Mmara mu Anifuraefo"? Momma yɛnka eyi ho asɛm tiawa!

Ebia woate kasasin "Legally Blind" no pɛn. Nanso ebia woresusuw ho sɛ, "So ɛno kyerɛ sɛ wuntumi nhu ade koraa? Anaasɛ ɛkyerɛ biribi foforo?" Eyi yɛ biribi a ehia sɛ wɔma emu da hɔ kakra. Efisɛ ɛnyɛ aduruyɛ mu asɛmfua a nnuruyɛfo taa de di dwuma. Enti, momma yɛnka ho asɛm nkɔ akyiri, ɛnte saa?

Dɛn ankasa na "Legally Blind" kyerɛ?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, "Legally Blind" yɛ mmara ne adwumayɛ mu asɛmfua a wɔde gyina hɔ ma aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse. Ɛnyɛ aduruyɛ mu asɛmfua a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ yare bi mu. Mmom no, ahyehyɛde ahorow te sɛ aban adwumayɛbea ahorow de di dwuma de kyerɛ nea ɔfata sɛ onya nhyehyɛe ne mfaso ahorow a ɛfa anisoadehu a wɔhwere ho. Ɛne sɛ, sɛ obi aniwa a ɔde hwɛ ade yiye, anaasɛ n’ani a ɔde hwɛ ade yiye no ne saa dodow yi yɛ pɛ anaasɛ ɛba fam sen saa a, wobu saa onipa no sɛ “ɔyɛ onifuraefo wɔ mmara kwan so.”

Susuw ho saa kwan yi so, nnipa binom ntumi nhu ade yiye wɔ ahwehwɛ mpo mu. Wɔ nsɛm a ɛtete saa mu no, aban no betumi asusuw sɛnea wɔn anisoadehu nyɛ papa na ama wɔanya ahotɔ kakra. Saa "legally blind" ade yi te saa.

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda anifurae koraa ne "mmara kwan so anifurae" ntam?

Sɛ yɛka sɛ "anifuraefo" a, nnipa dodow no ara susuw tebea bi a wontumi nhu biribiara ho, biribiara yɛ tuntum. Nnuruyɛfo frɛ eyi sɛ "No Light Perception" (NLP) . Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ wontumi nhu hann ketewaa bi mpo. Nanso, ɛnyɛ obiara a n’ani afura na ɔhyɛ saa kuw yi mu. Nokwarem no, nnipa a wɔwɔ aniwa mu yare no mu 15% pɛ na wɔn ani afura koraa. 85% a aka no wɔ anisoadehunu bi. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɛtɔ da bi a wotumi kenkan nkyerɛwee akɛse, hu nneɛma akɛse, anaa wohu nsonsonoe a ɛda hann ne esum ntam.

"Mmara mu anifuraefoɔ" kyerɛ sɛ obi wɔ anisoadehunu bi, nanso ɛnnɔɔso sɛ ɔbɛnya ahotɔ afiri mmara no mu.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔkyerɛ "anifuraefo wɔ mmara kwan so"? (Amerikafo nhwɛso) .

Ɔkwan a wɔfa so hu "mmara kwan so anifuraefo" yi betumi ayɛ soronko kakra wɔ ɔman biara mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, momma yɛnhwɛ sɛnea wɔyɛ no wɔ United States. Ɛhɔ no, Social Security Administration (SSA) ne aban adwumayɛbea a ɛde mmara no si hɔ. Wɔde nkyerɛase bi a Amerika Aduruyɛ Fekuw no de bae wɔ 1934 mu na edi dwuma.

Sɛnea saa nkyerɛase no kyerɛ no, sɛ obi bɛyɛ "anifuraefo wɔ mmara kwan so" a, anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ nea edidi so yi mu biako yɛ nokware:

• Sɛ wohyɛ ahwehwɛ anaa ahwehwɛ a wɔde hwɛ ade mpo a, ɛsɛ sɛ w’ani a ɛyɛ papa no mu aniwa no yɛ 20/200 anaa nea enye koraa. Eyi kyerɛ anisoadehu a ɛwɔ w’anisoadehu no mfinimfini. Sɛ w’ani biako ye sen biako a, wɔde susudua no wɔ aniwa a eye no mu.
• Ɛnsɛ sɛ w’anisoadehu no trɛw sen digrii 20.Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ baabi a wubetumi ahu no yɛ teateaa yiye. Bio nso, sɛ aniwa biako a ɛhwɛ ade no trɛw sen foforo no a, wɔde susuw no fi saa aniwa a eye sen biara no mu.

Nea ɛho hia: Eyi yɛ nkyerɛase a efi United States. Ebia nkyerɛase anaa akwan horow a ɛsonosonoe wɔ Sri Lanka anaa aman afoforo so. Nanso adwene titiriw no di nsɛ yiye - kyerɛ sɛ, anisoadehu a ɛho hia kɛse.

Dɛn ne 20/200 anisoadehu? Momma yɛnte ase tiawa

Sɛ yɛhwɛ yɛn ani a, nnuruyɛfo ma yɛn nɔma abien, sɛ nhwɛso no 20/20, 20/40, 20/200. Dɛn na eyi kyerɛ?

Mpɛn pii no, wobu anisoadehu 20/20 sɛ ɛyɛ apɔwmuden, anisoadehu a ɛfata.

Afei ma yɛnhwɛ nea 20/200 kyerɛ:

• Nnɔmba a edi kan (20) ne baabi a worehwɛ biribi wɔ akyirikyiri (wɔ nan mu).
• Nnɔmba a ɛto so abien (200) ne baabi a obi a n’ani hu ade yiye betumi ahu ade koro no ara yiye.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ɛho behia sɛ obi a ɔwɔ anisoadehu 20/200 bɛn no bɛyɛ anammɔn 20 na ama wahu biribi a obi a n’ani hu ade yiye 20/20 betumi ahu pefee afi akyirikyiri anammɔn 200. Sɛ ɛnte saa a, anka ebehia sɛ ade no yɛ kɛse mmɔho du na ama wɔahu no yiye wɔ akyirikyiri saa.

Fa no sɛ, sɛ worekɔ abɔnten na obi a ɔte ase tumi kenkan bɔs nɔma bi fi akyirikyiri anammɔn 200 a, ɛsɛ sɛ wo a wowɔ anisoadehu 20/200 no twɛn kosi sɛ wo ne bɔs no ntam kwan bɛyɛ anammɔn 20 na woakenkan. So wote ase?

• Sɛ dodow a ɛto so abien no sua (e.g. 20/15) a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ w’anisoadehu ye sen sɛnea wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ.
• Sɛ dodow a ɛto so abien no yɛ kɛse (e.g. 20/200) a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ w’anisoadehu no yɛ mmerɛw sen sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a.

Wiase aman afoforo bu tebea yi dɛn?

Bere a "anifuraefo a wɔwɔ mmara kwan so" ho ahwehwɛde wɔ United States yɛ 20/200 no, aman binom de nsɛmfua afoforo di dwuma anaasɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ anisoadehu a emu yɛ den kɛse mpo mu.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, United Kingdom (UK) de metric nhyehyɛe no di dwuma. Ɛhɔ no, wobu anisoadehu a ɛyɛ 6/60 (a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛne 20/200 yɛ pɛ) sɛ "nea onhu ade yiye (nea onhu ade fã bi)" . Wɔwɔ aboboano a ɛyɛ 6/150 (a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛne 20/500 yɛ pɛ wɔ anammɔn mu) na wɔfrɛ no “nea onhu ade kɛse (anifuraefo) .”

Afei nso, aman pii a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa de wɔn ho to Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO) Amanaman Ntam Nyarewa Nkyekyɛmu (ICD) so de kyerɛkyerɛ mmara mu. ICD a ɛto so 11 a etwa to no kyekyɛ aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mu, a ɛwɔ akuw abiɛsa ma "anifurae."

ICD no kyekyɛ aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ne anifurae mu sɛnea gyinapɛn ahorow a edidi so yi te:

• Aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw: Aniwa a eye sen biara, a wɔde ahwehwɛ ahwehwɛ aniwa hu no nnu 6/12 nanso ɛne 6/18 yɛ pɛ anaasɛ eye sen saa.
• Aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛkɔ fam:Wɔ aniwa a eye sen biara mu no, ahwehwɛ a wɔde ahwehwɛ hwɛ ade no nnu 6/18 nanso ɛne 6/60 yɛ pɛ anaasɛ eye sen saa.
• Aniwa a ɛyɛ den: Anisoadehu a ɛwɔ aniwa a eye sen biara mu, a ahwehwɛ ka ho no nnu 6/60 nanso ɛne 3/60 yɛ pɛ anaasɛ eye sen saa (anaasɛ hann nhu ade biara). (Eyi taa yɛ nea ɛne "mmara kwan so anifurae" yɛ pɛ).
• Anifurae: Anisoadehu a ɛwɔ aniwa a eye sen biara mu, a wɔde ahwehwɛ ka ho no nnu 3/60, anaasɛ baabi a wotumi hu ade no nnu digrii 10. (Akuw nketewa afoforo wɔ eyi mu nso).

"Mmara kwan so anifurae" abu so dɛn?

"Legally blind" nyɛ tebea a ɛtaa ba. Nanso abenfo hwɛ kwan sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ yare no dodow bɛkɔ soro ntɛmntɛm wɔ mfe du du a ɛreba no mu. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2016 mu kyerɛe sɛ nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem biako pɛ wɔ United States du anisoadehu 20/200 ho gyinapɛn no ho. Saa nhwehwɛmu koro no ara nso buu akontaa sɛ ebedu afe 2050 no, dodow yi bɛbɔ ho abien.

Ebia eyi fi aniwa mu nyarewa a ɛba bere a obi nyin (e.g., aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, atiridiinini, aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛma obi nyin) ne aniwa a ɛsɛe kɛse esiane nyarewa te sɛ asikreyare nti.

Mɛyɛ dɛn anya adansedi krataa wɔ saa "mmara kwan so anifurae" yi ho? (Adeyɛ a ɛyɛ daa) .

Ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya adansedi krataa ma tebea a ɛte sɛɛ no ​​betumi ayɛ soronko wɔ ɔman biara mu. Wɔ United States no, Social Security Administration (SSA) ne adwumakuw titiriw a ɛde ahwehwɛde ahorow ma eyi.

Mpɛn pii no, nneɛma bi a ebia wubehu sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wuhu bere a ɛfa adansedi krataa a ɛte sɛɛ a wubenya ho ni:

• Nnwumakuw betumi abisa w’ayaresa ho kyerɛwtohɔ: Ɛwom sɛ ebia ebehia sɛ wode adanse ma de kyerɛ sɛ "woyɛ anifuraefo wɔ mmara kwan so" de, nanso sɛ ɛho hia a, nnwumakuw betumi aboa wo ma woaboaboa saa adanse no ano. Wobetumi abisa kyerɛwtohɔ afi w’ani ho ɔyaresafo anaa akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo afoforo hɔ. Nanso wohia wo kwan na ama wɔatumi ayɛ saa.
• Wo duruyɛfo no ne nsɛm fibea titiriw: nanso sɛ wunni bi, anaasɛ sɛ wo duruyɛfo no ntumi nni nhwehwɛmu ahwehwɛde ahorow no ho dwuma esiane biribi foforo nti a, adwumakuw no betumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde afotu ma ho nhyehyɛe de ahu sɛ ebia wudu "mmara kwan so anifurae" ho gyinapɛn ahorow no ho anaa.
• Ebia wobɛda so ara afata ama adansedi krataa no sɛ w’aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no nyɛ nea ɛtra hɔ daa mpo a: Sɛ mpo w’aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no yɛ bere tiaa mu de anaasɛ wobetumi asan a, ebia ɛrenyɛ akwanside a ɛbɛma woanya mfaso horow a ɛte saa. Egyina ɔman a wɔreka ho asɛm no mmara ne nhyehyɛe ahorow so.

Wɔ Sri Lanka no, wubetumi anya nsɛm a ɛfa mmoa ne nnwuma a wubenya ama tebea horow a ɛtete saa ho afi ahyehyɛde ahorow te sɛ Department of Social Services . Afei nso, w’ani ho ɔyaresafo no betumi de eyi ho akwankyerɛ ama.

Mfaso bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ "woyɛ anifuraefo wɔ mmara kwan so" a?

Sɛ wɔgye wo adanseɛ sɛ "ɔyɛ anifuraeɛ wɔ mmara kwan so" wie a, ebia wobɛfata ama mfasoɔ ne dwumadie ahodoɔ wɔ aman ahodoɔ so. Momma yɛnhwɛ aban mfasoɔ bi a ɛwɔ United States sɛ nhwɛsoɔ:

• Ɔsram biara Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) ho sikatua.
• Ɔsram biara Supplemental Security Income (SSI) a wotua (eyinom betumi ayɛ soronko wɔ ɔman biara mu).
• Insurance a wɔde tua ho ka denam Medicare so (sɛ mpo wunnii mfe 65 a).

Eyinom yɛ nhwɛso ahorow a efi United States ara kwa. Ebia mmoa ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a wobetumi de ama wɔ Sri Lanka anaa aman afoforo so. Eyinom betumi ayɛ sikasɛm mu mmoa, nhomasua mmoa, dabere titiriw a wɔde bɛma adwumayɛ hokwan ahorow, akwantu ho mmoa, ne mfiri a wɔde boa (e.g., poma fitaa, softwea soronko).

Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wuhu eyi ho nsɛm pii a, wubetumi abisa w’ani ho ɔyaresafo, akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo, anaa aban adwumayɛbea ahorow a ɛfa ho (e.g., Department of Social Services).

Nea ɛho hia sen biara: Nkrasɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde to yɛn komam

Awiei koraa no, ade no ni. "Legally blind" nyɛ label a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ wo mu. Ɛyɛ aban gyinabea kɛkɛ a ɛboa wo ma wunya mfaso ne nnwuma a ɛfa anifurae ho. Aban adwumayɛbea ahorow de saa asɛmfua yi di dwuma de kyerɛkyerɛ gyinapɛn pɔtee a ɛsɛ sɛ wudi so na ama woafata ama mfaso ne nnwuma bi.

Sɛ wo anaa obi a wunim no nhu ade yiye a, mma wo ho nnyɛ wo hu. Kɔ aniwa ho ɔbenfo nkyɛn kɔhwehwɛ afotu. Wobetumi akyerɛ wo sɛnea wo tebea no te, ayaresa ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ, ne sɛnea sɛ ɛho hia a, wobɛhwehwɛ mfaso a ɛte saa akyerɛ wo. Kae sɛ ɛnka akyi dodo da sɛ wobɛsrɛ mmoa.

` Mmara kwan so anifurae, aniwa a enhu ade yiye, aniwa a enhu ade yiye, aniwa akwahosan, 20/200 anisoadehu, asetra mu ahobammɔ mu mfaso, aniwa a ɛhwɛ ade yiye