So worehyia ɔhaw ahorow wɔ wo ntini mu? Momma yɛnka ntini ho ɔyaresafo bi ho asɛm!

Ntini a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma no ne nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara wɔ yɛn nipadua mu. Ɛdi biribiara a yɛdwene, yɛte nka, ne biribiara a yɛyɛ so. Enti ɔhaw ketewaa bi mpo a ɛwɔ saa ntini ahorow yi mu betumi asɛe yɛn da mũ nyinaa. Ebia woanya nneɛma te sɛ tiyɛ ne wo akwaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Ɛno ne bere a ɛsɛ sɛ yesusuw ntini ho ɔyaresafo ho.

Hena ne saa ntini ho ɔyaresafo yi?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ntini ho ɔbenfo yɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔhwehwɛ nyarewa a ɛfa yɛn amemene, yɛn akyi berɛmo, ne ntini ahorow a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua nyinaa mu ho, ɔsa, na ɔhwɛ so . Ntini a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma no te sɛ yɛn nipadua no ‘ahyɛde beae’. Biribiara a yɛdwene, yɛte nka, na yɛyɛ, efi ɔkwan a yɛfa so ka yɛn nsa so kosi ɔkwan a yɛn koma bɔ so no, nhyehyɛe yi na edi so. Enti saa nnuruyɛfo yi te ntini ahorow no nhyehyɛe, dwumadi, ne nyarewa ahorow ase yiye.

Enti so ntini ho animdefo wɔ hɔ ma mmofra nkumaa nso?

Yiw, ampa! Mmofra nkumaa mpo betumi anya ɔhaw wɔ wɔn ntini mu. Mmofra ntini ho ɔbenfo yɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔhwehwɛ mmofra amemene ne ntini mu nyarewa, efi mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo so kosi mmofra nkumaa so na ɔsa. Nea ɛka nyarewa bi a ɛka mpanyimfo ho no, nnuruyɛfo yi nso hwɛ tebea horow a wonya fi awo mu ne nkɔso tebea horow a ɛfa mmofra pɔtee ho nso so titiriw. Susuw ho hwɛ, wobetumi awo nkokoaa binom a wɔwɔ amemene mu haw ahorow bi. Ɛno ne bere a saa nimdeɛ yi som bo kɛse.

Hena ne Ntini mu Oprehyɛn Ho Oduruyɛfo?

Adwene a ɛyɛ basaa kakra betumi aba ha. Neurologist ne Neurosurgeon yɛ nnipa baanu a ɛsono wɔn mu biara. Ntini mu oprehyɛn ho ɔbenfo yɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ amemene, akyi berɛmo, ne ntini mu oprehyɛn. Ntini mu nyarewa bi wɔ hɔ a wontumi mfa nnuru nkutoo nsa na ehia sɛ wɔyɛ oprehyɛn. Wɔ tebea horow a ɛtete saa mu no, ntini mu oprehyɛn ho oduruyɛfo som ho hia. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ ntini ho ɔbenfo na odi kan hu yare no, na sɛ ɛho hia a, ɔde ɔyarefo no kɔ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nkyɛn.

Nyarewa bɛn na ntini ho ɔyaresafo sa?

Nokwarem no, nyarewa ahorow a ntini ho ɔbenfo sa no trɛw yiye. Ma yɛnhwɛ nea ɛho hia paa no mu kakraa bi.

• Alzheimer yare ne adwenemhaw afoforo: Ebia woate eyi ho asɛm. Nsɛnkyerɛnne titiriw ne sɛ wobɛkae nkakrankakra bere a worenyin no.
• ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis): Eyi yɛ yare a nipadua no mu ntini yɛ mmerɛw nkakrankakra.
• Amemene ne akyi berɛmo mu opira anaa mogya ntini a ɛnyɛ adwuma yiye: Ɔhaw ahorow a ebetumi aba sɛ wobɔ wo ti wɔ akwanhyia mu anaasɛ sɛ biribi to w’akyi berɛmo a.
• Cerebral Aneurysms ne Arteriovenous Malformations: Eyinom yɛ tebea horow a asiane wom yiye a ebetumi ama mogya atu amemene no mu.
• Cerebral Palsy ne Spasticity: Mpɛn pii no, wotumi hu eyinom wɔ wɔn mmofraase.
• Concussion: Nkɛntɛnso a ɛba amemene no so bere tiaa bi esiane ɔhwe a wɔbɔ wɔ ti so nti. Eyi betumi asi bere a wɔredi agumadi no.
• Encephalitis: Nyarewa a efi ɔyare mmoawa bi a ɛhyɛn amemene no mu, na ɛma amemene no hohoro.
• Akisikuru: Wɔsan frɛ no akisikuru, na ɛnam nsakrae a ɛba amemene no mu anyinam ahoɔden dwumadi mu nti.
• Anim yaw: Nnipa binom te ɛyaw a wontumi nnyina ano wɔ wɔn anim fã biako.
• Tiyɛ/Atiridiinini: Eyi yɛ ɔhaw a nnipa pii wɔ. Ebinom ti yɛ wɔn yaw paa.
• Hydrocephalus: Nsu a ɛboaboa ano wɔ amemene no mu.
• Meningitis: Ntini a atwa amemene no ho ahyia a ɔyare mmoawa na ɛde ba.
• Adwene ne suban mu akwahosan ho haw ahorow: Nsakrae a ɛba ntini ahorow mu nso betumi aka adwenemhaw ahorow bi.
• Multiple Sclerosis: Eyi yɛ yare a ɛsɛe ade a ɛbɔ ho ban a atwa ntini ahorow ho ahyia no.
• Myasthenia Gravis ne Myopathies: Eyinom yɛ nyarewa a ɛma ntini ahorow no yɛ mmerɛw.
• Kɔn, akyi, ne akyi berɛmo mu yaw: Nnipa pii hu amane wɔ saa yaw yi ho.
• Parkinson yare: Nea ɛkyerɛ ne sɛ obi ho popo na ɔkeka ne ho brɛoo.
• Peripheral Neuropathy: Ntini a ɛwɔ akwaa no mu a ɛsɛe. Eyi betumi aba nnipa a wɔwɔ asikreyare so.
• Dae mu haw: Dae a wontumi nna yiye nso betumi ayɛ ntini mu haw.
• Akisikuru: Tebea a ɛba bere a mogya a ɛkɔ amemene no mu no twa anaasɛ mogya ntini bi pae.
• Wosow, Dystonia: Nneɛma te sɛ akwaa a ɛwosow, nipadua no afã horow bi a ɛwosow a ɔmpɛ.
• Akisikuru a ɛwɔ amemene, akyi berɛmo, ne ntini mu: Eyinom nso hwehwɛ sɛ ntini ho ɔbenfo hwɛ so.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na ntini ho ɔyaresafo hu yare bi pɛpɛɛpɛ?

Sɛ wokɔ ntini ho ɔyaresafo nkyɛn a, obedi kan abisa wo w’ayaresa ho abakɔsɛm, sɛ ebia obi wɔ w’abusua mu anya tebea koro no ara, nnuru a worenom, ne wo mprempren sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow . Afei, wɔbɛyɛ wo ntini mu nhwehwɛmu titiriw bi. Nneɛma titiriw a wɔbɛhwehwɛ ne:

• Wo nipadua kari pɛ, sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma, ne sɛnea nantew.
• Ahoɔden a ɛwɔ wo ntini mu.
• W’adwene mu tebea.
• Wo nhumu, wo aso, ne sɛnea wotumi kasa.
• Wo deɛNipadua mu nkate horow.

Nea ɛka ho no, wobetumi ayɛ mogya ne nsu mu nhwehwɛmu de ahwɛ sɛnea yare no mu yɛ den anaa de ahwɛ sɛnea nnuru no dodow te. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wobetumi ayɛ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu de ahu sɛ ebia yare no fi awosu mu anaa. Wobetumi ayɛ mfoninitwa ho nhwehwɛmu nso de atwa ntini ahorow no mfonini . Wɔde eyinom nyinaa di dwuma de hu sɛnea yare no te ankasa.

Nhwehwɛmu bɛn na saa ntini ho animdefo yi yɛ?

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow wɔ hɔ a wobetumi de ahu ntini mu yare bi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Ɛnyɛ obiara na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔyɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow yi nyinaa. Wo duruyɛfo begyina wo sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow so asi nhwehwɛmu ahorow a ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ ho gyinae. Ma yɛnhwɛ emu kakraa bi.

• Angiography: Eyi hwɛ sɛ mogya ntini a ɛwɔ w’amemene, wo ti, ne wo kɔn mu no asiw, asɛe, anaasɛ ɛnyɛ ne kwan so. Etumi hu nneɛma te sɛ ntini a ɛma mogya tu ne mogya a ɛtɔ.
• Biopsy: Eyi hwehwɛ sɛ woyi ntini ketewaa bi fi nipadua no mu na wɔhwehwɛ mu. Ebetumi ayɛ ntini, ntini, anaa amemene mu ntini.
• Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: Wɔfa nsu a atwa yɛn amemene ne yɛn akyi berɛmo ho ahyia no mu kakraa bi na wɔsɔ hwɛ. Eyi boa ma wohu nneɛma te sɛ mogya a ɛtɔ wɔ amemene no mu, ɔyare mmoawa, nyarewa te sɛ multiple sclerosis, ne nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛsakra.
• CT Scan (Computed Tomography - CT), MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI), X-ray, ne Ultrasound: Ebia woate eyinom ho asɛm. Eyinom yɛ scan ahorow a ɛtwa nipadua no mu mfonini.
• EEG (Electroencephalography - EEG): Eyi susuw anyinam ahoɔden dwumadi a ɛwɔ w’amemene mu. Wɔde hu nneɛma te sɛ akisikuru, ɔyare mmoawa (te sɛ amemene mu yare), amemene mu opira, ne akisikuru.
• EMG (Electromyography - EMG): Eyi susuw anyinam ahoɔden dwumadi a ntini ahorow no yɛ. Ebetumi aboa ma wɔahu ntini ne ntini mu yare, akyi berɛmo a ɛtwetwe, ne ntini a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma te sɛ amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• ENG (Electronystagmography - ENG): Saa sɔhwɛ kuw yi hwehwɛ nneɛma te sɛ aniwa a wɔmpɛ, adwenemhaw, ne kari pɛ ho haw.
• Evoked Potentials: Eyi kyerɛ sɛnea anyinam ahoɔden nsɛnkyerɛnne a efi w’ani, w’aso, anaa wo honam ani a ɛka wo ho no kɔ amemene no mu ntɛmntɛm na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Etumi hu tebea horow te sɛ multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, ne akyi berɛmo mu opira.
• Myelography: Eyi boa ma wohu nneɛma te sɛ akisikuru, ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ne nnompe a abubu wɔ akyi berɛmo ne akyi berɛmo mu.
• Polysomnogram: Wɔde eyi di dwuma de hu ɔhaw ahorow a ɛfa nna ho denam amemene ne nipadua dwumadi a wɔsusuw bere a wɔada no so.
• PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography - PET): Saa scan yi kyerɛ akisikuru, anaasɛ wɔde hwɛ tebea horow te sɛ akisikuru, amemene mu akisikuru, ne Alzheimer yare.
• SPECT scan (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography - SPECT): Eyi nso tumi hu akisikuru ne ɔyare mmoawa. Wɔde hwɛ baabi a akisikuru, akyi berɛmo mu nyarewa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ne adwennwen mu akisikuru nso.
• Thermography: Eyi kyerɛ ɔhyew nsakrae a ɛba nipadua no anaa akwaa bi mu. Wɔde susuw nneɛma te sɛ ɛyaw a ɛba, ntini a ɛwɔ nipadua no akyi, ne ntini ntini a ɛtwetwe no ho.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkɔ ntini ho ɔyaresafo nkyɛn?

Okay, afei ebia woresusuw ho sɛ, ‘Nsɛnkyerɛnne bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mekɔ oduruyɛfo yi nkyɛn?’ Nsɛnkyerɛnne ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhaw yɛn ho wɔ ho bere a yehu ara pɛ. Hwɛ sɛ wowɔ saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi bi anaa:

• Nkae a ɛyera, werɛ a wotaa fi: Sɛ wo werɛ taa fi nneɛma nketenkete a, ɛnyɛ ade a ɛfata.
• Nhumu a ɛyera: Sɛ wo werɛ fi mpofirim na wohwe ase a.
• Akisikuru: Nsɛnkyerɛnne no bi ne akisikuru ne nsu a ɛtɔ.
• Nsakrae a ɛba aduan dɛ ne hua mu: Sɛ mpofirim ara wohwere tumi a wode bɛsɔ aduan ahwɛ anaa wobɛte hua a.
• Anisoadehu ho haw: Aniwa biako ani afura, abien ani afura, ɛte sɛ nea aniwa nhu ade yiye.
• Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛyɛ mmerɛw: Sɛ abasa anaa nan bi te nka sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw, te sɛ nea mogya no agyae sen, anaasɛ ɛte sɛ nea wɔde nhama ne nnade ayɛ a.
• Facial asymmetry: Sɛ anim no fã biako yɛ soronko wɔ foforo ho (e.g., aniwa biako kɔ fam, entumi nserew yiye).
• Vertigo, Tinnitus, ne Deafness: Sɛ wotaa nya adwenemhaw, wo aso mu yɛ den, anaasɛ wote asɛm so tew a.
• Ɛyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛmene, ɛyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛma ne mmati so, ɛyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛdan ne kɔn, na ɛyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛkanyan tɛkrɛma.
• Ntini mu mmerɛwyɛ, ntini a ɛtwetwe, twitwiw.
• Ɛyaw a ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ hyew wɔ nipadua no mu baabiara, anaasɛ ɛte sɛ anyinam ahoɔden.
• Kɔn anaa akyi yaw, tiyɛ: Sɛ eyinom taa ba anaasɛ emu yɛ den a.
• Nantew a ɛyɛ nwonwa ne sɛnea obi kari pɛ bere a wonam no.
• Wosow a ɛwosow.
• Nneɛma a wɔde keka wɔn ho brɛoo.

Nea ɛho hia: Sɛ wowɔ saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi mu biako anaa abien a, mma wo ho nnyɛ wo hu. Nanso, ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ wubehu oduruyɛfo a ɔhwɛ ayarefo nyinaa nkyɛn akɔhwehwɛ afotu. Sɛ ɛho hia a, obetumi de wo akɔ ntini ho ɔyaresafo nkyɛn.

Sɛ wokɔ ntini ho ɔyaresafo nkyɛn a, wusiesie wo ho dɛn?

Sɛ worekɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn, titiriw obi te sɛ ntini ho ɔyaresafo a, ɛbɛyɛ wo yiye sɛ wubesiesie wo ho. Nneɛma bi a wubetumi ayɛ ni:

• Kyerɛw nneɛma a ɛho hia sen biara a wopɛ sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo bɔ ho nkɔmmɔ. Ɛtɔ da a, yɛn werɛ fi nea yɛpɛ sɛ yebisa oduruyɛfo no.
• Ka nsakrae biara a aba nnansa yi wɔ w’akwahosan nyinaa mu ho asɛm kyerɛ me.
• Kyerɛkyerɛ sɛnkyerɛnne foforo biara a wowɔ anaa nsakrae a aba wɔ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a woanya mu. Sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yiye a, kyerɛw yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne ho kyerɛwtohɔ . Kyerɛw bere ne ɔkwan a wɔfaa so sii, bere tenten a ɛkɔɔ so, sɛnea na emu yɛ den, sɛ ebia biribi na ɛmaa wɔn ho yɛɛ den, nea na ɛkyerɛ sɛ yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne, ne nea woyɛe de maa wɔn ho tɔɔ wɔn no to hɔ. Eyi ho hia titiriw ma tebea horow te sɛ akisikuru, nna a wontumi nna, tiyɛ, ne Parkinson yare.
• Fa nhwehwɛmu ahorow a nnuruyɛfo afoforo ayɛ, CD ahorow a wɔde scan ayɛ, ne lab amanneɛbɔ ahorow bi.
• Fa nnuru, vitamin, nnuru a wɔde ka aduan ho, ne nnuru a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so a worenom mprempren nyinaa ho kyerɛwtohɔ bra. Afei nso, ka nnuru biara a anyɛ adwuma amma wo wɔ bere a atwam no mu anaasɛ ɛde ɔhaw ahorow aba ho asɛm kyerɛ yɛn.
• Fa nneɛma a ɛma wo ho yɛ wo hyew no ho kyerɛwtohɔ bra.
• Sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yiye a, fa w’adamfo anaa w’abusua muni bi ka wo ho. Wobetumi akyerɛw nea oduruyɛfo no ka, atie no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛto so abien so, abisa nsɛm, na wɔakae wo sɛ yɛ nhyehyɛe bere a wobedi akyi.
• Sɛ wopɛ sɛ woka nsɛm foforo biara ho asɛm a, bisa sɛ yebetumi de bere foforo asi hɔ ama ɛno anaa.

Bere tenten ahe na egye na obi asua ade ansa na wabɛyɛ onimdefo a ɔte saa?

Ɛyɛ papa sɛ wubehu eyi nso. Ntini ho ɔyaresafo a wobɛyɛ no nyɛ biribi a wobetumi ayɛ ntɛm. Egye bere tenten ansa na wɔasua ade na wɔatete wɔn ho.

• Sɛ wotwa Ordinary Level ne Advanced Level sɔhwɛ ahorow no mu yiye a, ɛsɛ sɛ wuwie aduruyɛ ho abodin krataa wɔ sukuupɔn no mu wɔ bɛyɛ mfe anan kosi anum mu.
• Afei ɛsɛ sɛ wuwie afe biako adwumayɛ ho ntetee.
• Ɛno akyi no, ɛsɛ sɛ wonya mfe abiɛsa kosi anan ntetee titiriw (residency) wɔ ntini mu yare ho.
• Ebinom kɔ akyiri mpo na wonya afe anaa abien foforo ntetee titiriw (Fellowship) wɔ ntini ho adesua ketewaa foforo mu.

Enti wobɛtumi ahunu, ɛsɛ sɛ wohyira bɛboro mfeɛ 10-12 so ma yei.

Subfields afoforo bɛn na ɛwɔ neuroscience mu?

Ntini mu aduruyɛ yɛ adwuma a ɛtrɛw yiye. Ɛsan nso wɔ subspecialty fields a ɛma kwan ma wɔyɛ specialization foforo. Nhwɛso kakraa bi ni:

• Amemene mu opira aduru
• Child neurology - Yɛaka ho asɛm pɛn.
• Clinical neurophysiology - Ahokokwaw wɔ sɔhwɛ ahorow te sɛ EEG ne EMG mu.
• Akisikuru
• Tiyɛ aduru
• Geriatric neurology - Ɛfa ntini mu nyarewa a ɛwɔ nkwakoraa ne mmerewa mu ho.
• Neurodevelopmental disabilities - nkɔsoɔ ho haw a ɛba wɔ mmofraberɛ mu.
• Ɛyaw aduru
• Dae aduru
• Vascular neurology - a ɛfa nyarewa te sɛ stroke ho.

Nnipa pii wɔ hɔ a ɛte sɛ eyi. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ebia wubenya oduruyɛfo a ne ho akokwaw wɔ ɔhaw pɔtee bi a wowɔ mu mpo.

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae

Enti, ɛda adi pefee ma wo mprempren sɛ ntini ho ɔbenfo yɛ obi a ohu nyarewa a ɛfa yɛn amemene, yɛn akyi berɛmo, ne ntini ahorow ho, ɔsa, na odi ho dwuma.

Sɛ wowɔ sɛnkyerɛnne bi a ɛfa ntini a ɛma wo ho yɛ hyew ho a, mmu w’ani ngu so. Nea edi kan no, kɔ w’abusua oduruyɛfo nkyɛn. Sɛ ɛho hia a, obetumi de wo akɔ ntini ho ɔyaresafo nkyɛn.

Sɛ wokɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn a, siesie wo ho, kyerɛkyerɛ wo nsɛm nyinaa mu, na nsuro sɛ wubebisa nsɛm. Ntini ho ɔyaresafo no wɔ hɔ sɛ obehu wo tebea no, ama wo ayaresa a eye sen biara, na wama wo ahotɔ. Ɛnyɛ wo nko ara, na nnuruyɛfo bi wɔ hɔ a wobetumi aboa wo wɔ akwantu yi mu.

` Ntini mu ɔyaresafo, amemene mu nyarewa, ntini mu nyarewa, tiyɛ, akisikuru, akisikuru