Nsonsonoe a ɛyɛ tumm wɔ w’anisoadehu mu? Scotoma ho biribiara wɔ nsɛm a ɛnyɛ den mu!

So woahyɛ no nsow pɛn sɛ sɛ wohwɛ biribi a, mpofirim ara wuhu nsensanee tuntum ketewaa bi, anaa ɛtɔ mmere bi a, baabi ketewaa bi a ɛyɛ kusuu wɔ nea wuhu no mfinimfini? Ebia woamfa w’adwene ansi so kɛse. Nanso, saa nneɛma yi betumi ayɛ ɔhaw bi a ɛwɔ yɛn aniwa so ho sɛnkyerɛnne. Ɛno ne nea yɛbɛka ho asɛm nnɛ, tebea bi a wɔfrɛ no Scotoma . Biribiara nni hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ yesuro, momma yɛnte eyi ase kɛkɛ.

Dɛn ne Scotoma? Momma yɛnhwehwɛ mu kɛkɛ!

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, scotoma yɛ tebea a yɛwɔ baabi a ɛyɛ sum wɔ yɛn aniwa a yɛtaa hu no mu, anaasɛ yɛn aniwa no fã bi a wontumi nhu. Fa no sɛ krataa biako anaa abien a ɛyɛ kusuu bere a worekenkan atesɛm krataa, anaa baabi a ɛda adi sɛ ɛyɛ kusuu bere a worehwɛ TV no. Ɛno ne nea ɛte. Mpɛn pii no, eyi si wɔ aniwa biako so, nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi asi wɔ aniwa abien no nyinaa mu.

Eyi ne Hela asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ ‘esum’. Enti, nea ɛba wɔ eyi mu ne sɛ ntini a ɛwɔ yɛn aniwa no fã a wɔfrɛ no `retina` , anaa `optic nerve` a ɛde nkrasɛm fi hɔ kɔ amemene no mu no nyɛ adwuma yiye. Afei nkrasɛm a efi saa ɔfã no mu kɔ amemene no mu no nkɔ, enti yenhu saa ɔfã no, te sɛ nsensanee tuntum. Ɛtɔ da bi a eyi betumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu de, ɛtɔ da nso a ebetumi atra hɔ daa. Saa tebea yi betumi aba wɔ nyarewa a ɛka aniwa ntini anaa amemene no afã horow bi ho.

Yehu nneɛma dɛn? Momma yɛnte ase kakra.

Sɛ yɛbɛte scotoma ase a, ɛyɛ papa sɛ yɛbɛte sɛnea yehu nneɛma ase kɛkɛ. Fa no sɛ worehwɛ nhwiren fɛfɛ bi.

1. Hann no fi saa nhwiren no mu na ɛkɔ w’ani so.

2. Sɛ hann hyɛn aniwa no mu a, ɛtɔ aniwa no akyi fã bi a ɛte sɛ screen a wɔfrɛ no retina . Nkwammoaa ɔpepem pii a ɛte hann nka wɔ retina no mu.

3. Saa nkwammoaa yi dan hann ma ɛbɛyɛ anyinam ahoɔden nsɛnkyerɛnne, te sɛ sensor a ɛwɔ mfoninitwa afiri mu no ara pɛ.

4. Afei, anyinam ahoɔden nsɛnkyerɛnne yi nam ntini titiriw bi a wɔfrɛ no optic nerve so de kɔ amemene no mu.

5. Amemene no ne nea ɛhwehwɛ saa nsɛnkyerɛnne yi mu na ɛma wote ase sɛ, "Oh, eyi yɛ nhwiren kɔkɔɔ fɛfɛ."

So wote ase mprempren? Enti, sɛ sintɔ anaa ɔsɛe bi wɔ retina, aniwa ntini, anaa amemene no afã horow a ɛne anisoadehu wɔ abusuabɔ a, saa nkrasɛm no ntu kwan yiye. Ɛno ne bere a aniwa mu haw te sɛ scotoma ba.

So scotoma ahorow bi wɔ hɔ?

Yiw, scotomas ahorow ahorow wɔ hɔ. Nnipa binom nso frɛ wɔn ``scotomata`` (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛboro biako). Saa nkyekyɛmu yi gyina baabi a tuntum no pue, anaasɛ ɛtɔ da bi a egyina kɔla a wuhu so (e.g. ``xanthic scotoma`` - sɛ wuhu baabi a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ).

Titiriw no, ‘positive’ scotoma ne ‘negative’ scotomaAtiridiinini ahorow abien na ɛwɔ hɔ. Wɔ ‘positive’ mu no wubetumi ahu biribi ankasa, te sɛ baabi tuntum, te sɛ kɔla. Nanso wɔ ‘negative’ mu no wunhu mpo sɛ wowɔ saa beae a ɛyɛ sum no. Bere a oduruyɛfo bi hwehwɛ w’ani mu nkutoo na wohu. Ɛho hia nso sɛ wuhu sɛ ɛwɔ aniwa biako mu (`afã biako` anaa `aniwa biako`) anaasɛ ɛwɔ aniwa abien no nyinaa mu (`afã abien` anaa `aniwa abien`).

Ahorow atitiriw no bi ni:

1. Scotoma Mfinimfini Fam

Nea ɛba wɔ asɛm yi mu ne sɛ baabi a ɛyɛ tumm, anaasɛ nea ɛyɛ kusuu no wɔ nea worehwɛ no mfinimfini pɛɛ . Wɔ nnipa binom fam no, ɛte sɛ baabi tuntum a ɛyɛ tẽẽ. Wɔ afoforo fam no, ɛte sɛ nea wotumi hu bere a wohwɛ w’anim tẽẽ no, nanso mfinimfini no mu nna hɔ, ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ kusuu. Fa no sɛ, sɛ wohwɛ obi anim a, ne hwene nifa nkutoo na wutumi hu. Wɔfrɛ eyi `Mfinimfini Scotoma`.

2. Scotoma a Ɛhyerɛn

Oyi yɛ soronko kakra. Ɛte sɛ nea wɔakyinkyim, asorɔkye, na ɛhyerɛn. Ɛtɔ da bi a, efi hann mu kɔ sum mu, afei ɛsan kɔ hann mu bio. Eyi fi amemene no anyinam ahoɔden nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛyɛ mmerɛw bere tiaa bi. Sɛ wowɔ atiridiinini a aura , ebia woanya biribi a wɔfrɛ no `scintillating scotoma.' Mpɛn pii no, eyinom ntra hɔ nkyɛ na ɛkɔ bere tiaa bi akyi. Nnipa binom hu saa nneɛma a ɛhyerɛn yi ansa na wɔanya atiridiinini.

3. Scotoma a ɛwɔ mfinimfini

Wɔ eyi mu no, baabi a ɛyɛ tumm no nni nea worehwɛ no mfinimfini pɛpɛɛpɛ, na mmom ɛwɔ nkyɛn kakra . Sɛnea nnuruyɛfo kyerɛ no, ɛwɔ digrii 10 fi baabi a worehwɛ no. Ɛtɔ da bi a, `Paracentral Scotoma` bɛboro baako te sɛ yei.

4. Junctional Scotoma a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu

Eyi ba bere a ɔsɛe wɔ beae a yɛn ani ntini (`optic nerve`) ne aniwa mu ntini (`optic chiasm`) di nkitaho no. Saa `optic chiasm` yi yɛ beae a ɛte sɛ 'X' a ɛbɛn amemene no ase, baabi a aniwa ntini no hyɛn amemene no mu. Eyi ne baabi a nhama a efi aniwa no ntini a ɛma aniwa no mu ba no bi sesa. Enti sɛ ɔsɛe bi wɔ ha a, aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw pɔtee bi ba.

Seesei wowɔ adwene a ɛyɛ den wɔ saa ahorow yi ho? Kae sɛ nnuruyɛfo nkutoo na wobetumi ahu eyinom pɛpɛɛpɛ.

So saa scotoma yi to obiara?

Nokwarem no, yɛn nyinaa wɔ abɔde mu anifurae bi wɔ yɛn ani so . Ɛhɔ na aniwa ntini no fa retina no mu kɔ amemene no mu. Nkwammoaa a ɛte hann nka biara nni saa beae no. Nanso yɛntaa nhu. Wunim dɛn? Yɛn amemene yɛ anifere kɛse , ɛhyɛ saa kwan no mu ma na ɛma yenya mfonini a edi mũ. Na ɛkari pɛ denam anisoadehu a efi aniwa foforo no so no so.

Nanso, scotoma a yɛreka ho asɛm no yɛ soronko wɔ abɔde mu baabi a ɛyɛ sum no ho, na ɛyɛ aduruyɛ tebea pɔtee bi. Enti ɛnyɛ obiara nti na ɛba, nneɛma bi nti na ɛba.

Sɛ wowɔ scotoma a, sɛnkyerɛnne bɛn na ebia wubehu?

Scotoma ho sɛnkyerɛnne betumi ayɛ soronko wɔ onipa biara ho, na ebetumi nso ayɛ soronko a egyina ne su so. Nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛtaa ba no bi ni:

• Ɛte sɛ nea mfonini a worehwɛ no fã bi asiw ano anaasɛ wɔakyinkyim no. Ebia ɛbɛda adi sɛ baabi tuntum, baabi a ɛyɛ fitaa, anaa baabi a hwee nni hɔ.
• Kɔla ahorow bi a wontumi nhu nsonsonoe. Sɛ nhwɛso no, kɔkɔɔ da adi sɛ ɛyɛ bruu.
• Hann a ɛhyerɛn yiye a ehia na ama watumi ahu ade yiye. Saa anisoadehu no a wɔte nka no nye kɛse mpo wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ sum.
• Ɛtɔ da bi a wobɛtumi ahunu nneɛma nketenkete a ɛrehuruhuruw wɔ w’ani anim (`eye floaters`) anaa wobɛhunu hann a ɛrehyerɛn.

Nea ɛho hia: Sɛ wowɔ saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi mu biako anaa nea ɛboro saa a, mmu w’ani ngu so. Ɛyɛ papa sɛ wobɛkɔ aniwa ho oduruyɛfo nkyɛn ntɛm ara na woakɔhwɛ wɔn, efisɛ eyinom betumi ayɛ tebea bi a emu yɛ den kɛse ho sɛnkyerɛnne a edi kan.

Dɛn na ɛde scotoma ba?

Ɛnyɛ biako pɛ na ɛde scotoma ba, na mmom pii. Eyinom betumi ayɛ ɔhaw ahorow a ɛfa w’aniwa, amemene, anaa w’aniwa ntini ho titiriw. Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛde ba no bi ni:

• Kokoram : Amemene anaa aniwa mu kokoram.
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS) : Eyi yɛ yare a ɛka ntini ahorow.
• Retina a ɛsɛe : Sɛ nhwɛso no, opira a biribi a ɛbɔ aniwa no de ba, anaasɛ retina a ɛhyew.
• Glaucoma : Eyi ne bere a nhyɛso a ɛwɔ aniwa no mu no kɔ soro na ɛsɛe aniwa ntini no.
• Stroke : Amemene mu nkwammoaa a ɛsɛe esiane mogya a ɛkɔ amemene no mu a ɛtwa mu nti.
• Macular Degeneration (AMD) a ɛfa mfe a obi adi ho : Eyi yɛ tebea a ɛma aniwa no mfinimfini anisoadehu sɛe.
• Asikreyare : Asikreyare tumi sɛe mogya ntini a ɛwɔ aniwa no mu.
• Nnuru bi mu nsunsuanso bɔne .

Afei ma yɛnhwɛ nea ɛde scotoma ahorow a yɛaka ho asɛm no ba pɔtee.

Nneɛma a ɛde Central Scotoma ba

Saa tebea yi a wuntumi nhu nea worehwɛ no mfinimfini pɛpɛɛpɛ no betumi afi:

• Ɛno a yɛadi kan aka aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ho asɛm .
• Akisikuru , titiriw nea ɛka amemene no afã horow a ɛhwɛ aniwa so no.
• Amemene mu akisikuru .
• Akuru a efi aniwa a wɔapirapira mu ba .
• Amemene mu Opira a Ɛyɛ Hu (TBI) .

Nneɛma a Ɛde Junctional Scotoma Ba

Saa scotoma yi a ɛba wɔ baabi a aniwa ntini ne aniwa mu ntini no hyia no betumi afi:

• Tumors of the pituitary gland : Saa ntini yi bɛn optic chiasm no yiye.
• Kokoram ahorow afoforo, sɛ nhwɛso no , craniopharyngioma .
• Aneurysms yɛ bere a mogya ntini no afasu yɛ mmerɛw na ɛbɔ te sɛ balloon.
• Nyarewa bi, sɛ nhwɛso no, akisikuru ne nsamanwaw .
• Tebea horow a ɛma myelin te sɛ multiple sclerosis sɛe myelin a ɛwɔ ntini ahorow no ho no.

Nneɛma a ɛde Paracentral Scotoma ba

Ebia saa nsensanee tuntum a ɛda adi kakra wɔ aniwa no mfinimfini no nkyɛnkyɛn yi fi:

• Glaucoma : Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, arcuate paracentral scotoma betumi aba.
• Asikreyare a ɛma obi ani so yɛ adwuma .
• Retina mu nusu ne retina a ɛpaapae .

Nneɛma a Ɛde Scintillating Scotoma Ba

Scotomas a ɛda adi sɛ nsusuwso a ɛhyerɛn na ɛyɛ asorɔkye no betumi afi:

• Migraine headaches , kyerɛ sɛ, tiyɛ a ɛba anaasɛ enni ‘aura’.
• Mogya mmoroso (Mogya mmoroso - Hypertension) .
• Nsakrae a ɛba wɔ hormone dodow mu .
• Ɔhaw ahorow bi a ɛwɔ mogya a ɛtwetwe no mu (`Coagulation disorders`).
• Retinitis Pigmentosa : Eyi yɛ nyarewa kuw bi a ɛka retina no, na ɛma obi ntumi nhu ade nkakrankakra.
• Retinopathy a ɛne kokoram wɔ abusuabɔ .

Susuw sɛnea nneɛma a ɛde ba yi gu ahorow no ho hwɛ. Ɛno nti na ɛho hia sɛ wohwehwɛ nnuruyɛfo afotu sɛ wuhu nsakrae ketewaa bi mpo wɔ w’ani so a.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na oduruyɛfo no hu sɛ obi anya scotoma?

Sɛ wususuw sɛ wowɔ scotoma a, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wokɔ aniwa ho oduruyɛfo nkyɛn. Obebisa wo wo yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne ne sɛ ebia obi wɔ w’abusua mu anya aniwa mu haw (aduruyɛ ho abakɔsɛm). Ɛno akyi no, wobetumi ayɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow a edidi so yi:

• Aniwa mu nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ : Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛnyɛ yaw. Nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wode akwan horow bɛhwɛ sɛnea wuhu ade ne w’aniwa akwahosan. Nea ɛka eyi ho ne hann a wobɛhyerɛn w’ani so na ama woatumi akenkan nkrataa.
• Sɔhwɛ a wɔde aniwa hu: Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ titiriw kakra. Nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wode w’ani bɛto baabi biako na woasusuw baabi a wubetumi ahu nneɛma a atwa wo ho ahyia ne sɛnea w’aniwa yɛ mmerɛw wɔ w’aniwa afã horow no. Ebia ɛho behia sɛ wotra afiri bi anim a ebisa wo sɛ wubetumi ahu kanea ketewaa bi anaa. Eyi ne ɔkwan a wubetumi afa so ahu baabi pɔtee a saa nsensanee tuntum no wɔ.
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) : Eyi nso yɛ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ yaw a wɔfa so yɛ mfonini wɔ aniwa mu. Ɛte sɛ scan. Ɛtwa retina ne optic nerve no ntoatoaso no ho mfonini a wɔatwa no tiaa. Wobetumi de eyi ahwɛ sɛ ebia biribi asɛe anaasɛ ɛho ahonhon anaa.

Wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi akyi no, sɛ oduruyɛfo no susuw sɛ aduruyɛ mu tebea foforo (e.g. asikreyare, atiridiinini, amemene mu akisikuru) na ɛde scotoma no ba a, obetumi akamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo (te sɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu, MRI scan).

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔsa Scotoma?

Scotoma a wɔbɛsa no fa tebea a ɛda adi a ɛde bae no a wɔbɛsa ho ankasa . Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ atiridiinini na ɛde scotoma no ba a, wobetumi asiw ano denam atiridiinini no a wɔbɛsa (aniwa a wɔde gu aniwa so, laser ayaresa, anaa oprehyɛn) so. Saa ara nso na wɔ tebea horow te sɛ macular degeneration, stroke, anaa kokoram mu no, tebea a ɛde ba no a wɔbɛsa no ne ade a ɛho hia sen biara.

Nanso, scotomas binom nhia ayaresa titiriw . Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ scintillating scotoma a yɛkaa ho asɛm no de atiridiinini ba a, ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛkɔ bere a woada kakra, agye wɔn ahome, na wɔanom nsu akyi.

Sɛ wowɔ scotomas te sɛ eyi ka atiridiinini ho a, ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛkyerɛw wo nnuru a ɛma ɛyaw ano brɛ ase, nnuru titiriw te sɛ triptans , anaa nnuru a ekum akisikuru a ɛbɛboa ma woadi w’atiridiinini no so.

Nea ɛho hia sen biara ne sɛ wobɛkɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn, ahu nea ɛde ba ankasa, na woanya ayaresa a ɛfata, sen sɛ wobɛsa wo ho yare.

So ɔkwan bi wɔ hɔ a wɔbɛfa so asiw scotoma yi ano?

Sɛ yɛbɛka nokware a, mprempren ɔkwan biara nni hɔ a wɔbɛfa so asiw scotoma ano koraa wɔ tebea horow bi mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, tebea horow bi wɔ hɔ a awosu mu nneɛma na ɛde ba.

Nanso ɔkwan foforo so no, tebea horow bi a ɛhyɛ ase a wodi so no betumi atew asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obi benya scotoma no so. Nhwɛsoɔ:

• Sɛ wowɔ atiridiinini a , nnuru a wo duruyɛfo akyerɛw wo no a wode bedi dwuma yiye na woatew mpɛn dodow a atiridiinini ba no so nso betumi atew scotomas a ɛbata ho no so.
• Sɛ wowɔ asikreyare a , ɛho hia yiye sɛ wohwɛ asikre dodow a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu so na amma asikreyare ansɛe w’ani.
• Sɛ wowɔ mogya mmoroso (hypertension) , a, ɛsɛ sɛ wudi ɛno nso so.
• Ɛho hia yiye nso sɛ wɔyɛ aniwa mu nhwehwɛmu daa . Eyi ma wotumi hu nyarewa te sɛ atiridiinini na wɔsa no ntɛm.
• Asetra pa a wobedi akyi (adidi yiye, apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ, ne sigaretnom a wɔkwati) ye ma aniwa akwahosan wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, ne nipadua no nyinaa nso.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, yɛn ani a yɛbɛhwɛ so yiye no ne ade a eye sen biara a yebetumi ayɛ.

Sɛ minya scotoma a, dɛn na ɛba? Dɛn ne daakye ho anidaso ahorow?

Scotoma nkrabea, sɛ́ ebia ɛbɛyɛ yiye, ɛbɛtra hɔ sɛnea ɛte no ara, anaasɛ ɛbɛsɛe no gyina nea ɛde ba no so .

• Nsõ tuntum bi yɛ bere tiaa mu de. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ atiridiinini ba awiei, anaasɛ mogya mmoroso san ba sɛnea na ɛte kan no a, scotoma a ɛbata ho no yera.
• Nanso, sɛ aduruyɛ mu tebea foforo na ɛde scotoma ba a, ebia ɛrenkɔ anaasɛ bere kɔ so no, ɛbɛyɛ kɛse. Sɛ nhwɛso no, scotomas a atiridiinini anaa aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔansa de ba no betumi ayɛ kɛse nkakrankakra.

Sɛ wowɔ scotoma, titiriw mfinimfini scotoma a yɛkaa ho asɛm no a, ebetumi aka sɛnea wubetumi akenkan na woaka kar . Efisɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛyɛ saa nneɛma no bere a wuntumi nhu biribi mfinimfini no.

Sɛ saa a, wubetumi ne wo duruyɛfo akasa afa nnuru a ɛboa ma wohu ade yiye ho . Eyinom bi ne:

• Kanea a ɛfata
• Magnifiers a wɔde kenkan ade
• Nnwinnade a ebetumi akenkan akyerɛ wo

Nneɛma a ɛte sɛɛ betumi aboa wo ma woayɛ wo da biara da nnwuma.

Sɛ mewɔ scotoma a, bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mekɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn? Dɛn ne nneɛma a egye ntɛmpɛ?

Sɛ wuhu sɛ nsakrae bi aba w’ani so anaasɛ wo sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no mu asɛe a , kɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn ntɛm ara. Ntwentwɛn wo nan ase.

Nanso, sɛ saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi ba mpofirim wɔ scotoma ho a, ebetumi ayɛ nea egye ntɛmpɛ. Frɛ 911 ntɛm ara, anaa kɔ ayaresabea dan a ɛhwɛ ntɛmpɛ a ɛbɛn wo no mu:

• Tiyɛ a emu yɛ den a efi ase mpofirim.
• Ɔhaw ahorow a ɛwɔ kasa mu.
• Wo akwaa anaa w’anim a ɛyɛ mmerɛw.
• Abofono.
• Hann a ɛhyerɛn na ɛsensɛn aniwa no anim, ne sunsuma tuntum anaa baabi tuntum bi. Eyinom yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛ retina no atew.Ebia sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no bi ne: Mpɛn pii no, retina a ɛtetew anaasɛ ɛtwetwe no nyɛ yaw, nanso ɛyɛ tebea a egye ntɛmpɛ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsa no ntɛm ara!

Kae sɛ, sɛ wubu w’ani gu sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a emu yɛ den yi so a, ebetumi ama w’ani atumi asɛe daa anaasɛ woanya akwahosan ho haw afoforo a emu yɛ den, enti ɛho hia sɛ woyɛ ho biribi ntɛm.

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae (Take-Home Message) .

Ebia asɛmfua ‘scotoma’ no nyɛ nea wunim te sɛ asɛmfua ‘anifuraefo’, nanso abien no nyinaa kyerɛ ade koro. Scotoma betumi ayɛ anisoadehu a wuhu bere a wunhu, anaasɛ ebetumi ayɛ anisoadehu a ɛyera bere a wopɛ sɛ wuhu biribi no. Nnipa binom a wɔwɔ scotomas no nnim mpo sɛ wɔwɔ bi.

Sɛnea ɛte wɔ aduruyɛ mu tebea biara ho no, ɛho hia sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo kasa sɛ wuhu nsakrae biara wɔ w’ani so a . Ɛtɔ mmere bi a eyi betumi ayɛ biribi ketewaa bi, nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi ayɛ biribi a anibere wom kɛse ho sɛnkyerɛnne ntɛm.

Sɛ wowɔ tebea bi a ɛde anisoadehu mu haw kɛse ba a, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nka nneɛma a ebetumi aboa wo ho asɛm (e.g., mmoa akuw, mmoa a ɛboa wo ma wohu ade yiye). W’ani yɛ ade a ɛsom bo, enti ɛyɛ w’asɛyɛde sɛ wobɛhwɛ so. Ate aseɛ? Mma ɛnhaw wo, wobetumi ne wo duruyɛfo asusuw biribiara ho na wɔanya ano aduru.

` Scotoma, baabi a ɛyɛ tumm, anisoadehu, aniwa mu nyarewa, retina, aniwa ntini, glaucoma, atiridiinini, aniwa mu nhwehwɛmu