Nsakrae a ɛba yɛn nipadua mu: Momma yensua Somatic & Germline Mutations ho ade wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den so

Sɛ yɛte asɛmfua "mutation" a, yedwen nnipa a wɔwɔ nyansahu mu ayɛsɛm sini ahorow mu a wɔwɔ tumi a ɛyɛ nwonwa ho, ɛnte saa? Nanso nokwarem no, eyi yɛ ade a ɛfata a ɛkɔ so wɔ yɛn nipadua mu bere nyinaa. Nsakrae yi mu dodow no ara mfa ɔhaw biara mma, nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a nsakrae nketenkete yi betumi anya yɛn akwahosan so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Enti mma ɛnhaw wo, ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka nea saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi yɛ, nea ɛyɛ wɔn ahorow atitiriw abien, ne sɛnea ɛka yɛn asetra ho asɛm.

Nea edi kan no, ma yɛnhwɛ nea DNA mu nsakrae yɛ.

Sɛ yɛbɛte eyi ase a, ɛsɛ sɛ yedi kan te nea DNA yɛ ase. Fa no sɛ wo nipadua yɛ ɔdan kɛse. Akwankyerɛ nhoma kɛse bi wɔ hɔ a nhyehyɛe a edi mũ a wɔde besi saa dan no wom, kyerɛ sɛ, sɛnea wobesi dan biara, baabi a wɔde apon ne mfɛnsere besisi, sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ nhama no, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Saa ara nso na DNA yɛ "akwankyerɛ nhoma" a ɛkyerɛ yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa biara sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ adwuma.

Sɛ nsakrae ba nsɛm a ɛwɔ akwankyerɛ nhoma yi a wɔfrɛ no DNA mu no mu, te sɛ mfomso a ɛwɔ krataa mu a, yɛfrɛ no nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae . Saa nsakrae yi taa ba bere a yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa mu paapae na nkwammoaa foforo ba no.

Nkwammoaa mu nsakrae ahorow atitiriw abien na yɛreka ho asɛm:

1. Nkwammoaa mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae

2. Nkwammoaa mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae

Germline ne somatic mutations: Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda abien no ntam?

Ebia saa din abien yi bɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ den kakra, nanso nokwarem no, ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye. Fa no sɛ worekɔyɛ keeki.

Germline Mutation yɛ biribi a ɛba bere a wode nneɛma atitiriw te sɛ esiam, asikre, ne nkesua fra keeki mu no. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ wode nkyene kakra fra asikre ananmu a, keeki a woyɛ no nyinaa benya saa nsakrae no. Na sɛ wofa saa keeki no fã bi na woyɛ keeki foforo (kyerɛ sɛ, awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ no) a, wɔde saa nsakrae no nso bɛkɔ saa keeki no so.

Somatic Mutation yɛ biribi te sɛ bere a wofrafra na woto keeki, na chocolate sauce kakra hwe ase wɔ baabi biako wɔ keeki no so. Afei nsonsonoe no wɔ saa beae ketewaa a ɛwɔ keeki no so no nkutoo mu. Ɛnyɛ keeki no nyinaa. Afei nso, sɛ wofa saa keeki no fã foforo na woyɛ keeki foforo a, chocolate sauce no renkɔ baabi a ɛhwee ase no.

Momma yɛnhwɛ saa pon yi na yɛakyerɛkyerɛ nsonsonoe yi mu bio.

Germline Mutations a Ɛkɔ Mu Kakraa

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, eyinom ne nneɛma a ɛde "nyarewa a wonya fi awo mu" ba. Sɛ nsakrae (mutation) bi ba ɛna bi nkesua anaa agya mmadwoa DNA mu a, sɛ saa nkesua ne mmadwoa no bom yɛ abofra a, saa abofra no nipadua mu nkwammoaa biara nya saa nsakrae no fi awo mu. Efisɛ saa nsakrae no fi nkwammoaa a edi kan koraa no mu. Ɛno nti na nyarewa bi a obi wɔ abusua no mu betumi aba mmofra nso so no.

Somatic Mutations a Ɛkɔ Mu Kakraa

Eyinom yɛ nsakrae a ɛba kwa wɔ yɛn asetra nyinaa mu. Ntease pii betumi ama eyi aba. Nhwɛsoɔ:

• UV mframa a epira a efi owia mu a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu.
• Sigaretnom.
• Nnuru bi a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu.
• Mfomso a ɛba kwa bere a nkwammoaa mu apaapae no.

Fa no sɛ owia hann asɛe wo honam ani nkwammoaa biako na nsakrae ketewaa bi aba ne DNA mu. Afei, sɛ saa nkwammoaa no mu paapae a, nkwammoaa foforo a ɛyɛ no nyinaa nya saa DNA no sesa. Bere kɔ so no, nkwammoaa a wɔasesa yi mu pii boaboa ano, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛde tebea horow te sɛ honam ani kokoram ba. Nanso nsakrae yi wɔ wo honam ani fã no nkutoo. Nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ wo nipadua no afã afoforo no nni saa nsakrae yi. Na wo mma nso rennya bi.

Nyarewa bɛn na nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi betumi de aba?

Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka no, ɛnyɛ nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae nyinaa na ɛde nyarewa ba, nanso nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae bi de akwahosan ho haw ba.

Nyarewa a mmoawa mu nsakrae (a wonya fi awo mu) de ba .

Nyarewa a ɛte saa ɔhaha pii wɔ hɔ. Nea wɔtaa ka ho asɛm no bi ne:

• Sickle Cell Disease: Tebea a ɛnam nsakrae a ɛba wɔ mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ no nsusuwii mu nti.
• Cystic Fibrosis: Yareɛ a ɛka ahurututu ne aduane mu nhyehyɛeɛ ɛnam nsuo (te sɛ nsuo) a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu a ɛyɛ den nti.
• Tay-Sachs Yare: Awosu mu yare a ɛsɛe ntini ahorow.
• Huntington Yare: Yare a ɛma amemene mu nkwammoaa sɛe nkakrankakra.

Nyarewa a nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae de ba

Esiane sɛ eyinom ba wɔ nkwa nna nyinaa mu nti, eyinom mu dodow no ara yɛ kokoram ahorow.

• Wora Kokoram
• Ahurututu mu Kokoram
• McCune-Albright Yare a Ɛyɛ Fɛ
• Sturge-Weber Ayaresa a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma

So sɔhwɛ ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a wɔde hu saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi?

Aane. Awosu mu nhwehwɛmu tumi hu nsakrae yi wɔ DNA mu. Sɛ obi wɔ abusua mu abakɔsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔwɔ awosu mu nyarewa a, awofo betumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi ansa na wɔawo abofra de ahu asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔn ba no benya yare no afi awo mu sɛ ɔwo abofra a.

So yebetumi asiw nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae ano?

Eyi yɛ asɛmmisa a ɛho hia paa. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde mmuae no ma wɔ afã abien.

1. Germline mutations (agyapade): Yɛrentumi nsiw eyinom ano efisɛ wonya fi yɛn awofo hɔ. Nanso, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu betumi aboa ma wɔahu asiane no ntɛm na wɔasi gyinae sɛnea ɛfata.

2. Somatic mutations (a ɛba wɔ nkwa mu): Ɛwom sɛ wontumi nsiw eyinom ano koraa de, nanso nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a yebetumi ayɛ de atew asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ yebenya no so. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ wobɛkɔ so akura asetra kwan a ɛfata mu.

Akwan a wɔbɛfa so atew asiane a ɛwɔ nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae mu so:

• Sɛ worekɔ owia mu a: Sɛ worekɔ owia mu wɔ nnɔnhwerew a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara mu a, fa aduru pa a ɛbɔ wo ho ban di dwuma . Hyɛ kyɛw. Bɔ wo honam ani ho ban fi UV mframa ho sɛnea wubetumi biara.
• Sɛ wode nnuru yɛ adwuma a: Sɛ wode nnuru yɛ adwuma de yɛ adwuma anaa nneɛma afoforo a, hwɛ hu sɛ wobɛhyɛ ntade a ɛbɔ wo ho ban, nsateaa, ne akatawia .
• Kwati sigaretnom koraa: Sigaretnom yɛ ade titiriw a ɛma nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae ba, na ɛno ne ade titiriw a ɛde kokoram ahorow pii ba, a ahurututu mu kokoram ka ho.
• Asetra a ahoɔden wom: Di aduan a ɛkari pɛ. Di nhabannuru ne nnuaba pii. Apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ daa . Saa nneɛma yi boa kɛse ma nipadua no nkwammoaa kɔ so nya apɔwmuden.