Nukae nye "dzesi" siawo le ŋutilãa me? Mina míaƒo nu tso dɔlékuiwutikewo ŋu!

Èsusui kpɔ be míaƒe ŋutilã ŋutɔ ƒe ametakpɔnu le esi wòate ŋu awɔ avu kple dɔléle siwo tso egodoa? Ðe mewɔ nuku oa? Eyata, hafi ametakpɔnu sia nawɔ dɔ la, ele be mɔnu nanɔ esi si dzi wòato ade dzesi "amesi nye xɔlɔ̃ kple amesi nye futɔ." Afi mae "antigens" siawo gena ɖo.Kpuie ko la, dzesi siawoe gblɔna na míaƒe ŋutilã ƒe ametakpɔnuwo be, "Ame aɖee nye esi míalé!"

Nuka tututue nye antigen?

Bu wò ŋutilã be enye dukɔ gã aɖe. Ðeko wòle abe ɖe amesiame si ge ɖe dukɔ sia me ƒe ID gbalẽvi si dea dzesi wo la le esi ene. Le nyateƒe me la, antigens nye protein alo polysaccharides. Wole nuwo abe lãmenugbagbeviwo, dɔlékuiwo, kple dɔlékuiwo ene ƒe gota gome. Ele abe ŋkɔ si woŋlɔ ɖe edzi ene. Míaƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete xlẽa dzeside sia tsɔ tsoa nya me nenye be esia nye nusi nye ŋutilãa tɔ loo alo amedzidzela aɖe si tso gota.

Azɔ kpɔ ɖa, menye nusiwo le abe dɔlékuiwo, dɔlékuiwo, aŋɔka, dɔlékuiwo, kple kansa lãmenugbagbeviwo ene koe wokpɔa dɔlékuiwutike siawo le o, ke le mía ŋutɔwo ƒe lãmenugbagbevi siwo le lãmesẽ me hã me. Míeyɔa antigen siwo le mía ŋutɔwo míaƒe ŋutilã me be "ame ŋutɔ." Woyɔa antigen siwo le nusiwo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu abe dɔlékuiwo kple dɔlékuiwo ene me be "non-self." Esia fia be míaƒe ŋutilã dea dzesi eya ŋutɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo eye wòwɔa nu ɖe ​​esiwo tso egodo ŋu. Aɖaŋutɔe ŋutɔ, alo?

Ènya vovototo si le antigen kple antibody domea?

Ame eve siawo adze abe ɖe wotɔtɔ vie ene, gake ele bɔbɔe ŋutɔ.

Antigens nye dzesi mawo , abe alesi megblɔe va yi ene. Dzesi siawoe nye nusiwo gblɔna na míaƒe ŋutilã be, "Ame aɖe tso egodo va afisia!"

Dɔlékuiwutikewo nye protein tɔxɛ siwo míaƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo wɔ. Wowɔa wo be woade dzesi dɔlékuiwutike siwo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu ahagblẽ wo dome. Le nyateƒe me la, nya antigen tso susu si nye "dɔlékuiwutikewo wɔwɔ," si gɔmee nye "nu siwo kpena ɖe ame ŋu be woawɔ dɔlékuiwutikewo" me.

Dɔlékuiwutikewo le etɔxɛ ŋutɔ. Dɔlékuiwutike ɖeka koŋ koe dɔlékuiwutike ɖesiaɖe ate ŋu ade dzesii. Ele abe safui kple gaƒoɖokui ene. Safui si le ɖusime koe ate ŋu aʋu gaƒoɖokui la. Aleae ame eve siawo wɔa dɔe.

Antigen ƒomevi kawoe li?

Woate ŋu ama dɔlékuiwutikewo ɖe hatsotso vovovowo me le alesi wotsoe nu. Na míakpɔ nusiwo wonye ɖa.

1. Dɔlékuiwutike siwo tso egodo

Esiawoe nye nusiwo gena ɖe míaƒe ŋutilã me tso gota. Bu eŋu kpɔ ko, nusiawo ate ŋu ato wò ŋɔti, nu, alo abi si le ŋutigbalẽ me gɔ̃ hã me age ɖe wò ŋutilã me.

• Dɔlékuiwo
• Dɔlékuiwo
• Pollen si woyɔna be Pollen
• Dɔlékuiwo
• Fungiwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo

Esiawo katã nye ƒomevi sia tɔ.

2. Dɔlékuiwutike siwo le lãmenugbagbeviwo me

Wokpɔa dɔlékuiwutike siawo le lãmenugbagbevi siwo le míaƒe ŋutilã me la dzi. Wogblɔna na míaƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete be "Nyee nye xɔ̃wò" (ame ŋutɔ) alo "Mezu ame vɔ̃ɖi fifia, tsrɔ̃m" (nuveviwɔame). Le kpɔɖeŋu me, mía ŋutɔwo ƒe lãmenugbagbevi siwo ŋu dɔlékui alo dɔlékui aɖe le la dea dzesi mawo tɔgbe dzi, hegblɔna na dɔlélenutsiŋutete be wòatsrɔ̃ wo. Antigen siwo le míaƒe ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩwo dzi kple dzesi tɔxɛ siwo dea dzesi míaƒe ŋutilã be enye "tɔnye" si woyɔna be ``(HLAs)`` (Human Leukocyte Antigens) hã nye ƒomevi sia tɔ.

3. Autoantigens ƒe dɔwɔwɔ

Esia nye nɔnɔme si tɔtɔa ame vie. Esiawo nye mía ŋutɔwo ƒe lãmenugbagbevi siwo le lãmesẽ me ƒe dzesiwo. Gake ɣeaɖewoɣi la, míaƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete wɔa vodada eye wòdzea lãmenugbagbevi siawo siwo le lãmesẽ me dzi, hesusuna be wonye “futɔwo.” Ɣemaɣie dɔléle siwo tsoa dɔlélenutsiŋutete gbɔ va doa mo ɖa.

4. Dɔlékuiwutike siwo le kansa lãmenugbagbeviwo me (Tumor Antigens) .

Esiawo nye dzesi tɔxɛ siwo le kansa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe anyime. Àte ŋu ase wo hã be `(Dɔlékuiwutike siwo do ƒome kple dɔdzẽ - TAA)`, `(Dɔlékuiwutike siwo ku ɖe dɔdzẽ ŋu koŋ - TSA)`, `(Neoantigens)` alo `(Oncogenic antigens)`.

Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, esiawo nyea akpa mawo ke kple lãmenugbagbevi si sɔ, gake le kansa lãmenugbagbevi me la, wowɔa dɔ le mɔ vovovowo nu (le kpɔɖeŋu me, kansa lãmenugbagbevi ate ŋu awɔ protein aɖe koŋ wu lãmenugbagbevi si sɔ). Ɣebubuɣiwo la, dɔlékuiwutike siawo dzɔna to tɔtrɔ siwo va le kansadɔlékui ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu me alo dɔlékui aɖe si le kansadɔlékui la me gbɔ.

Nukae Nye Lãmenugbagbevi Siwo Wotsɔa Dɔlékuiwutikewo (APC)?

Esia nye ƒuƒoƒo vevi aɖe ŋutɔ. Lãmenugbagbevi siawoe kpena ɖe dɔlélenutsiŋutete ŋu wògblɔna be, "Avuwɔwɔa va ɖo afisia!" Lãmenugbagbevi siawo ƒomevi etɔ̃ le míaƒe ŋutilã me: macrophages, dendritic cells, kple B cells.

Kpuie ko la, wowɔa dɔ abe ʋɔnudrɔ̃la dzeaɖaŋuwo ene. Wofiaa asi nusiwo wosusu be wodzea dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe lãmenugbagbevi bubuwo dzi. Esia tae woyɔa wo ɣeaɖewoɣi be "lãmenugbagbevi siwo tsɔa dɔlékuiwutikewo naa dɔnyala bibiwo."

Ne lãmenugbagbevi tɔxɛ sia do go dɔlékuiwutike aɖe la, eɖunɛ, mãnɛ ɖe akpa suesuesuewo me, eye emegbe wòɖea kakɛawo dometɔ aɖewo fiana le eƒe lãmenugbagbevi ƒe anyime. Esia le abe ``agbalẽvi si wodi'' na T lãmenugbagbeviwo ene . T lãmenugbagbeviwo va doa antigen kakɛ siawo kpɔna be yewode dzesi amedzidzela sia hã. Ne antigen la sɔ kple receptor tɔxɛ aɖe si le T cell dzi la, T cell ma gblɔna na dɔlélenutsiŋutete susɔea be ``woadze wo dzi!''

Nukae dzɔna ne antigen aɖe ge ɖe ŋutilãa me?

Wò ŋutilã kpɔa eɖokui ta tso dɔlékuiwutike siwo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu siwo tso egodo me to atike siwo woyɔna be dɔlékuiwutikewo zazã me . Ne antigen aɖe ge ɖe wò ŋutilã me la, wò dɔlélenutsiŋuteteB-lãmenugbagbeviwo léa ŋku ɖe eŋu nyuie.

B-lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe xɔla tɔxɛwo le wo si siwo léa ŋku ɖe eŋu be antigen la sɔ nyuie hã – abe safui kple gaƒoɖokui si míeyɔ va yi ene. Ne ɖekawɔwɔ aɖe li la, lãmenugbagbevi B la dzea dɔlékuiwutikewo wɔwɔ gɔme. Dɔlékuiwutike ɖesiaɖe si wòwɔ la ƒe nɔnɔme le etɔxɛ si ate ŋu ade dzesi dɔlékuiwutike ma.

Dɔ si dɔlékuiwutike wɔnae nye be wòadi dɔlékuiwutike si sɔ kple nɔnɔme tɔxɛ si le eƒe anyime. Dɔlékuiwutikewo yia ɖabla ɖe dɔlékuiwutike siawo ŋu. Ekema wò dɔlélenutsiŋutete ate ŋu atsrɔ̃ nu gbegblẽ mawo.

Ne wò dɔlélenutsiŋutete do go dɔlékuiwutike aɖe ko la, lãmenugbagbevi tɔxɛ aɖewo nɔa esi siwo ɖoa ŋku edzi. Woyɔa esia be dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe ŋkuɖoɖonudzi . Esia tae ne amedzidzela ma ke trɔ gbɔ la, ŋutilãa ate ŋu awɔ nu kabakaba wu eye wòawɔ dɔ nyuie wu.

Gake kuxi sue aɖe li. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, nu gblẽnu siawo trɔna, si fia be woƒe dɔlékuiwutikewo trɔa woƒe nɔnɔme. Ekema míaƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete mete ŋu dea dzesi wo o, abe ne ɖe nudzodzoe siwo katã le wò aƒe me trɔ esi nèdzo le aƒeme ene!

Nukae nye antigen dodokpɔ?

Antigen dodokpɔwo dia dzesi tɔxɛ aɖewo (antigens) le wò ŋutilã me tsiwo abe ʋu, aɖuɖɔ, aɖuɖɔ, kple aɖuɖɔ ene, siwo do ƒome kple dɔléle aɖe koŋ. Zi geɖe la, wozãa esiawo tsɔ nyaa ne dzamezã alo dɔlékui aɖe le ŋuwò abe COVID-19 ene, alo be woakpɔ alesi kansa dada le yiyim. Woate ŋu akpe asi ɖe ame siwo le ŋutinuwo nana alo woado wo na ame bubuwo hã ŋu.

Aleke wowɔa dɔlékuiwutike dodokpɔ?

Esia nɔ te ɖe antigen si ƒomevi dim nèle dzi.

• Le dɔlékui gome: Zi geɖe la, ɖɔkta atsɔ aŋe sue aɖe si ƒe nugbɔ fafɛ atutu wò ŋɔti alo ŋɔti. Emegbe woado atike si wotsɔ ƒoa ɖae la akpɔ be dɔlékui si dim wole ƒe dɔlékuiwutikewo le eme hã. Woateŋu awɔ dɔlékui ƒe antigen dodokpɔ aɖewo le aƒeme (e.g., COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test). Dodokpɔ siawo ate ŋu ana woakpɔ emetsonuwo le miniti 15 pɛ ko me.
• Le dɔlékuiwutike dodokpɔ bubuwo gome (abe kansa ƒe dzesiwo, lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe sɔsɔ): Ðɔktaa axɔ wò ʋu, aɖuɖɔ, alo aɖuɖɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu. Emegbe woaɖoe ɖe dodokpɔxɔ aɖe be woalé ŋku ɖe antigen si dim wole ŋu.

Aleke gbegbee antigen dodokpɔwo de pɛpɛpɛe?

Esia hã nɔ te ɖe antigen si dim nèle kple alesi nèle dodokpɔ wɔme dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, dɔlékuiwutike dodokpɔ kabakaba siwo wowɔna tsɔ doa dɔlékuiwo kpɔna la dea pɛpɛpɛ wu ne wowɔe le ŋkeke ʋɛ aɖewo me tso esime wò dzesiawo dze egɔme. Esia le alea elabena ɣemaɣie dɔlékuia bɔ ɖe ŋutilãa me wu, si wɔnɛ be dodokpɔa nɔa bɔbɔe be wòaxɔ.

Dɔlékuiwutike dodokpɔ ƒomevi geɖe siwo wozãna zi geɖe

Dodokpɔ aɖewo siwo ŋu nàte ŋu ase nu tsoe, alo ele be nàwɔe nye esi:

• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) dodokpɔ: Zi geɖe la, CEA nɔa ame tsitsiwo me le agbɔsɔsɔ sue aɖe me. Gake le nɔnɔme aɖewo abe kansa ene me la, CEA ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si le ʋua me ate ŋu adzi ɖe edzi. Ðɔktawo léa ŋku ɖe CEA ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ sia ŋu be yewoakpɔe ɖa be kansa dada le dɔ wɔm hã.
• Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) dodokpɔ: HBsAg dodokpɔ nye ʋudodokpɔ si wozãna kpe ɖe dodokpɔ bubuwo ŋu tsɔ dea dzesi aklãdɔléle B.
• Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) dodokpɔ: Lãmenugbagbevi ɖesiaɖe si le míaƒe ŋutilã me, negbe míaƒe ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩwo koe mele eme o, kple HLA ƒe hatsotso. Ne wole ŋutinuwo alo lãmenugbagbeviwo doa ame bubu na ame la, woléa ŋku ɖe amesi doe kple amesi xɔe ŋu be woakpɔe ɖa be HLA ɖeka le wo me hã. Woléa ŋku ɖe amesi xɔe hã ŋu be dɔlékui siwo tsi tre ɖe nunala ƒe HLAwo ŋu le wo me hã. Ne wowɔe nenema la, ŋutilãa ate ŋu adze ŋutinu yeyea dzi (woyɔa esia be graft versus host disease). Be amedodo akpa gãtɔ nakpɔ dzidzedze la, ele be amesi doe kple amesi doe nawɔ ɖeka nyuie le HLA-wo me. Gake mehiã be woanɔ ɖeka tututu o.
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) dodokpɔ: Woate ŋu ana PSA ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ nadzi ɖe edzi le ŋutsu siwo ŋu prostate cancer le alo amesiwo ŋu prostate kuxi siwo mesẽ boo o me. Woate ŋu awɔ PSA dodokpɔ sia abe atikewɔwɔ me dodokpɔ si wowɔna edziedzi ƒe akpa aɖe ene.
• SARS-CoV-2 alo COVID-19 Antigen Test: Woyɔa esia ɣeaɖewoɣi be "dodokpɔ kabakaba." Edia antigens siwo tso dɔlékui si hea COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, ƒe anyinɔnɔ le kpɔɖeŋu si woɖe tso wò ŋɔti alo ŋɔti me. Woate ŋu awɔ esia le aƒeme kple dodokpɔwɔnu alo ɖɔkta.

Nukawoe nye ʋu ƒe hatsotso ƒe dɔlékuiwutikewo?

Ðewohĩ èse ʋu ƒe hatsotso A, B, AB, kple O. Le nyateƒe me la, ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siawo fia dɔlékuiwutike ƒomevi siwo le wò ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩwo ƒe anyime. Woate ŋu adzi wò kple antigens A alo B, alo evea siaa (ʋu ƒomevi AB), alo wo dometɔ aɖeke (ʋu ƒomevi O). Woyɔa esia be ABO ʋu ƒe ƒuƒoƒo ƒe ɖoɖo.

Dzesi "+" alo "-" si le wò ʋu ƒe hatsotso me fia nenye be dɔlékuiwutike bubu si woyɔna be Rhesus factor alo Rh factor le asiwò. Ðewohĩ èse hã be "Rhesus positive" alo "Rhesus negative" ye nènye.

Ne dɔlékuiwutike aɖe le wò ʋumenugbagbeviwo me la, wò ŋutilã nya be "xɔlɔ̃wɔwɔ" eye mawɔ dɔlékuiwutikewo ɖe eŋu o. Ne menye nenema o la, wò dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo adze ʋu si me dɔlékuiwutike ma le la dzi.

Ne míagblɔe bubui la, ne wò ʋu ƒe hatsotso nye A la, wò dɔlékuiwutikewo atsɔ dɔlékuiwutike B adze ʋu dzi. Eye nenema kee wòle le go bubu me hã. Ne wò ʋu ƒe hatsotso nye AB la, wò ŋutilã kpɔa antigen A kple B siaa be "xɔlɔ̃wɔwɔ" eye madze wo dzi o. Ne wò ʋu ƒe hatsotso nye O la, dɔlékuiwutikewo le asiwò ɖe dɔlékuiwutike A kple B siaa ŋu.

Esia tae wòle vevie ŋutɔ be nàsɔ kple wò ʋu ƒe hatsotso ne èle ʋu nam. Ne wona ʋu si mesɔ kple wò ʋu ƒe hatsotso o la, ate ŋu ana dɔlélenutsiŋutete nawɔ dɔ vevie.

Nya bubu vi aɖe tso Amegbetɔ ƒe Ʋumenugbagbeviɣidɔlékuiwutike (HLA) ŋu .

HLAwo nye dzesi tɔxɛ siwo dea dzesi wò lãmenugbagbeviwo be wonye "ame ŋutɔ," si fia be wonye wò ŋutilã tɔ. HLA le lãmenugbagbeviwo katã me negbe wò ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩwo ko.

Àte ŋu abu `(HLAs)` be wonye ʋu ƒe hatsotsowo, gake wo sesẽ wu ema sã. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, `(HLA)` geɖe le mí katã si, eyata ƒã ŋutɔ be míakpɔ ame bubu si ƒe `(HLA)` ƒe ƒuƒoƒo sɔ pɛpɛpɛ.

Àte ŋu awɔ dɔlékuiwutike siwo tsia tre ɖe wò ŋutɔ wò HLA ŋu, si ate ŋu ana dɔléle si tso dɔlélenutsiŋutete gbɔ nadze ame dzi. Ne ehiã be woado ʋumenugbagbeviɣidɔ na wò la, ahiã be woado HLA kpɔ be woakpɔ amesi sɔ kplii. Le go sia me la, zi geɖe la, ƒometɔ kplikplikpli, abe vidada, fofo, nɔviŋutsu, alo nɔvinyɔnu ene ye nyea amesi sɔ nyuie wu.

Mlɔeba la, nu siwo dzi wòle be woaɖo ŋkui

Ðe manyo ŋutɔ nenye be nusianu si míedoa goe le míaƒe mɔ dzi yina dɔme la ƒe ŋkɔ woŋlɔ ɖe edzi be "esia nyo, esia nye vɔ̃" oa? Enyo, dɔlékuiwutikewo nye dɔwɔnu si ŋu viɖe le ŋutɔ si kpena ɖe míaƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete ŋu wòwɔa nu ma tututu.

Wò ɖɔkta ate ŋu aɖe gbe be woado dɔlékuiwutikewo kpɔ hena dodokpɔ edziedzi, be woalé ŋku ɖe dɔléle aɖe si le edzi yim ŋu, alo be woakpɔe ɖa be dɔlékuia le ŋuwò hã. Le ɣeyiɣi mawo me la, kpɔ egbɔ be yebia nya ɖesiaɖe si le asiwò ku ɖe alesi wole dodokpɔa wɔm kple nusita wole dodokpɔa wɔm ŋu. Ele vevie be woana nànya nu tso wò lãmesẽ ŋu.

` Antigens, antibodies, dɔlélenutsiŋutete, antigen dodokpɔwo, ʋu ƒe hatsotsowo, HLA, dɔlékuiwo