What is autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder - ASD)? Don't be afraid, let's talk about it

Does your little one play alone without joining in with other children? Or does he not look you in the eye when you talk? Does he sometimes repeat the same thing? It is normal for you as a parent to feel a little scared and worried when you see things like this. Today we are going to talk about a condition called autism, which shows these symptoms and is talked about by many people. There is no reason to be afraid. Let's understand everything about this simply and clearly.

Simply put, what is autism?

Autism, or medically known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a complex condition that affects brain development. It is not a disease, but rather a change in how the brain functions. This can affect the way a person with autism interacts with others, communicates, learns, and behaves.

Autism symptoms usually begin to appear before the age of 3. The condition lasts a lifetime. It is called a "spectrum" because the way it affects each person and its severity varies greatly. This means that no two people with autism are the same.

Are there different levels of autism?

Yes. Autism doesn't affect everyone the same way. In the past, people used to use terms like "high-functioning" and "low-functioning." But these terms are outdated and can be hurtful. That's why doctors don't use these terms anymore.

Instead, three levels have been introduced based on how much support a person with autism needs.

The best thing to do when talking about someone with autism is to ask the person themselves or their caregiver how they would prefer to be described.

What are the common symptoms of autism?

Autism symptoms may differ slightly between children and adults.

Symptoms that can be seen in children

• Lack of eye contact.
• Not responding to name even at 9 months of age.
• Not playing simple games like clapping at 12 months of age.
• They pack their toys in the same order, and they get very upset if that order is changed.
• Repeating the same thing over and over. For example, saying the same words, rocking back and forth, or waving your hands.
• Not looking at what others are showing.
• Lack of interest in playing with other children.
• Delay in things like talking and walking.
• Hypersensitivity to normal sounds, smells, and touch.
• Not wanting to be hugged or held by someone.

Symptoms seen in adults

• Difficulty understanding what others are thinking and feeling.
• Preferring to be alone or having difficulty making friends.
• Anxiety in social situations (e.g., festivals, parties).
• Preferring to do daily tasks in the same way, in the same order, and not wanting to see them change.
• Understanding things spoken literally (literally ALL y). (e.g. difficulty understanding similes like "break a leg").
• Difficulty making eye contact and speaking.
• Being aimless, rude, or disinterested can seem like a bad thing.

What are "Stimming" and "Meltdowns"?

Stimming refers to self-stimulating behaviors. For example, some people with autism wave their hands, wiggle their fingers, and rock back and forth. They do this for pleasure, boredom, or to manage stress or anxiety. This helps them calm down.

A meltdown is not just a tantrum that a child throws. It is an uncontrollable reaction of their nervous system when a situation becomes too much for a person with autism to handle, such as a smell, sound, or light. During this time, they may cry, scream, kick, or become completely silent. Allow them space, create a safe environment, and treat them with respect.

What causes autism? Is it caused by vaccines?

The exact cause of autism is not yet known , but it is believed to be due to certain changes in the parts of the brain that process sensory information and language.

There are several risk factors that affect this:

• Genetic factors: If someone in the family has autism, the child is at higher risk of developing it too.
• Parental age: The age of the parents at the time of conception.
• Complications during birth: Things like being born with very low birth weight.
• Gender: Autism is more common among boys than girls.

How is autism diagnosed? (Diagnosis)

There is no blood or urine test that can accurately diagnose autism. Doctors diagnose it by carefully observing the child's behavior and development.

There are usually two steps to this process:

1. Developmental Screening: When you take your child to the clinic, the doctor will look at your child's development. They will check to see if things like talking, walking, and learning are happening at their age. Usually, they focus on autism at the 18 and 24 month clinics. If they think there are any delays or problems, they will refer you to the next step.

2. Comprehensive Evaluation: For this, a referral is made to a specialist such as a child psychologist or developmental-behavioral pediatrician. They will examine the child's behavior, communication, and thinking skills. They will ask questions of the parents. Sometimes, they will also seek the help of a speech-language pathologist and an occupational therapist.

What are the treatments for autism?

First, remember that there is no 'magic pill' that can completely cure autism. But starting treatment early can help your child develop their skills and manage their challenges. Treatment varies from person to person.

Some of the main treatment methods are:

• Behavioral Therapies: Helps encourage good behavior and control unwanted behavior. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a well-known treatment method that falls under this category.
• Developmental Therapies: Speech Therapy improves communication skills. Occupational Therapy improves daily skills like dressing and eating.
• Educational Therapies: Tailoring educational methods to suit the child's needs.
• Medications: Although there is no cure for autism, doctors sometimes prescribe medications to control other related problems (e.g., hyperactivity, anxiety, insomnia).

How can you help as a parent?

If your child has autism, your love and support are his greatest strength.

• Help with communication: When talking to your child, say their name. Speak slowly, in simple, clear words. Use pictures and signs.
• Create a consistent routine: Children with autism don't like change, so keep things like mealtimes, playtimes, and bedtimes consistent.
• Help with sleep problems: Try to go to bed at the same time every day. Make your room dark and quiet.
• Help develop social skills: Don't force your child. Engage them in small group activities. Give them time to learn social skills.

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