He aha nā DNA, nā Genes a me nā Chromosomes? E kamaʻilio maʻalahi kākou!

Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i ke kumu i hana ai ʻoe i kou ʻano? Pehea i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ke kala o kou lauoho, ke kala o kou maka, ke kiʻekiʻe, ke ʻano o kou kino, a pau kēia mau mea? Aia ka pane ma kēia mau mea a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia lā, ʻo ia hoʻi ka DNA , nā genes, a me nā chromosomes . ʻOiai paha e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻepekema iki, he mau mea maʻalahi loa kēia e hoʻomaopopo. E nānā kākou.

He aha ka DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)? I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi…

E noʻonoʻo i kou kino holoʻokoʻa e like me kahi puke kuhikuhi nui. Hōʻike kēlā puke iā ʻoe pehea e hana ai kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kou kino, pehea ʻoe e nānā ai, a pehea ʻoe e nānā ai. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau kuhikuhi ʻo 'DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).' Aia ia i loko o kēlā me kēia cell o kou kino. I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo DNA ke kiʻi hoʻolālā o kou ʻano.

He aha ka mea i hana ʻia ai ka DNA?

Loaʻa iā DNA kāna ʻōlelo ponoʻī e kākau i kēia puke kuhikuhi. ʻEhā mau leka o kēlā ʻōlelo. ʻO ia mau mea:

• ʻAdenine (A)
• ʻO Cytosine (Cytosine - C)
• Thiamine (Thymine – T)
• Guanine (Guanine – G)

ʻO kēia mau kumu kemika ʻehā ka mea e hana ai i nā "huaʻōlelo" i loko o kāu puke kuhikuhi, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma kahi ʻano. E like me kā mākou mau leka Sinhala i hoʻohui ʻia e hana i nā huaʻōlelo. E noʻonoʻo, aia ma kahi o 3 biliona o kēia mau kumu i loko o ke kino kanaka! 99% o lākou ua like no kēlā me kēia kanaka. ʻO kēlā 1% i koe ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai iā ʻoe mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo kou kanaka ponoʻī. ʻAʻole anei he mea kupaianaha?

Ke hana mau nei ka DNA i nā kope o ia iho. ʻO ia hoʻi, hana ia i nā kope o ka puke kuhikuhi o kou kino, e like me nā kope i kākau lima ʻia. Hoʻohana ia i nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēlā mau kumu.

No laila he aha nā genes?

ʻO ke ʻano o nā genes, ua like ia me nā poloka kūkulu o kou kino . Hāʻawi kekahi mau genes i nā kuhikuhi no ka hana ʻana i nā protein. ʻO ka hana a nā protein, ʻo ia ke haʻi i kou kino i nā ʻano kino āu e makemake ai. No ka laʻana, nā mea e like me ke kala o kou lauoho a me ke kala o kou mau maka. Hoʻopili kekahi mau genes i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo 'RNA (Ribonucleic acid),' kahi e hoʻokō ai i nā hana ʻē aʻe.

Pehea e loaʻa ai iā mākou nā genes?

ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i kēia mau genes mai ka hale kūʻai genes. Loaʻa iā ʻoe mai kou makuahine a me kou makuakāne. I ka pololei, loaʻa iā ʻoe hoʻokahi kope o kāu mau genes mai ka hua manu o kou makuahine a hoʻokahi kope mai ka sperm o kou makuakāne. Ke loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi pālua o nā genes, māhele ʻia kēlā mau genes, hana i nā kope o lākou iho, a hana a hiki i ka hoʻopiha ʻana i kāu puke kuhikuhi holoʻokoʻa. E noʻonoʻo, aia ma waena o 20,000 a me 25,000 mau genes i loko o kou kino!

I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou i ke ʻano o nā chromosomes.

He mau ʻano kaula like nā chromosome. Aia lākou ma waenakonu o nā cell, ma ka nucleus. Loaʻa i nā chromosome ka DNA a me nā protein. Loaʻa iā lākou nā nui like ʻole. Hana ʻia lākou me nā protein kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Histones' e hoʻopili ai iā lākou a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka nucleus. E noʻonoʻo wale, me ka ʻole o kēlā mau histones, e like ke kiʻekiʻe o kā mākou chromosome me mākou! ʻO nā chromosome nā kuhikuhi pololei i loaʻa i kāu mau cell e hoʻolilo iā ʻoe i mea kūikawā a kū hoʻokahi.

Ehia mau chromosomes i loaʻa i ke kanaka?

ʻO ka maʻamau, pono i ke kanaka olakino ke loaʻa he 23 mau pālua o nā chromosomes (46 ka huina). Ua māhele ʻia kēia mau chromosomes i 22 mau pālua helu (i kapa ʻia ʻo 'autosomes') a me kahi pālua o nā chromosomes sex (nā chromosomes 'X' a me 'Y'). Loaʻa iā ʻoe hoʻokahi pālua mai kou makuahine a hoʻokahi mai kou makuakāne.

Eia nō naʻe, he mea kākaʻikahi loa, hiki ke hana hewa i ka wā e māhele ai nā pūnaewele a hana kope. Ke hana ʻia kēia, loaʻa paha i kekahi poʻe kahi chromosome keu i loko o kahi pālua (kahi kūlana i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Trisomy') a i ʻole e nalowale ana kekahi chromosome i loko o kahi pālua (kahi kūlana i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Monosomy').

He aha ka pilina ma waena o ka DNA, nā genes, a me nā chromosomes? Pehea lākou e hana ai?

ʻO kēia mau mea ʻekolu - ʻo DNA, nā genes, a me nā chromosomes - e hui pū a hana pū e hana i ke kanaka ʻo ʻoe.

• ʻO nā chromosomes nā mea e lawe ai i ka DNA i loko o nā pūnaewele.
• ʻO ka DNA ke kuleana no ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i kou ʻano kanaka.
• ʻO nā genes nā ʻāpana o kāu DNA e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kou mau ʻano kino kūikawā a hoʻokaʻawale iā ʻoe mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ke hui pū ʻia kēia mau mea a pau, e loaʻa i kou kino kahi hoʻonohonoho piha o nā kuhikuhi e hoʻoholo ai pehea e hana ai kāu mau cell.

Aia ma hea ka DNA? Pehea kona ʻano?

Aia ka DNA i loko o kēlā me kēia cell i loko o kou kino. ʻO ka hapa nui o ia mea aia ma ka nucleus (kikowaena) o kēlā me kēia cell. Aia kekahi DNA i loko o ka mitochondria (nā organelles liʻiliʻi i loko o nā cell e hana i ka ikehu).

No ke ʻano o ka DNA, ua hana ʻia ia me nā kumu kemika ʻehā i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), a me guanine (G). Hoʻohui pū kēia mau hui kumu ma nā hui; Hoʻohui mau ʻo A me T, a hoʻohui mau ʻo C me G. ʻO kēia mau hui kumu, me kahi mole kō a me kahi mole phosphate (i kapa ʻia he 'nucleotide'), hana i kahi ʻano e like me ke alapiʻi wili (i kapa ʻia hoʻi he 'double helix'). Ua like nā hui kumu me nā ʻanuʻu o ke alapiʻi, a ua like ke kō a me ka phosphate me nā lima.

Pehea ke ʻano o nā chromosomes?

He ʻano kaula ko nā chromosome. ʻO nā protein chromosomal (nā 'histones' i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna) e ʻōwili ana a puni ka DNA, e like me ke kaula e ʻōwili ana a puni ka wili kaula, e ʻomi ana i ka DNA i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e kūpono i loko o nā cell. E noʻonoʻo, inā ʻaʻole i ʻōwili nā chromosome a puni ka DNA e like me kēlā, e like paha kāu DNA me 6 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i kēia ʻaoʻao!

He aha nā kūlana hoʻoilina?

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoilina he maʻi ia i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi gene ʻano ʻē. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano hoʻoilina he gene i kope ʻole ʻia i ka wā o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻokoʻa kona kaʻina a i ʻole kona ʻano mai nā gene ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kino. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano hoʻoilina, ʻaʻole paha e hiki i kou kino ke ulu a hana maʻamau.

I kekahi manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoilina i kēia hoʻololi ʻana o ka gene mai kou mau mākua. I kekahi manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomohala i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka gene i loko o kou kino ma ka manawa kūpono, me ka ʻole o kekahi o kou ʻohana i loaʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana a i ʻole ke kūlana genetic ma mua. He mau tausani o nā kūlana genetic e like me kēia.

Pehea e hana ʻia ai nā hoʻololi genetic?

Hana ʻia nā hoʻololi ʻano genetic i ka wā e māhelehele ai kāu mau cell a hana i nā cell hou. Ke māhelehele nā ​​​​cell, ua like lākou me ke kākau lima ʻana i ka mana mua o ka manual kuhikuhi o kou kino. Nui ka lumi no nā hewa i kēia kaʻina hana. Ua like ia me ka lele ʻana i kahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole mokuna ke heluhelu ʻoe i kahi puke. Inā hana ʻoe i kahi hewa (he hoʻololi ʻano genetic), hiki i kāu manual kuhikuhi ke hāʻawi i kou kino i nā kuhikuhi hewa. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole hoʻololi ka mutation i ke ʻano o ka hana a kou kino. Akā i kekahi manawa hiki i ka mutation ke pale iā ʻoe mai ka hana maʻamau. Aia ia i ke ʻano o ka mea a kēlā gene e coding nei.

Aia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua e hiki ai ke nānā i ke kūlana olakino o kaʻu mau genes?

ʻAe, he nui nā hoʻokolohua genetic. Hoʻohana kēia i kahi hāpana o kou koko, ʻili, lauoho, a i ʻole, inā hāpai ʻoe, wai amniotic. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻokolohua ke ʻike i nā loli i kāu mau genes, chromosomes, a i ʻole protein. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻokolohua ke kuhikuhi i nā kūlana genetic kikoʻī a me nā genes mutated. Eia kekahi, inā ʻoe e manaʻolana nei e loaʻa kahi keiki, hiki i kēia mau hoʻokolohua ke kōkua iā ʻoe e ʻike i ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi keiki me kahi maʻi genetic.

Pehea e hiki ai iaʻu ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino o kaʻu DNA?

No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino o kāu DNA, pono ʻoe e mālama pono i kou kino. No ka mea, ʻo kāu DNA ke kuleana no ke ʻano o kou ulu ʻana a me kāu hana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kou olakino holoʻokoʻa ma o:

• E ʻai i ka meaʻai kaulike .
• Hoʻoikaika kino.
• E mālama i ke kaumaha olakino.
• E pale i ka puhipaka a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana paka .

He aha ka Chromosome Homologous?

ʻO ka chromosome homologous he mau chromosome pālua, hoʻokahi mai ka makuahine a hoʻokahi mai ka makuakāne. Pono nā mea ʻelua e loaʻa ka ʻike genetic like, ma nā wahi like. Hiki i nā chromosome ke nonhomologous. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻokoʻa ka ʻike genetic i loko o lākou, a i ʻole ma nā wahi like ʻole.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, nā mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai (Leka Lawe-Home)

ʻO kāu DNA, nā genes, a me nā chromosomes kekahi o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e hoʻolilo iā ʻoe i kou ʻano. ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi loa lākou no ka ʻike ʻia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe, he mea kupaianaha a nui loa kā lākou kuleana. No laila, na ʻoe e hahai i kahi nohona olakino a mālama i kāu DNA, nā genes, a me nā chromosomes e hana pono ana. Inā aloha ʻoe iā ʻoe iho, e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kēia mau hoaaloha liʻiliʻi i loko o kou kino. Inā maikaʻi lākou hiki iā ʻoe ke ola maikaʻi.