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ʻO wai kēia Matilda Johnson?
ʻAʻole ʻo Matilda Johnson he microbiologist ma ka ʻoihana, he kahu maʻi ʻo ia. Akā, ʻaʻole ia i kāohi iā ia mai ke kōkua ʻana i ka heihei e ʻimi i nā lāʻau antibiotic e hoʻōla i nā miliona o ke ola. Hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1918 i kahi ʻohana mahiʻai ʻilihune ma Mississippi, ua akamai loa ʻo Matilda i ke aʻo ʻana. Ua pau ʻo ia i ka lua ma ke kula, a ma hope ua puka ʻo ia mai ke kula kahu maʻi a ua komo i ka hana ma ke ʻano he kahu maʻi i kākau inoa ʻia. I kēlā manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā makahiki 1930 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 40, ua laha nui kahi maʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo 'scarlet fever' ma ʻAmelika. Ua hoʻopilikia nui ia i nā keiki ʻōpio. I kēlā mau lā, me ka ʻole o nā lāʻau antibiotic, ua make ma kahi o 20% o nā keiki i loaʻa i kēia maʻi. E noʻonoʻo i ka weliweli o ia mea. I kekahi lā, ma ka lumi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no nā maʻi kuni ʻulaʻula ma ka haukapila kahi i hana ai ʻo Matilda, ua make kekahi pēpē liʻiliʻi ma kona mau lima. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke poina i ka hanana.He maʻi make a me kahi kukuna o ka manaʻolana
I ka makahiki 1944, me ke Kaua Honua II e kokoke mai ana, ua hoʻoikaika nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻomohala i nā lāʻau antibiotic e like me ka penicillin. Ua hoʻolaha ke Keʻena Kaua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hana ʻana o ka penicillin he mea nui loa. I loko o kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi hoʻolaha ma ka nūpepa ʻo Matidna a noi e hui pū me kēia papahana noiʻi. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻo CM Christensen, he polopeka ma ke Kulanui o Minnesota, iā ia. I kona wā i ulu ai ma kahi mahiʻai, ʻo kona ʻike i ka hana ʻana i ka jelly, ka pata, a me ke kopa he kōkua nui ia i ke kaʻina hana ʻepekema o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻōpala. Ua hana ʻo ia me nā ʻano ʻōpala like ʻole. Akā ua kālele ʻia kona hoihoi kūikawā ma kahi ʻōpala āna i loaʻa ai i loko o ka sopa tōmato. Ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia i kēia ʻōpala i ka bacteria e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi ʻulaʻula. Ua holomua loa nā hopena.I ka nānā ʻana ma lalo o kahi microscope, ua like kēia mau spores mold iā ia me "kahi puʻu ʻiole hihiu e holo ana a puni ka hale, e ʻai ana i nā mea āpau."Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kēia mau laʻana i kona mau luna, akā ʻaʻohe pane i loaʻa. I ka makahiki 1946, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kēlā hana e hele i ka hana misionari ma Liberia. I ka hopena o ke au he ʻumi, ua maʻalahi ka maʻi ʻulaʻula weliweli i ka maʻi mahalo i nā lāʻau antibiotic.
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Check Availability →ʻAʻohe mahalo? ʻO ka "Matilda Effect"
Ma hope wale nō o ka ʻike ʻana o Matidna ua waiho ʻo Pfizer i kahi palapala Sila Nui i ka makahiki 1949 no ka lāʻau lapaʻau oxytetracycline ma lalo o ka inoa kālepa ʻo Terramycin. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi loa no ke kuni ʻulaʻula, he lāʻau lapaʻau ikaika loa ia e hoʻohana ʻia nei i kēia lā. ʻO ka nīnau: ua hana ʻia anei kēia lāʻau lapaʻau mai ka ʻōpala Matidna i loaʻa i loko o ka sopa kamato? Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Matidna pēlā. Wahi a kekahi poʻe loea i kēia lā ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ka hōʻaiʻē no kāna ʻike ʻana. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo pū ʻo ia ua kapa ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo Terramycin ma muli o kāna wehewehe ʻana i nā "ʻiole weliweli." Akā ua ʻae wale ʻo Pfizer he ʻāpana ʻo Matidna o ka papahana penicillin. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kā lākou palapala Sila Nui i ʻekolu mau kāne. ʻAʻole kēia ʻo Matilda wale nō. Ma loko o ka mōʻaukala, ua nui nā hihia i nānā ʻole ʻia ai nā wāhine i hāʻawi nui i ka ʻepekema. Ua hāʻawi aku ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Margaret Rossiter i kahi inoa i ka makahiki 1993 - ka "hopena Matilda." ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana i nā hāʻawi a nā wāhine i ka ʻepekema a hāʻawi paha iā lākou i ka hōʻaiʻē i nā kāne.| ʻEpekema | Hāʻawi i hoʻopoina ʻia |
|---|---|
| ʻO Nettie Stevens | Ka ʻike ʻana o nā chromosomes sex. |
| ʻElikapeka Bugie | Ka ʻike like ʻana o ka lāʻau antibiotic streptomycin. |
| ʻO Rosalind Franklin | Ke hāʻawi nei i nā kiʻi a me ka ʻikepili e pono ai no ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka DNA. |
| ʻO Mildred Rebstock | He kōkua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā antibiotic. |
He ola i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka lawelawe
ʻAʻole i pau ka moʻolelo o Matidna me kāna noiʻi. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia kona ola holoʻokoʻa i ka lawelawe ʻana. Ma hope o kāna lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he misionari ma Liberia, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i ʻAmelika a noho ma Cleveland, kahi āna i aʻo ai i nā kahu maʻi ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā papa ma nā hale pule. Ua hana pū ʻo ia i kahi hana mōʻaukala ʻē aʻe. I kēlā manawa, ua mālama kāna hale pule i ʻekolu mau hoʻolewa i ka pule. "Makemake mākou e ʻike i ke kumu e make ai kēia poʻe," kākau ʻo ia ma kāna puke."Ua hoʻoholo mākou e nānā i ke koko o 575 mau kānaka ma ka hale pule. ʻO ia paha ka manawa mua i ana ʻia ai ke koko ma waho o ke keʻena o ke kauka. Ma hope o kēlā, ua laha nā papahana nānā koko kaiāulu a puni ka honua."E noʻonoʻo, ua lawe ʻo Matidna i kahi hana mua i ka hana ʻana i kēia 'ka nānā ʻana i ke kaomi' hiki iā mākou ke hana maʻalahi i nā wahi āpau i kēia lā. Eia kekahi, ua kū ikaika ʻo ia e kūʻē i nā pale hoʻokae i loaʻa no nā kahu maʻi ʻeleʻele i kēlā manawa. Me ka huhū o ka nele o ka ʻelele ʻeleʻele ma ka American Nurses Association, ua hui pū ʻo ia me 14 mau kahu maʻi ʻē aʻe e hoʻokumu i ka National Black Nurses Association i ka makahiki 1971. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lālā o kēia hui ma mua o 300,000. Ua make ʻo Matidna Johnson i ka makahiki 2003 i ka makahiki 85. Akā, ʻo kāna moʻolelo, kona hoʻolaʻa ʻana, a me kāna lawelawe ʻana i ka ʻepekema a me ke kanaka ke aʻo mai nei iā mākou i kahi haʻawina nui i kēia lā. ʻOiai he kahu maʻi ʻo ia, pehea ka nui o kona hopena ma kahi kahua e like me ka microbiology? Hōʻike ia ʻaʻohe palena o ko mākou ʻike, kālena, a me ka hoihoi.
Leka Lawe-Home
- Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike ʻepekema mai nā poʻe a me nā wahi i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. Hiki i kahi kahu maʻi, kahi mahiʻai, kekahi mea hoihoi a me ka nānā ʻana ke hoʻololi i ke ao nei.
- Ua hoʻopoina pinepine ʻia nā haʻawina a nā wāhine i ka ʻepekema ma o ka mōʻaukala. He mea nui e hāʻawi i ka mahalo kūpono i kā lākou hana a e lawe mai i kā lākou mau moʻolelo i mua.
- ʻOi aku ka nui o kou makemake a me kou hoʻolaʻa ma mua o kāu mau hōʻoia hana.I kekahi manawa hiki ke ʻoi aku ka ikaika. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻike mai nā ʻano like ʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i nā hopena kupaianaha.
- Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana i ke koko o Matidna i ke koʻikoʻi o nā hana olakino kaiāulu. ʻO ka puka ʻana i waho o ka haukapila a komo i ke kaiāulu a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe olakino hiki ke hoʻopakele i nā ola he nui.
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