He ʻike kaulana o ka honua i hana ʻia e kahi kahu maʻi: Ka moʻolelo huna o nā lāʻau antibiotic

Ua hoʻohana mākou a pau i kahi lāʻau antibiotic i kekahi manawa o ko mākou ola, ʻeā? Ke loaʻa iā mākou kahi maʻi bacteria, he mea kupaianaha maoli ka pila liʻiliʻi a ke kauka e hāʻawi mai ai iā mākou. Akā, ehia o mākou i ʻike i nā moʻolelo ma hope o kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻōla ai i ke ola? ʻOiai ua kākau ʻia kekahi mau moʻolelo me nā leka gula i ka mōʻaukala, ua uhi ʻia nā moʻolelo o kekahi mau koa a me nā heroine i ke one o ka manawa. I kēia lā, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kekahi ʻano huna, akā koʻikoʻi loa. ʻO Mattiedna Johnson kona inoa.

ʻO wai kēia Matilda Johnson?

ʻAʻole ʻo Matilda Johnson he microbiologist ma ka ʻoihana, he kahu maʻi ʻo ia. Akā, ʻaʻole ia i kāohi iā ia mai ke kōkua ʻana i ka heihei e ʻimi i nā lāʻau antibiotic e hoʻōla i nā miliona o ke ola. Hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1918 i kahi ʻohana mahiʻai ʻilihune ma Mississippi, ua akamai loa ʻo Matilda i ke aʻo ʻana. Ua pau ʻo ia i ka lua ma ke kula, a ma hope ua puka ʻo ia mai ke kula kahu maʻi a ua komo i ka hana ma ke ʻano he kahu maʻi i kākau inoa ʻia. I kēlā manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā makahiki 1930 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 40, ua laha nui kahi maʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo 'scarlet fever' ma ʻAmelika. Ua hoʻopilikia nui ia i nā keiki ʻōpio. I kēlā mau lā, me ka ʻole o nā lāʻau antibiotic, ua make ma kahi o 20% o nā keiki i loaʻa i kēia maʻi. E noʻonoʻo i ka weliweli o ia mea. I kekahi lā, ma ka lumi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no nā maʻi kuni ʻulaʻula ma ka haukapila kahi i hana ai ʻo Matilda, ua make kekahi pēpē liʻiliʻi ma kona mau lima. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke poina i ka hanana.

He maʻi make a me kahi kukuna o ka manaʻolana

I ka makahiki 1944, me ke Kaua Honua II e kokoke mai ana, ua hoʻoikaika nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻomohala i nā lāʻau antibiotic e like me ka penicillin. Ua hoʻolaha ke Keʻena Kaua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hana ʻana o ka penicillin he mea nui loa. I loko o kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi hoʻolaha ma ka nūpepa ʻo Matidna a noi e hui pū me kēia papahana noiʻi. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻo CM Christensen, he polopeka ma ke Kulanui o Minnesota, iā ia. I kona wā i ulu ai ma kahi mahiʻai, ʻo kona ʻike i ka hana ʻana i ka jelly, ka pata, a me ke kopa he kōkua nui ia i ke kaʻina hana ʻepekema o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻōpala. Ua hana ʻo ia me nā ʻano ʻōpala like ʻole. Akā ua kālele ʻia kona hoihoi kūikawā ma kahi ʻōpala āna i loaʻa ai i loko o ka sopa tōmato. Ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia i kēia ʻōpala i ka bacteria e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi ʻulaʻula. Ua holomua loa nā hopena.Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kēia mau laʻana i kona mau luna, akā ʻaʻohe pane i loaʻa. I ka makahiki 1946, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kēlā hana e hele i ka hana misionari ma Liberia. I ka hopena o ke au he ʻumi, ua maʻalahi ka maʻi ʻulaʻula weliweli i ka maʻi mahalo i nā lāʻau antibiotic.

ʻAʻohe mahalo? ʻO ka "Matilda Effect"

Ma hope wale nō o ka ʻike ʻana o Matidna ua waiho ʻo Pfizer i kahi palapala Sila Nui i ka makahiki 1949 no ka lāʻau lapaʻau oxytetracycline ma lalo o ka inoa kālepa ʻo Terramycin. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi loa no ke kuni ʻulaʻula, he lāʻau lapaʻau ikaika loa ia e hoʻohana ʻia nei i kēia lā. ʻO ka nīnau: ua hana ʻia anei kēia lāʻau lapaʻau mai ka ʻōpala Matidna i loaʻa i loko o ka sopa kamato? Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Matidna pēlā. Wahi a kekahi poʻe loea i kēia lā ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ka hōʻaiʻē no kāna ʻike ʻana. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo pū ʻo ia ua kapa ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo Terramycin ma muli o kāna wehewehe ʻana i nā "ʻiole weliweli." Akā ua ʻae wale ʻo Pfizer he ʻāpana ʻo Matidna o ka papahana penicillin. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kā lākou palapala Sila Nui i ʻekolu mau kāne. ʻAʻole kēia ʻo Matilda wale nō. Ma loko o ka mōʻaukala, ua nui nā hihia i nānā ʻole ʻia ai nā wāhine i hāʻawi nui i ka ʻepekema. Ua hāʻawi aku ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Margaret Rossiter i kahi inoa i ka makahiki 1993 - ka "hopena Matilda." ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana i nā hāʻawi a nā wāhine i ka ʻepekema a hāʻawi paha iā lākou i ka hōʻaiʻē i nā kāne.

He ola i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka lawelawe

ʻAʻole i pau ka moʻolelo o Matidna me kāna noiʻi. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia kona ola holoʻokoʻa i ka lawelawe ʻana. Ma hope o kāna lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he misionari ma Liberia, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i ʻAmelika a noho ma Cleveland, kahi āna i aʻo ai i nā kahu maʻi ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā papa ma nā hale pule. Ua hana pū ʻo ia i kahi hana mōʻaukala ʻē aʻe. I kēlā manawa, ua mālama kāna hale pule i ʻekolu mau hoʻolewa i ka pule. "Makemake mākou e ʻike i ke kumu e make ai kēia poʻe," kākau ʻo ia ma kāna puke. E noʻonoʻo, ua lawe ʻo Matidna i kahi hana mua i ka hana ʻana i kēia 'ka nānā ʻana i ke kaomi' hiki iā mākou ke hana maʻalahi i nā wahi āpau i kēia lā. Eia kekahi, ua kū ikaika ʻo ia e kūʻē i nā pale hoʻokae i loaʻa no nā kahu maʻi ʻeleʻele i kēlā manawa. Me ka huhū o ka nele o ka ʻelele ʻeleʻele ma ka American Nurses Association, ua hui pū ʻo ia me 14 mau kahu maʻi ʻē aʻe e hoʻokumu i ka National Black Nurses Association i ka makahiki 1971. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lālā o kēia hui ma mua o 300,000. Ua make ʻo Matidna Johnson i ka makahiki 2003 i ka makahiki 85. Akā, ʻo kāna moʻolelo, kona hoʻolaʻa ʻana, a me kāna lawelawe ʻana i ka ʻepekema a me ke kanaka ke aʻo mai nei iā mākou i kahi haʻawina nui i kēia lā. ʻOiai he kahu maʻi ʻo ia, pehea ka nui o kona hopena ma kahi kahua e like me ka microbiology? Hōʻike ia ʻaʻohe palena o ko mākou ʻike, kālena, a me ka hoihoi. ʻO Matilda Johnson, nā lāʻau antibiotic, kahu maʻi, ʻepekema, nā haʻawina a nā wahine, ka hopena Matilda, penicillin, ka maʻi ʻulaʻula