E aʻo kākou e pili ana i nā maʻi Retinal ma ke ala maʻalahi!

Ua like ko kākou mau maka me nā momi makamae. Kōkua kēia mau maka ʻelua iā kākou e ʻike i nā mea nani o kēia ao, ʻo kā kākou poʻe aloha. No laila, aia kahi ʻāpana paʻakikī a koʻikoʻi loa o kēia mau maka, a mākou e kapa nei ʻo ka retina . E noʻonoʻo, hana ia e like me ka ʻōwili kiʻiʻoniʻoni o kahi kāmela kahiko i loko o ka maka. ʻO ia ka mea e hana i nā kiʻi mai ka mālamalama e komo ana i ka maka a hoʻouna iā lākou i ka lolo. No laila, i kēia lā e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā maʻi e hiki ke loaʻa i loko o kēia retina makamae, ʻo ia hoʻi, `(Retinal Diseases)`.

He aha nā maʻi retinal? Pehea e hana ai kou mau maka?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo nā maʻi retinal he mau kūlana like ʻole e hoʻopilikia ai i ka membrane palupalu loa ma ke kua o kou maka, ʻo kou retina.

E nānā, he mea kupaianaha ke ʻano o ka hana a ko kākou mau maka.

1. ʻO ka mua, komo ka mālamalama mai waho i loko o ka maka ma o ka ʻāpana moakaka ma ke alo o ka maka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka cornea .

2. A laila hele kēia mālamalama ma o ka lua liʻiliʻi ma waenakonu o ka iris, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pupil . ʻO ia ke kumu e liʻiliʻi ai ka iris o ka maka i ka mālamalama ʻālohilohi a nui aʻe i ka mālamalama pouli.

3. ʻO ka mea aʻe, hoʻopili pololei ke aniani i loko o ka maka i kēia kukui ma luna o ka retina, e like me kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana i ke aniani hoʻonui e hoʻopili i ke kukui i hoʻokahi wahi.

ʻO kou retina kahi i loaʻa ai nā miliona o nā cell kūikawā loa. ʻO kēia mau cell ka mea e hoʻololi i ka mālamalama e komo i kou maka i mau hōʻailona uila. A laila hele kēia mau hōʻailona ma o kou nerve optic i kou lolo. Hoʻopili ka lolo i kēia mau hōʻailona a hoʻololi iā lākou i mau kiʻi e like me "ʻAuē, aia kahi pua," "Eia ʻo Māmā," a e ʻike kākou. He ʻano hana kupaianaha loa ia, ʻeā?

Hiki i ka maʻi Retinal ke hoʻopilikia i kekahi ʻāpana o ka retina. ʻO ka mea kūikawā, ʻo ka macula, ka ʻāpana waena o ka retina e kōkua iā mākou e ʻike i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi, heluhelu i kahi puke, a ʻike i nā leka, hiki ke hōʻino ʻia. ʻO ka mea kaumaha, hiki ke hoʻoilina ʻia kekahi o kēia mau kūlana.

He nui nā maʻi retinal e hoʻoulu i nā hōʻailona e hoʻopilikia i kou ʻike. He mea nui e ʻike a mālama i kēia mau maʻi i ka wā mua, no ka mea, hiki i kekahi mau maʻi ke alakaʻi i ka makapō mau loa a i ʻole ka nalowale o ka ʻike inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia.

He aha nā ʻano maʻi o ka retina?

Aia kekahi mau ʻano maʻi e hoʻopilikia ana i ka retina. E nānā kākou i nā mea nui.

ʻO nā maʻi e hoʻopilikia pinepine i ka retina:

• ʻO ka pōʻino o ka maka i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi diabetes`(Diabetes-related retinopathy)`: E like me kou ʻike, he pilikia ka maʻi diabetes i loaʻa i nā kānaka he nui i kēia manawa. No laila, inā ʻaʻole i kāohi pono ʻia, hiki ke hōʻino ʻia nā kīʻaha koko palupalu i loko o nā maka, e hoʻoheheʻe ai ke koko a pehu ka retina. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo `(Diabetes-related retinopathy)`.
• Ka hemo ʻana o ka retina : He pilikia kēia. ʻO kēia ka wā e kaʻawale ai ka retina mai ka paia o loko o ka maka. Ua like ia me kahi pepa hoʻolaha e puka mai ana mai kahi paia.
• Nā waimaka a i ʻole nā ​​lua o ka retina : I kekahi manawa hiki ke ulu aʻe nā waimaka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​lua i loko o ka retina. ʻO kēia pinepine ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hemo ʻana o ka retina.
• ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ke aʻa retinal: Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ʻano ke ālai ʻia kahi aʻa e hoʻolako ana i ke koko i ka retina. Hiki i kēia ke hana ma ke aʻa nui (paʻa ʻana o ke aʻa retinal waena) a i ʻole ma kahi aʻa lālā (paʻa ʻana o ke aʻa retinal lālā).
• ʻO ka retinitis maʻi : Hiki i ka retina ke pehu a mumū ma muli o nā maʻi viral, bacteria, a fungal paha.
• ʻO ka retinopathy serous waena: He kūlana kēia e hōʻiliʻili ai ka wai ma lalo o ka retina. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia me ke kaumaha.
• ʻO ka chorioretinopathy manu a me nā maʻi mumū ʻē aʻe: He mau maʻi mumū kakaikahi kēia e hoʻopilikia ai i ka retina a me kona mau ʻano pili.

Nā maʻi e hoʻopilikia pono ana i ka macula:

ʻO ka macula, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma mua, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana waena o ka retina e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike maopopo a ʻoi. No laila, aia kekahi mau maʻi e hoʻopilikia nei iā ia:

• ʻO ka pucker Macular (i kapa ʻia hoʻi he membrane epiretinal): He ʻili lahilahi kēia e hana ana ma luna o ka macula, e like me kahi ʻāpana cellophane. Hiki i kēia ke hana i ka ʻike pōwehiwehi a me ka ʻike maka ʻole.
• Lua Macular: He lua liʻiliʻi ma ka macula.
• ʻO ka macular degeneration e pili ana i ka makahiki (AMD): He kūlana maʻamau kēia e hele mai me ka ʻelemakule. ʻElua ʻano: AMD maloʻo a me AMD pulu.
• ʻEdema Macular: Ka pehu ʻana o ka macula. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia e ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wai.

Nā maʻi retinal hoʻoilina:

ʻO kēia nā maʻi i hānau ʻia mai ka wā hānau a hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mana genetic:

• Retinitis pigmentosa : He kūlana kēia e hoʻoulu ai i ka nalowale mālie o ka ʻike peripheral. ʻO ka makapō pō kekahi hōʻailona.
• ʻO ka maʻi Usher : He ʻano hoʻoilina kēia e hoʻoulu ai i ka nalowale o ka lohe me ka retinitis pigmentosa.
• Maʻi Stargardt: Hoʻopilikia nui kēia i ka poʻe ʻōpio a hoʻopilikia i ka ʻike waena.
• Retinoschisis : Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā papa o ka retina. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia i ka wā hānau a i ʻole e ulu ma hope.

He aha kēia mau hōʻailona a mākou e ʻike nei?

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi retinal, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o kēia mau hōʻailona:

• Nā lana a me nā ʻālohilohi o nā maka. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e like me nā nananana liʻiliʻi e neʻe ana i mua o kou mau maka.
• ʻIke pōwehiwehi a loli paha. ʻAʻole paha e ʻike maopopo ʻia nā leka, a ʻike ʻia paha nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano he ʻelua.
• ʻIke ʻia nā kiko makapō ma ka ʻike pololei (ʻike waena) a i ʻole ka ʻike peripheral .
• Nā ʻano ʻē o ka ʻike maka. No ka laʻana, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā laina pololei e kaha ʻia ana ma ke ʻano nalu. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ke nānā ʻia nā mea e like me nā mōlina puka makani a me nā mōlina puka.
• Ka nalowale koke ʻana o ka ʻike.
• Paʻakikī ke ʻike i ka pō a i ʻole ka paʻakikī ke hoʻololi i nā loli o ka mālamalama (e like me ke hele ʻana i waho i ka pouli).

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi o kēia mau hōʻailona, ​​​​he mea nui loa e ʻike koke aku i kahi ophthalmologist.

He aha nā kumu o kēia maʻi?

ʻAʻohe kumu hoʻokahi no nā maʻi retinal. Hiki ke nui nā kumu like ʻole.

• Ua hoʻoilina ʻia kekahi mau kūlana, e like me ka Usher syndrome, ka maʻi Stargardt, a me ka Retinitis pigmentosa.
• Hiki ke loaʻa ka Retinopathy me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ka maʻi diabetes a me ke koko kiʻekiʻe ke hōʻino i nā kīʻaha koko palupalu i loko o ka maka, hiki ke hōʻino i ka retina. Hiki i nā maʻi mumū i loko o ke kino ke hōʻino.
• Hiki i nā ʻeha maka ke hōʻino i ka retina a me ka macula. Eia kekahi laʻana, inā paʻi ka pōpō cricket i kou maka, a inā paha e paʻa ana kekahi mea ʻoi i loko o kou maka, hiki iā ia ke hōʻino nui.
• I kekahi manawa, hiki ke kū mai nā kūlana e like me ka "Macular pucker" ma hope o ke ʻoki maka .
• ʻO kekahi mau maʻi retinal, e like me ka cytomegalovirus retinitis, ua hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi maʻi . Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole laha ka maʻi retinal ponoʻī.

He aha nā kumu pilikia no kēia mau maʻi?

Hiki i kekahi mau mea ke hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi retinal. ʻO lākou kēia:

• Ka ʻelemakule ʻana.
• Puhi paka.
• Piʻi ke kaumaha a momona paha`(Momona a kaumaha paha)`.
• ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pilikia olakino ʻē aʻe e like me ka maʻi diabetes a me ke koko kiʻekiʻe .
• ʻO nā haehae a i ʻole nā ​​​​wehe ʻana o ka retina ma mua.
• Nā ʻeha maka a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻoki kino ma mua.
• Loaʻa kahi moʻolelo ʻohana o nā maʻi retinal .
• ʻIke kokoke koʻikoʻi (nā kānaka me nā aniani maka kiʻekiʻe loa - 'Myopia koʻikoʻi').
• Ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻana i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) a me ka pentosane polysulfate.

I kekahi manawa, hiki i ke kāne a i ʻole ka lāhui ke lilo i mea pilikia no kahi maʻi retinal kikoʻī.

He aha nā pilikia e hiki mai ana o kēia mau maʻi?

Inā ʻaʻole mālama pono ʻia nā maʻi retinal, hiki iā lākou ke alakaʻi i ka nalowale piha ʻana o ka ʻike a me ka makapō .

Hoʻōla ʻia kēia mau maʻi e nā kauka maka. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā kauka ke ho'ōla i nā maʻi retina āpau. No laila, he mea nui e ʻike mua i ka maʻi a kāohi iā ia i ka maikaʻi loa.

Pehea e ʻike ʻia ai kēia mau maʻi retinal?

Ke hele ʻoe no kahi hoʻokolohua maka maʻamau, e nānā mau ke kauka maka i nā maʻi retinal. ʻO ia ke kumu he mea nui e nānā ʻia kou mau maka i nā manawa a kāu kauka e ʻōlelo ai.

I ka wā o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana, e kau ke kauka i nā kulu maka i loko o kou mau maka e hoʻonui i kou mau pupils. E ʻae kēia i ke kauka e nānā pono i kou retina. Inā manaʻo ke kauka he pilikia me kou retina ma hope o kēia hoʻokolokolo ʻana, hiki iā ia ke kauoha i nā hoʻokolohua kūikawā hou aʻe a kuhikuhi paha iā ʻoe i kahi loea retina.

He aha nā hoʻokolohua e hana ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana i nā maʻi?

Hiki i ke kauka ke kauoha i nā hoʻokolohua e like me kēia:

• ʻO ka Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Ua like kēia me ka lawe ʻana i kahi ʻāpana kea o ka retina. He mea nui loa kēia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea e like me ka pehu ʻana a me nā lua i loko o ka macula.
• ʻO ka angiography Fluorescein : Pili kēia i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi kala kūikawā i loko o kahi aa koko i kou lima a me ka lawe ʻana i nā kiʻi o nā kīʻaha koko i loko o kou maka. Hiki iā ia ke nānā i nā mea e like me ke ʻano o ke kahe ʻana o ke koko a inā paha e kahe ana ke koko mai nā aa koko.
• ʻO ka autofluorescence fundus: He hoʻāʻo kiʻi ʻole invasive kēia.
• ElectroretinographyElectroretinography (ERG): Ke ana kēia i ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana o ka retina.
• Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka genetics : Inā kānalua ʻia kahi maʻi hoʻoilina, hana ʻia kēia hoʻāʻo e hōʻoia iā ia.

Pehea e mālama ʻia ai kēia mau maʻi?

Aia nā koho lapaʻau i ke ʻano o ka maʻi retinal āu e loaʻa ai. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ka lāʻau ke hoʻōki i ka maʻi a hoʻolohi paha i ka wikiwiki o kona lilo ʻana i mea ʻino. ʻO nā koho lapaʻau e komo pū me nā kaʻina hana ʻoki kino , nā lāʻau lapaʻau laser , a me nā inikini o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko a i ʻole a puni ka maka .

Nā Kaʻina Hana ʻoki kino:

ʻO Vitrectomy kahi hana ʻokiʻoki i hana ʻia no nā kūlana aʻe:

• Ka hemo ʻana o ka retina.
• ʻŌpū maka `(ʻŌpū maka / ʻili Epiretinal)`.
• Lua maka.
• Nā ʻeha maka (e laʻa, nā mea haole e komo ana i loko o ka maka).
• Nā maʻi maka.

Nā inikini maka:

Hana ʻia ka inikini vitreous no nā kūlana aʻe:

• ʻO ka macular degeneration e pili ana i ka ʻelemakule pulu (Wet AMD).
• ʻO ka retinopathy diabetic holomua.
• ʻO ka edema Macular e kū mai ana ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole.
• Nā maʻi maka.
• Nā maʻi maka mumū.

Nā Lapaʻau Laser:

Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau laser i nā hihia e like me:

• E mālama i nā kīʻaha koko i makemake ʻole ʻia.
• E pani i nā waimaka retinal.
• ʻO ka retinopathy serous waena.
• ʻEdema macular.

ʻO nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe no ka wehe ʻana o ka retinal:

• ʻO ke ʻoki ʻana i ka scleral buckle : Ma kēia kaʻina hana, kau ke kauka lapaʻau i kahi kāʻei silicone a puni ka maka a humuhumu iā ia. Hoʻokuke kēia i ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo o ka maka (sclera) i loko, e ʻae ana i ka retina e hoʻomaha i ka paia.
• Cryoplexy : Hoʻohana ʻia ka Cryotherapy e hana i kahi ʻeha a pani i ka haehae a i ʻole ka hemo ʻana.
• ʻO ka retinopexy pneumatic : Hoʻokomo ke kauka lapaʻau i kahi pehu kinoea i loko o ka maka. Kōkua kēia pehu i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka retina ma kahi. Hiki ke hui pū ʻia kēia lāʻau me ka cryotherapy a i ʻole ka lāʻau laser.

Nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe:

• Nā lāʻau antibacterial , antifungal , a i ʻole antiviral no nā maʻi koʻikoʻi.
• ʻO ka serous retinopathy waena a me kekahi mau maʻi maka ʻē aʻeLapaʻau laser "Anuanu" .

Aia kekahi mau hopena ʻaoʻao a i ʻole nā ​​pilikia o ka lāʻau lapaʻau?

ʻO nā hopena ʻaoʻao a i ʻole nā ​​​​pilikia o nā lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi retinal e hilinaʻi ʻia i nā kumu he nui, e like me ke ʻano o ka lāʻau āu e loaʻa ai, kou olakino laulā, a me ke kūlana āu e loaʻa nei.

Ma keʻano laulā, aia paha nā pilikia e like me:

• Ka maʻi ʻana.
• Ka ʻōpala.
• Nā maka maloʻo.
• ʻIke pōwehiwehi.
• Ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa paha i loko o kou maka.
• Ua emi ka ʻike.
• Ke kaomi maka kiʻekiʻe.
• Ke kahe ʻana o ke koko.

No laila, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kekahi lāʻau lapaʻau, he mea nui loa ia e kūkākūkā pono a hoʻomaopopo i nā pono, nā pōʻino, a me nā hopena ʻaoʻao me kāu kauka.

ʻEhia ka lōʻihi e hoʻōla ai ma hope o ka lāʻau lapaʻau?

ʻO ka manawa hoʻōla e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau i loaʻa iā ʻoe a me ke ʻano o ka maʻi retinal i loaʻa iā ʻoe. No ka laʻana, inā he pehu kinoea i loko o kou maka, hiki ke hala kekahi mau pule no ka nalo ʻana o ka pehu. ʻAʻole paha ʻoe e hiki ke hele i ka hana no ʻelua a ʻehā pule. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke lele a hanu paha i ka nitrous oxide, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi mau kaʻina hana niho, ʻoiai he pehu kinoea i loko o kou maka (akā he manawa pōkole kēia).

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā inikini maka, e haʻi aku kāu kauka iā ʻoe e hoʻomaha i kou mau maka, e hoʻohana i nā waimaka hana, a mai hamo i kou mau maka. Akā, ʻaʻohe "manawa hoʻōla" maoli no kēlā.

Hiki ke ho'ōla loa ʻia kahi retina i hōʻino ʻia?

I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke ho'ōla ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia paha kahi retina i hōʻino ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe lāʻau ola mau loa o kekahi mau maʻi. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kamaʻilio ʻana me kāu kauka e pili ana i kou kūlana pilikino. Hiki iā ia ke wehewehe i kou kūlana iā ʻoe a hāʻawi iā ʻoe i ka hoʻolālā lapaʻau maikaʻi loa.

Hiki ke pale ʻia kēia mau maʻi retina? Pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻēmi ʻia ka pilikia?

ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke pale aku i kekahi mau maʻi retinal, ʻoiai nā mea i hoʻoilina ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea hiki iā mākou ke hana e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau maʻi ʻē aʻe:

• Ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi mau: Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā maʻi e like me ke koko kiʻekiʻe (Hypertension) a i ʻole ka maʻi diabetes, he mea nui e kaohi pono iā lākou. He mea nui nō hoʻi e kaohi i ke kaumaha o ke kino (Overweight a i ʻole ka momona).
• Nā hoʻokolohua maka maʻamau: E nānā i kou mau maka e like me ka papa kuhikuhi i ʻōlelo ʻia e kāu kauka maka. Ma kēia ala, inā he pilikia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka wā mua.
• Ke pale nei i kou mau maka:E komo i nā mea pale maka (nā maka aniani, nā pale kaua) i ka wā e hana ana (e like me ke kālai lāʻau, ke kālai hao) a i ʻole e pāʻani ana i nā haʻuki pili. ʻOiai kahi ulia liʻiliʻi i nā maka hiki ke hana i ka pōʻino nui.

He aha ka mea e hana ʻia inā loaʻa iaʻu kēia ʻano maʻi? He aha kaʻu e manaʻo ai?

ʻO ke ʻano o ka maʻi retinal e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka maʻi āu e loaʻa ai. No laila, e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka e pili ana i kou kūlana. Hiki iā ia ke wehewehe i kou kūlana a kōkua iā ʻoe e koho i ka lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi loa nāu. E ʻike nō hoʻi ʻoe i ka mea e manaʻo ai mai kou ʻike a me ka hoʻōla holoʻokoʻa.

Āhea wau e ʻike ai i ke kauka?

He mea nui loa ka hoʻokolokolo maka maʻamau, ʻoiai inā he maʻi kou e pilikia ai no ka maʻi retinal, e like me ka maʻi diabetes.

Inā ʻike ʻoe i kekahi mau loli koke i kou ʻike (e laʻa me ka nalowale koke ʻana o ka ʻike, nā kiko ʻeleʻele e hoʻomaka ana e lana i mua o kou mau maka, ka ʻike ʻana i nā kukui, ka ʻike ʻana i nā laina pololei), e ʻike koke i ke kauka maka. Mai hoʻonele i ka manawa.

Āhea wau e hele ai i ka lumi pilikia?

I kēia kūlana, pono ʻoe e hele koke i kahi lumi pilikia, a i ʻole e kelepona iā 1990:

• Inā nalowale koke ʻoe i kou ʻike a pau a i ʻole kekahi hapa.
• Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka ʻeha nui o ka maka.
• Inā he ulia nui a ʻeha paha i ka maka.

He mau pilikia kēia, no laila mai hoʻokaʻulua.

He aha nā nīnau e pono iaʻu e nīnau aku i kaʻu kauka e pili ana i nā maʻi retinal?

Loaʻa iā ʻoe nā kuleana āpau e nīnau i kāu kauka i kāu mau nīnau. Hiki iā ʻoe ke nīnau i nā nīnau e like me kēia:

• Hiki ke mālama ʻia kēia maʻi i loaʻa iaʻu? Hiki ke ho'ōla loa ʻia?
• He aha nā hopena ʻaoʻao e hiki ke manaʻo ʻia mai ka lāʻau lapaʻau?
• He aha nā lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole nā ​​​​hoʻololi o ke ʻano o ka nohona e hiki iaʻu ke hana e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻino ʻana o koʻu mau hōʻailona?
• He aha nā manawa kūpono e nalowale ai koʻu mau maka?
• He aha nā lawelawe āu e ʻōlelo aku ai e kōkua i nā kānaka e ola me ka nalowale o ka ʻike?
• Ua kūpono anei au e komo i kahi hoʻokolohua lapaʻau?

ʻO ka mea hope loa, nā mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai

ʻAʻole like nā maʻi retinal āpau. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i kou kūlana kikoʻī a e makaʻala i nā loli i kou ʻike. ʻO ka ʻike mua ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana e hāʻawi pinepine i nā hopena maikaʻi loa.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā manaʻo like ʻole e pili ana i kou kūlana maka. Hiki iā ʻoe ke makaʻu, hopohopo, a kaumaha paha. He mea maʻamau kēlā. E kamaʻilio me kāu hui lapaʻau a me kou ʻohana e pili ana i kāu mea e pono ai a me kou manaʻo. Aia lākou ma laila e kōkua iā ʻoe ma nā ʻano āpau e hiki ai iā lākou. E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻaʻole ʻoe hoʻokahi.

retina , nā maʻi retina, olakino maka, nalowale o ka ʻike, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, mālama maka