ʻEhia mau mea a kākou e hana ai i ka lā? Hele mākou, holo, hāpai i kahi mea me ko mākou mau lima, hāpai i ke kīʻaha, kākau, nānā a puni... Hana mākou i kēia mau mea a pau me ka ʻole o ka pilikia, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole. Akā, ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka mālama pono ʻana i kēia mau neʻe a pau? Ma hope o kēia mau mea a pau, ʻo ko mākou lolo. ʻO kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa, akā ikaika loa o ka lolo e kōkua iā mākou e hana i kēia mau neʻe a pau me ka maʻalahi a me ka maopopo. I kēia lā, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kēlā koa liʻiliʻi. ʻO ia ka Substantia Nigra.
No laila he aha ka mea e hana nei me ka Substantia Nigra?
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka Substantia Nigra (SN) kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ko kākou lolo e kōkua ana i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i kā kākou neʻe ʻana. He ʻāpana ia o kahi ʻōnaehana i kapa ʻia ʻo "basal ganglia", i hana ʻia me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka lolo. Ua like ia me kahi keʻena koʻikoʻi i loko o kahi ʻoihana nui. He mea nui kēia ʻāpana ma muli o kona mana i kā kākou neʻe ʻana a me kāna hāʻawi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana kemika i loko o ka lolo.
E noʻonoʻo ʻoe e hoʻokele ana i kahi kaʻa. Pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka mea hoʻolalelale e hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki, ka paleki e hoʻolohi a hoʻōki paha, a me ka huila hoʻokele e huli. Ke hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia kēia mau mea a pau hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomalu pono i ke kaʻa. Pēlā nō, loaʻa i ka lolo kahi ʻōnaehana like e hoʻomalu i nā neʻe ʻana o ko mākou kino. ʻO kekahi o nā hana nui o ka substantia nigra ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i kahi kemika i kapa ʻia ʻo dopamine . He ʻelele koʻikoʻi kēia dopamine e hoʻomalu i kā mākou neʻe ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻiʻo.
ʻElua mau ʻāpana nui i loko o ka substantia nigra. He ʻokoʻa iki nā hana o nā mea ʻelua.
1. SN pars reticulata: Pili nui kēia ʻāpana i ka neʻe ʻana o ko kākou mau maka, ka hiki ke aʻo a me ka hiki ke noʻonoʻo. Aia i loko o nā pūnaewele ma kēia ʻāpana kahi kemika i kapa ʻia ʻo gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . Hoʻomalu kēia kemika i ka hana o nā pūnaewele lolo i kekahi ʻano, e like me ka paleki . Inā hoʻoholo ka lolo ʻaʻole maikaʻi kahi hōʻailona e hele i kahi ʻiʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia `GABA` e hoʻōki i kēlā hōʻailona makemake ʻole ʻia a hoʻohuli hou paha. ʻO ia ke kumu e maʻalahi ai kā mākou neʻe ʻana, me ka ʻole o ka pono ʻole.
2. SN pars compacta: He mea nui loa kēia ʻāpana. No ka mea, ʻo nā hunaola nerve (neurons) ma ʻaneʻi e hana i ka kemika dopamine a mākou i kamaʻilio ai ma mua. ʻAʻole pili wale ka Dopamine i ka neʻe ʻana, akā, i nā mea he nui e like me ko mākou mau manaʻo, ka hiki ke aʻo, ka uku, ka lawe ʻana i ka pilikia, a me ka hoʻoikaika. Ke hana mākou i kahi mea leʻaleʻa, manaʻo maikaʻi mākou a makemake e hana hou ma muli o kēia dopamine.
Ua lohe paha ʻoe i ka maʻi o Parkinson. I loko o kēlā maʻi, ua luku mālie ʻia nā pūnaewele e hana ana i ka dopamine ma kēia ʻāpana o ka lolo i kapa ʻia ʻo SN pars compacta. Ke nalowale ka dopamine, lilo ka neʻe ʻana i mea hiki ʻole ke kāohi ʻia, ʻo ia ke kumu e ʻike ai nā maʻi i nā hōʻailona e like me ka haʻalulu a me ka paʻakikī i ka hele wāwae.
Aia i hea kēia i loko o ka lolo?
Aia ka substantia nigra ma waenakonu o ko kākou lolo, ʻo ia hoʻi ka midbrain. E like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, aia ia ma waenakonu o ka lolo. Aia ia ma luna iki o ke kumu o ka lolo, kahi e pili ai ko kākou kaula iwi kuamoʻo i ke poʻo ma ke kumu o ka ʻāʻī.
ʻOiai ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka "substantia nigra," aia ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ko mākou lolo e like me kēia. Hoʻokahi ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka laina waena o ka lolo, a hoʻokahi ma ka hema. Hana like kēia mau mea ʻelua.
He aha kona ʻano, kona kala, a me kona nui?
Mai ka ʻōlelo Latina mai ka inoa. ʻO "Substantia nigra" ʻo ia hoʻi "mea ʻeleʻele." ʻO ia no ka mea, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ko mākou lolo he kala poni-hina māmā, ʻike ʻia kēia ʻāpana me he ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele lā ma mua o ke koena o nā ʻiʻo.
ʻO ke kumu o kēia, aia i loko o nā hunaola aʻalolo ma kēia ʻāpana kahi pigment i kapa ʻia ʻo melanin . He kemika ʻo Melanin i loaʻa pū i loko o ko kākou mau hunaola ʻili. Ke hele kākou i waho i ka lā, lilo ko kākou ʻili i ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele ma muli o kēia melanin. ʻO ia pigment like ka mea e hāʻawi i kēia ʻāpana o ka lolo i kona waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele kūikawā.
Ma ke ʻano o ka nui, he ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa kēia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ma kahi o 25 mau ʻāpana o kēia substantia nigra hiki ke waiho ʻia i loko o kahi pōpō kolepa maʻamau. I kēia manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka hana, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi loa ia.
He aha ka mea i hana ʻia ai kēia ʻāpana liʻiliʻi?
E like me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka lolo, ʻo ka substantia nigra ka mea nui i hana ʻia me ʻelua ʻano o nā pūnaewele.
1. Nā pūnaewele aʻalolo (Neurons):
ʻO kēia nā mea nui i loko o ko kākou lolo a me ka ʻōnaehana nerve. Ua like ia me ka ʻōnaehana uwea kelepona e lawe ana i ka ʻike i mua a i hope i ko kākou ʻāina. Hoʻouna kēia mau cell i ka ʻike ma ke ʻano o nā hōʻailona uila a me nā kemika. Aia kekahi mau ʻāpana nui o kahi cell nerve:
- Kino kelepona: ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana nui o ke kelepona, e like me ke kikowaena kaohi.
- ʻAxon: He ʻāpana lōʻihi e like me ka lima e puka ana mai ke kino o ke kelepona. Ua like ia me kahi uea lōʻihi. Lawe ʻia nā hōʻailona ma kēia.
- Nā Synapses: Nā ʻano hana e like me ka manamana lima ma ka hopena o kahi axon. ʻO kēia kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai kahi hōʻailona uila i hōʻailona kemika a hoʻouna ʻia i ka neuron aʻe.
- Nā Dendrites: Nā ʻano liʻiliʻi e like me ka lālā ma ke kino o ke kelepona e hana like me nā antennas e loaʻa ai nā hōʻailona kemika mai nā pūnaewele nerve ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO Myelin:He ʻūpā pale a puni nā uea he nui. Kōkua kēia i nā hōʻailona e holo wikiwiki me ka ʻole o ka liki ʻana.
2. Nā pūnaewele Glial:
ʻO kēia nā pūnaewele kākoʻo e kōkua i nā pūnaewele aʻalolo. Ua like ia me kahi mea hoʻolei kākoʻo e hoʻonohonoho ana i ke kahua no nā mea hana nui a kōkua iā lākou. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hoʻouna kēia mau pūnaewele i nā hōʻailona, hāʻawi lākou i nā pūnaewele aʻalolo me nā meaʻai e pono ai lākou, pale iā lākou, kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana aʻalolo mai nā maʻi, a ʻo kēia mau pūnaewele glial e hana i ka ʻupena myelin. Aia ma kahi o ʻumi manawa ka nui o nā pūnaewele glial ma mua o nā pūnaewele aʻalolo i loko o kā mākou ʻōnaehana aʻalolo.
He aha nā kūlana e hoʻopilikia ai i ka Substantia Nigra?
Inā ua hōʻino ʻia kēia ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ua pilikia kāna hana, hiki ke loaʻa nā pilikia koʻikoʻi. Eia kekahi o nā kūlana olakino nui e hoʻopilikia nei i kēia:
- ʻO ka maʻi o Parkinson - ʻO kēia ka maʻi nui a kaulana loa.
- ka maʻi o Alzheimer
- Nā puʻupuʻu lolo
- ʻO nā ʻeha poʻo, ʻoiai nā concussions a me nā ʻeha koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe o ka lolo
- Nā mea ʻawahia, no ka laʻana nā kemika e like me ka trichloroethylene (TCE).
- Nā maʻi (ʻoiai nā maʻi e hoʻopilikia i ka lolo, e like me ka encephalitis)
- Nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pilikia me ka ʻōnaehana pale, no ka laʻana lupus
- Nā maʻi hoʻoilina, e like me ka maʻi o Huntington.
- ʻO ka dementia kino Lewy
- Hahau
He aha nā hōʻailona maʻamau o kēia maʻi?
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā hōʻailona o kahi maʻi e hoʻopilikia ana i ka substantia nigra ma muli o ka maʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i kekahi mau hōʻailona maʻamau.
| ʻAno o ka hōʻailona | Nā mea i ʻike pinepine ʻia |
|---|---|
| Nā pilikia me nā neʻe ʻana | Nā pilikia me ke kaulike a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kino. Ke kuʻia nei i ka wā e hele ana. |
| Nā pilikia e pili ana i nā ʻiʻo | Ka nāwaliwali o nā ʻiʻo, ka ʻoʻoleʻa, a me nā ʻūmiʻi ʻiʻo. |
| Haʻalulu | Nā haʻalulu o nā lima, nā wāwae, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino, ʻoiai i ka wā e hoʻomaha ai. |
| Ka hiki ke noʻonoʻo | Ka paʻakikī i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ... a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia. |
| Nā pilikia ʻike | Paʻakikī ke kāohi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā maka, e hopena ana i nā pilikia hihiʻo. |
He aha nā hoʻokolohua e hana ʻia e ʻike ai i ia mau pilikia?
E nānā pono kāu kauka i kāu mau hōʻailona a, inā pono, e kauoha paha i nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole e nānā i ka hana o ka lolo.
- Nā hoʻāʻo koko: Hiki i kēia ke ʻike i nā mea he nui, e like me nā pilikia o ka ʻōnaehana pale a me nā mea ʻawahia i loko o ke kino (ʻoi aku hoʻi nā metala e like me ke keleawe a me ka mercury).
- CT scan (Computerized tomography scan): Hiki ke lawe ʻia nā kiʻi ʻokiʻoki o ka lolo e ʻike inā he pilikia.
- MRI scan (Magnetic resonance imaging): Hiki i kēia ke hana i nā kiʻi maopopo loa a kikoʻī hoʻi o ka ʻiʻo o ka lolo.
- ʻO ka nānā ʻana o ka PET (Positron emission tomography scan): Kōkua kēia hoʻāʻo e ʻike pehea e hana ai ka hana kemika i loko o ka lolo.
- Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka genetics: Hiki ke hana i kēia mau hoʻokolohua inā he kānalua he maʻi hoʻoilina ka maʻi.
He aha nā lāʻau lapaʻau no kēia mau kūlana?
Aia wale nō nā koho lapaʻau i ke kūlana āu e loaʻa nei. Hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia kekahi mau kūlana me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. No ka laʻana, ma ka maʻi o Parkinson, hāʻawi ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻonui ai i nā pae dopamine. I nā hihia ʻē aʻe, pono paha ke ʻoki ʻana.
ʻOiai hiki ke ho'ōla ʻia kekahi mau maʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau maʻi he mau maʻi mau loa. I kēlā mau hihia, ʻo ka pahuhopu nui o ka mālama ʻana, ʻo ia ke kāohi i nā hōʻailona a kōkua i ka mea maʻi e ola maʻamau i ke ola. Inā ʻoe a i ʻole kekahi āu i ʻike ai e ʻike nei i kēia mau hōʻailona, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa e hana ai, ʻo ia ke ʻike koke i ke kauka kūpono no ka ʻōlelo aʻo.
Nā mea hiki iā mākou ke hana e mālama i ke olakino o ko mākou lolo
ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke pale aku i kekahi mau maʻi, e like me ka maʻi Parkinson, ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka substantia nigra. Hiki iā lākou ke hiki koke mai. Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā mea hiki iā mākou ke hana e hōʻemi i ko mākou pilikia o nā maʻi he nui e hoʻopilikia ai i ka lolo, ʻoiai nā mea e like me ka hahau ʻana. He mea nui loa kēia mau mea no ka pale ʻana i ke olakino o ko mākou lolo.
- E ʻai i ka meaʻai kaulike: Hoʻopilikia pololei ka meaʻai a mākou e ʻai ai i ko mākou ʻōnaehana kahe koko a me ke kaumaha o ke kino. He mea nui loa kēia mau mea ʻelua no ke olakino o ka lolo.
- E hana kino: ʻO ka hoʻoikaika kino i kēlā me kēia lā a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha olakino no kou kino hiki ke kōkua nui i ka pale ʻana i kou lolo mai nā maʻi e like me ke koko kiʻekiʻe a me ka hahau ʻana.
- E komo i nā lako palekana: He mea nui e komo i nā lako palekana e like me ka mahiole i ka wā e hana ana ma nā wahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻeha poʻo, ʻoiai i ka wā e holo paikikala ana a i ʻole e hana ana i nā hana kūkulu. Hiki i nā ʻeha poʻo ke hōʻeha mau i ka lolo.
- E mālama i kou mau maʻi maʻi mau: Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā maʻi maʻi e like me ka maʻi diabetes, ke koko kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole ka cholesterol, e mālama iā lākou e like me ke kuhikuhi a kāu kauka. Inā ʻaʻole i kāohi ʻia kēia mau mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻino ʻana o ka lolo.
He ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa ka substantia nigra o ko kākou lolo, akā i kēia manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano nui o kāna hana. He mea nui kēia ʻāpana liʻiliʻi no ka kaohi ʻana i kā kākou neʻe ʻana, ka ʻike, a me nā manaʻo. Me ka holomua o ka ʻepekema lapaʻau, ke aʻo nui nei mākou e pili ana i ia mea. E kōkua kēlā ʻike iā mākou e ʻimi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi aʻe no nā maʻi pili i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Leka Lawe-Home
- He ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa ka Substantia Nigra akā he mea nui ia o ka lolo e kaohi maʻalahi ai i kā mākou neʻe ʻana.
- He mea nui loa ka kemika dopamine i hana ʻia e kēia ʻāpana no ka neʻe ʻana, nā manaʻo, a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana.
- ʻO ka hōʻino ʻana i kēia ʻāpana hiki ke alakaʻi i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi e like me ka maʻi o Parkinson.
- Hiki i kahi nohona olakino (ʻai kaulike, hoʻoikaika kino, a me ka pale ʻana mai nā ulia pōpilikia) ke pale i ke olakino holoʻokoʻa o kou lolo.
- Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā hōʻailona e like me ka haʻalulu o ke kino, ka paʻakikī i ka neʻe ʻana, a i ʻole nā pilikia kaulike, e ʻike koke i ke kauka.
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