Koj cov noob caj noob ces puas zoo ib yam? Cia peb tham txog qhov mob "homozygous"!

Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog ib yam dab tsi tseem ceeb heev txog peb cov noob caj noob ces. Tej zaum koj twb tau hnov ​​​​lo lus 'homozygous'. Hais yooj yim, qhov no txhais tau tias koj muaj tib daim qauv ntawm ib qho noob caj noob ces los ntawm koj niam thiab koj txiv. Qhov no yuav zoo li kev tshawb fawb me ntsis, tab sis nws yooj yim heev. Cia peb piav qhia ntxiv.

Tom qab ntawd, allele yog dab tsi?

Xav txog nws, peb tau txais ob daim qauv ntawm txhua tus noob caj noob ces, ib qho los ntawm peb niam thiab ib qho los ntawm peb txiv. Feem ntau ntawm cov noob caj noob ces hauv peb lub cev yog tib yam rau txhua tus. Tab sis tus lej me me heev (tsawg dua 1%) ntawm cov noob caj noob ces muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis. Alleles yog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm tib lub noob caj noob ces nrog qhov sib txawv me ntsis. Cov kev sib txawv me me no hauv cov kab ke DNA yog qhov muab rau koj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Nws zoo li cov saj sib txawv ntawm tib daim ntawv qhia, puas yog?

Qhov txawv ntawm homozygous thiab heterozygous yog dab tsi?

Tam sim no koj muaj qee lub tswv yim txog alleles. Homozygous txhais tau tias koj tau txais ob qho alleles zoo sib xws ntawm tib lub gene los ntawm koj niam koj txiv ob leeg. Qhov no txhais tau tias daim qauv ntawm cov gene los ntawm koj niam thiab daim qauv ntawm cov gene los ntawm koj txiv yog ob qho tib si zoo sib xws.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog heterozygous txhais tau tias koj tau txais ob lub alleles sib txawv ntawm tib lub gene los ntawm koj niam koj txiv. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov DNA sequence ntawm daim qauv ntawm cov gene uas koj tau txais los ntawm koj niam txawv me ntsis ntawm qhov koj tau txais los ntawm koj txiv. 'Hetero' txhais tau tias 'txawv', 'Homo' txhais tau tias 'tib yam'. Yooj yim, puas yog?

Yog li ntawd, homozygous genotype no yog dab tsi?

Genotype zoo li kev tshawb fawb me ntsis, puas yog? Tsis txhob txhawj, kuv yuav ua kom yooj yim. Genotype hais txog hom lossis daim ntawv ntawm DNA sequence uas koj tau txais. Yog li, homozygous genotype txhais tau tias koj tau txais ob alleles ntawm tib hom. Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias, cov DNA sequences ntawm ib qho gene tshwj xeeb uas koj niam koj txiv ob leeg tau muab rau koj yog tib yam, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab cov yam ntxwv recessive muaj feem cuam tshuam li cas rau cov noob homozygous?

Qee cov alleles yog 'dominant' , txhais tau tias lawv muaj zog heev. Lwm cov yog 'recessive' , txhais tau tias lawv raug tswj me ntsis. Tam sim no xav txog tias koj muaj ib qho heterozygous genotype, txhais tau tias ib qho allele tseem ceeb thiab ib qho recessive allele. Tom qab ntawd yuav ua li cas? Tus allele tseem ceeb tswj hwm tus allele recessive, thiab tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb tawm los. Nws zoo li tus menyuam yaus phem hauv chav kawm tswj hwm lwm tus.

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ib homozygous genotype, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Koj tuaj yeem muaj ob lub alleles dominant rau ib qho cwj pwm (homozygous dominant). Los yog, koj tuaj yeem muaj ob lub alleles recessive (homozygous recessive).Txawm li cas los xij, tus cwj pwm ntawm ob lub alleles sib phim yog qhia tawm. Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog noob caj noob ces, tus cwj pwm homozygous tseem ceeb yog qhia los ntawm ob tsab ntawv loj (piv txwv li, BB). Tus cwj pwm homozygous recessive yog qhia los ntawm ob tsab ntawv me (piv txwv li, bb).

Cov piv txwv ntawm cov yam ntxwv homozygous yog dab tsi?

Thaum koj tau txais cov alleles zoo ib yam los ntawm koj niam koj txiv, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov yam ntxwv homozygous. Cov no tuaj yeem suav nrog koj qhov tsos, koj lub cev pob txha, thiab seb koj puas muaj qee yam kab mob. Cia peb saib ob peb qho piv txwv.

Cov yam ntxwv ntsig txog qhov tsos

• Xim Qhov Muag: Ib homozygous gene tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau xim ntawm koj ob lub qhov muag. Xim av yog tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb rau xim qhov muag. Qhov no yog cim BB. Tag nrho lwm yam xim qhov muag yog xiav. Cov no yog cim bb. Yog li, ib tug neeg uas muaj qhov muag xim av uas muaj homozygous gene muaj BB gene. Ib tug neeg uas muaj qhov muag xiav uas muaj homozygous gene muaj bb gene. Xav txog, yog tias ob leeg niam txiv ntawm tus neeg muaj qhov muag xiav muaj cov qauv ntawm cov gene (bb) uas ua rau muaj qhov muag xiav, ces tus neeg muaj qhov muag xiav yuav muaj qhov muag xiav.
• Cov quav hnav: Cov quav hnav kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm autosomal. Ib tug neeg uas muaj cov quav hnav muaj ntau melanin hauv lawv lub cev. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm FF. Ib tug neeg uas tsis muaj cov quav hnav muaj cov noob autosomal tseem ceeb, uas yog qhia los ntawm ff.
• Cov qhov me me: Cov qhov me me kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tus cwj pwm autosomal. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm DD. Cov neeg uas muaj tus cwj pwm autosomal tseem ceeb (dd) tsis muaj qhov me me.
• Cov plaub hau nkhaus: Cov plaub hau nkhaus kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm autosomal. Nws yog qhia los ntawm HH. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm autosomal yog cov plaub hau ncaj. Nws yog qhia los ntawm hh.

Cov yam ntxwv ntsig txog lub cev pob txha

• Pob ntseg tsis txuas: Yog tias koj muaj pob ntseg tsis txuas, koj muaj tus noob caj noob ces UU tseem ceeb. Yog tias koj cov pob ntseg txuas rau lub cev, koj muaj tus noob caj noob ces uu recessive.

Qee yam mob nkeeg muaj feem cuam tshuam li cas rau cov noob caj noob ces homozygous?

• Hnov thiab hais lus: Tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb yog lub peev xwm hnov ​​thiab hais lus li qub. Qhov no yog sawv cev los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces tseem ceeb SS. Yog tias koj muaj ob qho noob caj noob ces recessive ss, koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem hais lus lossis hnov ​​​​​​lus li qub. Qhov no txhais tau tias koj yuav lag ntseg thiab ruam.
• Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Tsuag Lom: Kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag lom yog lwm yam cwj pwm tseem ceeb. Tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb no yog sawv cev los ntawm lub cim PP. Yog tias koj muaj ob qho noob PP, koj yuav tsis tiv thaiv kab tsuag lom.

Cov mob caj ces twg tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov noob caj ces homozygous?

Tam sim no cia peb tham txog qee yam loj dua me ntsis. Koj muaj ib qho noob caj noob ces hloov pauv los ntawm koj niam koj txiv ob leeg., uas yog, yog tias koj muaj ob hom alleles tib yam uas tsis ua haujlwm zoo, koj yog homozygous rau qhov kev hloov pauv caj ces ntawd. Qhov no txhais tau tias koj yuav muaj feem ntau dua los tsim cov mob caj ces uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov gene ntawd. Nov yog qee qhov mob caj ces uas tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov noob caj ces:

• Cystic Fibrosis: Ib qho protein uas txav cov kua dej hauv peb lub cev cov cell yog tsim los ntawm ib tug gene hu ua 'CFTR'. Yog tias koj tau txais ob daim qauv ntawm cov gene 'CFTR' no, koj yuav muaj ib qho kab mob hu ua 'Cystic Fibrosis'. Qhov no ua rau cov hnoos qeev tuab tuab tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw xws li lub ntsws thiab lub plab zom mov.
• Kab mob ntshav liab Sickle Cell Anemia: Tus noob HBB, uas yog ib feem ntawm hemoglobin hauv peb cov qe ntshav liab, pab nqa cov pa oxygen thoob plaws lub cev. Yog tias koj tau txais ob daim qauv ntawm HBB gene uas hloov pauv, koj yuav muaj kab mob ntshav liab sickle cell anemia. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, cov qe ntshav liab hloov pauv thiab ua rau zoo li sickle cell, yog li ntawd lub npe. Qhov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ntws ntshav.
• Phenylketonuria: Tus gene PAH qhia cov cell kom tsim ib qho enzyme uas rhuav cov amino acid phenylalanine. Yog tias koj tau txais ob daim qauv ntawm PAH gene uas hloov pauv, koj yuav muaj tus kab mob hu ua phenylketonuria. Hauv qhov mob no, phenylalanine sib sau ua ke hauv lub cev thiab tuaj yeem ua rau lub hlwb puas tsuaj.

Qhov tseem ceeb yog tias yog koj yog "homozygous" rau ib qho gene tshwj xeeb, nws txhais tau tias koj tau txais cov ntawv theej (alleles) ntawm cov gene ntawd los ntawm koj niam koj txiv. Vim yog cov homozygous genes no, koj tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam ntawm koj tus kheej lub cev tshwj xeeb.

Yog li ntawd, tej yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov los ntawm zaj dab neeg no yog dab tsi?

Zoo, peb tau tham ntau txog zaj dab neeg 'Homozygous' no. Nov yog ob peb yam uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov luv luv:

• Homozygous txhais tau hais tias koj muaj ob lub alleles zoo sib xws rau ib lub gene tshwj xeeb, los ntawm koj niam thiab koj txiv.
• Ob qho tib si ntawm cov alleles no tuaj yeem yog dominant lossis recessive, uas txiav txim siab koj cov yam ntxwv.
• Qee zaum, yog tias ob hom alleles uas mutated ntawm tib hom tau txais los ntawm txoj kev no, qee yam mob caj ces tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, cystic fibrosis lossis sickle cell anemia.
• Txawm li cas los xij, cov noob caj noob ces homozygous tsis yog ib txwm ua rau muaj kab mob. Ntau yam ntxwv zoo sib xws, xws li xim ntawm koj lub qhov muag, qhov zoo li cas ntawm koj cov plaub hau, thiab seb koj puas muaj qhov me me hauv koj lub puab tsaig, kuj yog los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces homozygous no.

Yog li, qhov no yog zaj dab neeg yooj yim txog cov noob caj noob ces homozygous. Kev paub txog tej yam zoo li no pab peb nkag siab ntau yam txog peb lub cev, puas yog? Yog tias koj muaj lus nug ntxiv txog qhov no, tsis txhob yig nug kws kho mob lossis tus kws pab tswv yim txog noob caj noob ces.

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