Vim li cas ib txhia neeg thiaj xav tau tsom iav? Teeb meem pom kev thiab kev daws teeb meem (Tsom iav thiab Cov Lens Sib Txuas Lus)

Koj puas tau xav tias vim li cas koj tus phooj ywg thiaj xav tau tsom iav thaum koj tsis xav tau? Los yog vim li cas qee tus neeg thiaj xav tau tsom iav nyeem ntawv, thaum lwm tus xav tau tsom iav kom pom deb? Peb lub qhov muag yeej tshwj xeeb heev, txawv ntawm ib leeg. Qee zaum thaum cov khoom me me hauv lub qhov muag tsis ua haujlwm ua ke zoo peb thiaj tsis pom tseeb. Tab sis tsis txhob txhawj, muaj tsom iav thiab cov iav sib cuag los pab nrog qhov no. Cia peb tham txog qhov no kom meej hnub no, puas yog?

Peb ob lub qhov muag ua haujlwm li cas? Zoo kawg nkaus li, puas yog?

Xav txog koj lub qhov muag zoo li lub koob yees duab me me, nyuaj heev. Lub teeb yog qhov uas lub koob yees duab no xav tau los tsim ib "duab." Muaj ntau qhov tseem ceeb hauv lub qhov muag uas pab nws ua txoj haujlwm no.

• Cornea: Qhov no yog qhov pom tseeb, zoo li lub moos ntawm lub qhov muag. Thaum lub teeb nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag, nws raug refracted ua ntej, lossis khoov, thiab coj mus rau hauv lub qhov muag los ntawm cornea. Yog hais kom meej, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsom mus rau, lossis kev tsom mus rau, lub teeb nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag pib ntawm no.
• Iris: Seb koj ob lub qhov muag yog xiav, xim av, grey, lossis dub nyob ntawm seb cov xim hauv "Iris" no yog dab tsi. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm cov leeg nqaij.
• Tus menyuam kawm ntawv: Qhov no yog lub voj voog dub me me nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm '(Iris)'. Qhov no yog ib lub qhov. Nws zoo li '(aperture)' ntawm lub koob yees duab. Thaum muaj teeb pom kev ntau, '(Pupil)' no yuav me dua, thiab thaum muaj teeb pom kev me me (hauv qhov tsaus ntuj), nws yuav loj dua. Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tswj qhov ntau ntawm lub teeb nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag.
• Lub Lens: Qhov no yog qhov pob tshab tom qab lub 'Pupil', zoo li ib daim iav me me. Tom qab lub 'Cornea', lub 'Lens' ua rau lub teeb tsom mus rau ntxiv thiab ua rau nws poob rau ntawm 'Retina'. Qhov tshwj xeeb txog lub 'Lens' no yog tias nws tuaj yeem hloov nws cov duab (nws yog ua los ntawm cov leeg me me) thiab pab koj pom tej yam nyob ze thiab tej yam nyob deb kom meej.
• Retina: Qhov no yog txheej uas rhiab rau lub teeb nyob tom qab ntawm lub qhov muag. Nws zoo li lub '(sensor)' hauv lub koob yees duab lossis lub '(zaj duab yob)' hauv cov koob yees duab qub. Thaum lub teeb uas tau sau los ntawm '(Cornea)' thiab '(Lens)' poob rau ntawm '(Retina)' no, ib daim duab raug tsim nyob ntawd. '(Retina)' no muaj ntau lab lub hlwb tshwj xeeb ('(Photoreceptor cells)' uas rhiab rau lub teeb thiab xim. Cov hlwb no hloov lub teeb mus ua cov teeb liab hluav taws xob.

Tom qab ntawd, cov teeb liab hluav taws xob no mus dhau lub paj hlwb ntawm lub qhov muag mus rau lub hlwb. Lub hlwb tshuaj xyuas cov teeb liab no thiab qhia peb tias, "Nov yog daim duab uas koj pom." Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas muaj dab tsi tshwm sim hauv lub qhov muag me me no!

Vim li cas txhua tus neeg lub zeem muag tsis zoo ib yam? Cov teeb meem pom kev tsis zoo no yog dab tsi?

Ib yam li peb cov ntiv tes, txhua tus neeg lub qhov muag txawv me ntsis. Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias tej yam xws li qhov ntev ntawm lub qhov muag, qhov nkhaus ntawm '(Cornea)', thiab cov duab ntawm '(Lens)' tuaj yeem txawv ntawm ib tus neeg mus rau ib tus neeg. Cov kev sib txawv no yog vim li cas qee tus neeg xav tau tsom iav thiab lwm tus tsis xav tau. Yog tias lub teeb tsis tsom mus rau '(Retina)', qhov muag yuav tsis pom kev. Peb hu cov teeb meem refractive no. Cia peb saib cov hom teeb meem refractive tseem ceeb uas peb pom.

1. Myopia lossis Nearsightedness

Qhov no yog thaum tej yam uas nyob ze koj pom tau meej, tab sis tej yam uas nyob deb tsis meej. Zoo li saib TV ntawm qhov deb thiab cov ntawv nyeem tsis meej. Piv txwv li cov menyuam uas tsis pom dab tsi sau rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm hauv chav kawm, lossis cov neeg uas nyeem tsis tau lub cim tsheb npav ntawm qhov deb.

• Vim li cas qhov no thiaj tshwm sim? Hais yooj yim xwb, tej zaum koj lub qhov muag ntev dhau me ntsis, lossis koj lub "Cornea" lossis "Lens" muaj zog tsom ntau dhau. Ces lub teeb nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag tsis tsom rau ntawm "Retina", tab sis tsom me ntsis rau ntawm nws pem hauv ntej.
• Cov tsom iav kho qhov no li cas? Cov neeg uas muaj '(Myopia)' tau txais cov tsom iav uas muaj cov iav concave (Concave lenses / Minus power lenses) . Cov tsom iav no ua rau lub teeb sib txawv me ntsis, ua rau nws poob ncaj qha rau ntawm '(Retina)'.

2. Pom kev deb lossis pom kev deb

Hauv qhov no , txawm hais tias cov khoom nyob deb tuaj yeem pom meej meej, cov khoom nyob ze, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nyeem phau ntawv, saib xov tooj, lossis xaws khaub ncaws, zoo li tsis meej. Qee zaum, thaum sim pom ze, lub qhov muag yuav nkees (`(qhov muag mob)`) thiab mob taub hau yuav tshwm sim. Thaum cov menyuam yaus muaj `(Hyperopia)`, qee zaum lawv yuav muaj tus mob uas lub qhov muag saib sab hauv (`(qhov muag hla)` / `(Esotropia)`).

• Vim li cas qhov no thiaj tshwm sim? Qhov no yog qhov txawv ntawm '(Myopia)'. Yog tias koj lub qhov muag luv dhau me ntsis, lossis koj '(Cornea)' lossis '(Lens)' tsis muaj zog tsom mus rau qhov muag txaus. Tom qab ntawd lub teeb sim tsom mus rau tom qab '(Retina)' (kom meej meej, '(Lens)' yuav tsum ua haujlwm hnyav dua kom tsom mus rau saum '(Retina)').
• Yuav kho qhov no li cas nrog cov tsom iav? Cov neeg uas muaj '(Hyperopia)' tau txais cov tsom iav uas muaj cov iav convex (Convex lenses / Plus power lenses) . Cov iav no coj lub teeb ua ke (converge) thiab coj nws mus rau '(Retina)'.

3. Kev tsis pom kev zoo

Qhov no yog ib hom kev qaug zog txawv me ntsis. Ntawm no , ob qho tib si ze thiab deb tej zaum yuav zoo li tsis meej, qee zaum ncab, thiab zoo li duab ntxoov ntxoo. Thaum tsav tsheb thaum hmo ntuj, koj kuj tseem yuav pom cov hnub qub tawg ncig lub teeb. Astigmatism kuj tseem yuav muaj, nrog rau Myopia lossis Hyperopia.

• Vim li cas qhov no thiaj tshwm sim?Feem ntau, lub '(Cornea)' thiab '(Lens)' ntawm lub qhov muag noj qab haus huv yog lub voj voog, nrog rau tib lub curvature ntawm txhua sab, zoo li lub pob puag ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov neeg uas muaj '(Astigmatism), lub '(Cornea)' (feem ntau yog '(Cornea)') thiab '(Lens)' yog oval / football zoo li, nrog ntau curvature ntawm ib sab thiab tsawg curvature ntawm lwm qhov. Tom qab ntawd, lub teeb los ntawm txhua qhov kev taw qhia raug tsom mus rau txawv, nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Yog vim li cas daim duab zoo li blurry thiab stretched.
• Cov tsom iav kho qhov no li cas? Lawv siv cov iav uas zoo li lub voj voog tshwj xeeb. Cov no kho qhov nkhaus tsis sib npaug thiab tsom lub teeb rau ntawm ib lub dav hlau, ua rau pom kev meej.

4. Pom kev ze (Presbyopia)

Qhov no tsis yog ib yam kab mob, tab sis yog ib qho kev hloov pauv ntuj uas tshwm sim nrog lub hnub nyoog. Feem ntau nws tshwm sim rau cov neeg feem coob uas muaj hnub nyoog li ntawm 40-45. Txawm tias cov neeg uas muaj qhov muag pom kev zoo ua ntej pom tias nws nyuaj rau nyeem cov ntawv me me lossis ua cov haujlwm ze, xws li xov koob. Yog vim li ntawd cov neeg ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawd ncab lawv txhais tes me ntsis thaum nyeem ntawv xov xwm lossis saib lawv lub xov tooj, thiab qee zaum hais tias lawv xav tias "tes nkees lawm."

• Vim li cas qhov no thiaj tshwm sim? Thaum peb laus zuj zus, lub "(Lens)" hauv peb lub qhov muag maj mam poob nws qhov kev ywj pheej, uas yog, nws lub peev xwm hloov pauv yooj yim. Thaum peb tseem hluas, lub "(Lens)" no yooj yim dhau los ua convex thiab tsom thaum peb saib ze. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum peb laus zuj zus, lub peev xwm no txo ​​qis, yog li thaum peb xav tau saib ze, lub "(Lens)" tsis tuaj yeem tsom tau zoo.
• Yuav ua li cas thiaj daws tau qhov teeb meem no? Koj siv tau cov tsom iav nyeem ntawv rau qhov no thiab, los yog cov tsom iav bifocal los yog cov tsom iav progressive uas cia koj pom deb thiab ze nrog tib lub tsom iav.

Vim li cas nws thiaj li tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas koj ob lub qhov muag?

Yog tias koj pom muaj kev hloov pauv hauv koj qhov kev pom kev - uas yog, koj tsis pom kev meej li yav dhau los, koj mob taub hau ntau zaus, koj ob lub qhov muag nkees - lossis txawm tias tsis muaj dab tsi tsis zoo los xij , nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau kuaj qhov muag tsawg kawg ib xyoos ib zaug. Ua niam txiv, peb yuav tsum txhawj xeeb txog qhov pom kev ntawm peb cov menyuam. Vim tias lawv yuav tsis hais tias lawv pom tsis tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg uas muaj kab mob xws li '(Diabetes Mellitus)' (Diabetes) tuaj yeem muaj teeb meem ntawm qhov muag, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau kuaj qhov muag tsis tu ncua.

Feem ntau ua dab tsi thaum lub sijhawm kuaj qhov muag?

• Kev Ntsuas Pom Kev: Qhov no yog qhov koj nyeem ntawm daim ntawv Snellen nrog txhua lub qhov muag. Nws ntsuas seb koj pom tau meej npaum li cas thiab pom deb npaum li cas.
• Kev Ntsuas Qhov Muag Tsis Pom Kev: Qhov no yog siv los txiav txim siab seb koj puas muaj Myopia, Hyperopia, lossis Astigmatism, thiab yog tias muaj, koj xav tau lub iav tsom iav fais fab twg. Tej zaum koj yuav tau pom ib lub tshuab hu ua Phoropter uas ntsuas koj qhov pom kev los ntawm kev ntxig cov iav tsom iav ib qho zuj zus.
• Ntsuas qhov siab ntawm lub qhov muag (Tonometry):Yuav ntsuas qhov siab hauv lub qhov muag. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau kev kuaj mob hu ua "Glaucoma".
• Kev Kuaj Qhov Muag Qhib: Qee zaum, lub qhov muag yuav qhib los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj qhov muag, thiab cov khoom hauv lub qhov muag, xws li retina thiab optic nerve, yuav raug kuaj nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb (ophthalmoscope thiab slit lamp).

Koj xav qhia leej twg?

Feem ntau, tus kws kho qhov muag yuav kuaj xyuas qhov muag thiab sau ntawv kom yuav tsom iav. Lawv yog cov uas kuaj pom cov teeb meem refractive no thiab pom zoo kom yuav tsom iav lossis cov iav sib txuas uas kho qhov teeb meem ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj xav tau mus ntsib kws kho qhov muag (piv txwv li, Glaucoma, Cataract, Retinal detachment) kom kuaj xyuas, kho, lossis phais kom tob dua, koj yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho qhov muag . Tus kws kho qhov muag kuj tseem tuaj yeem xa koj mus rau kws kho qhov muag yog tias tsim nyog.

Cov tsom iav los yog cov iav sib txuas lus puas zoo dua?

Tam sim no, yog tias tus kws kho mob hais tias koj xav tau tsom iav, lo lus nug tom ntej yog, 'Kuv puas yuav tsum hnav tsom iav los yog '(Cov Lenses Contact)?' Qhov no yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus kheej. Muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo rau ob qho tib si.

Cov tsom iav (Cov tsom iav qhov muag):

• Cov txiaj ntsig:
• Nws yooj yim heev rau hnav thiab tshem tawm. Tsis tas yuav kawm tshwj xeeb.
• Vim tias lub qhov muag tsis raug kov ncaj qha, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob yog qis heev.
• Tsis tas yuav kho ntau. Tsis tas yuav muaj "kev daws teeb meem" tshwj xeeb, tsuas yog so thiab khaws cia kom huv si.
• Koj tuaj yeem xaiv los ntawm ntau yam `(style)`, `(frame)`, thiab xim. Nws ntxiv qee yam tshiab rau koj qhov zoo li.
• Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov neeg uas muaj qhov muag qhuav thiab ua xua.
• Qhov Tsis Zoo:
• Nws yuav nyuaj rau ua qee yam kev ua si lossis kev tawm dag zog, thiab koj yuav plam thiab ntog.
• Thaum los nag, pos huab tuaj yeem tsim tau thaum koj tsiv ntawm qhov chaw sov mus rau qhov chaw txias.
• Ib txhia neeg yuav hnov ​​​​​​qhov hnyav ntawm lawv lub ntsej muag thiab muaj pob ntawm ob sab ntawm lawv lub qhov ntswg.
• Qhov muag pom kev sab nraud tej zaum yuav raug thaiv me ntsis los ntawm tus ncej.
• Tej tus neeg yuav tsis xis nyob me ntsis txog lawv qhov tsos.

Cov Lens Sib Txuas Lus:

• Cov txiaj ntsig:
• Nws tsis zoo li daim iav rau ntawm lub ntsej muag, nws muab qhov zoo li ntuj.
• Nws yooj yim heev rau cov neeg uas ua kis las thiab ua neej nquag. Tsis muaj teeb meem thaum khiav lossis dhia.
• Tsis muaj dab tsi thaiv kev pom kev sab nraud. Lub zeem muag pom kev tiav lawm.
• Rau qee yam mob xws li Myopia hnyav thiab qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub qhov muag xws li Keratoconus, cov tsom iav tuaj yeem ua rau pom kev zoo dua thiab meej dua.
• Tsis muaj teeb meem nrog nag los yog pos huab.
• Qhov Tsis Zoo:
• Koj yuav tsum ceev faj txog kev huv si. Yog tias koj tsis ntxuav koj lub lens kom huv, yog tias koj tsis tshem lawv thaum pw tsaug zog, thiab yog tias koj tsis siv lawv raws li koj tus kws kho mob qhia, koj tuaj yeem tsim kev kis kab mob qhov muag loj ('(kev kis kab mob qhov muag hnyav)') thiab mob qog ntawm lub qhov muag. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws!
• Yuav siv sijhawm ntev me ntsis thiaj li tau siv rau hnav thiab tshem, yuav tsum tau xyaum.
• Cov neeg uas muaj qhov muag qhuav yuav hnov ​​​​​​mob tsis xis nyob, liab, thiab khaus.
• Lawv tuaj yeem kim dua li cov tsom iav me ntsis (vim yog tus nqi ntawm cov iav thiab cov tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau hloov pauv ntau zaus).
• Koj yuav tsum tshem lawv tawm ua ntej mus pw (txawm hais tias muaj qee hom "ntev hnav tsom iav" tshwj xeeb, tab sis txawm tias cov ntawd tsuas yog tus kws kho mob pom zoo xwb).

Yuav ua li cas saib xyuas cov tsom iav thiab cov iav sib cuag?

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum saib xyuas ob lub cuab yeej no uas pab kom koj pom kev meej, txwv tsis pub koj yuav tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm lawv, thiab '(Cov Lenses Contact)' tuaj yeem ua rau koj lub qhov muag puas tsuaj.

Yog tias cov tsom iav yog:

• Thaum tsis siv, khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv uas muab rau. Ua li ntawd, nws yuav tsis khawb lossis tawg.
• Tsuas yog siv daim ntaub mos mos (daim ntaub microfiber) thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav lens tshwj xeeb los ntxuav xwb. Tsis txhob siv ces kaum ntawm lub tsho, lub tsho sari, lossis daim ntaub so ntswg los ntxuav, vim tias cov no tuaj yeem khawb lub lens.
• Thaum muab daim iav tso rau ntawm lub rooj, tsis txhob muab tso rau ntawm lub lens uas tig rau hauv qab, vim tias lawv yuav khawb tau.
• Tsis txhob ntxuav lub thav duab lossis lub lens ntawm koj cov tsom iav nrog cov xab npum lossis cov tshuaj yaj uas hnyav.

Cov tsom iav sib cuag (nco ntsoov qhov no!)

Tsis txhob kov, ntxig, lossis tshem "Cov Lenses" yam tsis tau ntxuav koj txhais tes kom huv si nrog xab npum thiab dej thiab so kom qhuav nrog phuam huv! Qhov no yog txoj cai tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

• Tsuas yog ntxuav, tua kab mob, thiab khaws koj lub lens nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas koj tus kws kho mob lossis kws kho qhov muag pom zoo. Tsis txhob muab koj lub lens ntub, yaug, lossis muab tso rau hauv dej kais, dej fwj, qaub ncaug, lossis cov kua ntsev ua hauv tsev. Cov no tuaj yeem nqa cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kis kab mob loj.
• Khaws koj lub thawv "Contact Lens" kom huv si los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov "kua" uas koj siv txhua hnub, yaug nws nrog cov "kua" tshiab, tso rau saum huab cua thiab cia kom qhuav. Hloov lub "(lub thawv)" tsawg kawg ib zaug txhua peb lub hlis.
• Nco ntsoov tshem koj cov iav qhov muag ua ntej mus pw, da dej, lossis ua luam dej (hauv pas dej lossis hiav txwv).
• Tsis txhob siv tib lub "lens" ntev tshaj li lub sijhawm uas koj tus kws kho mob tau sau tseg (piv txwv li, ib lub "lens pov tseg" txhua hnub yog rau ib hnub, ib lub "lens" txhua hli yog rau ib hlis). Tsis txhob siv "lens" uas tas sij hawm lawm.
• Yog koj ob lub qhov muag liab, khaus, mob, tsis meej, lossis muaj kua tawm hauv qhov muag, tshem koj cov iav qhov muag tam sim ntawd thiab mus ntsib kws kho mob. Tsis txhob muab rov qab rau hauv kom txog thaum koj tus kws kho mob hais kom koj ua.
• Tsis txhob muab koj cov iav tsom iav faib rau leej twg, thiab tsis txhob hnav lwm tus iav tsom iav.

Yog tias muaj tej yam zoo li no tshwm sim, mus ntsib kws kho mob! (Cov Cim Liab)

Qee zaum qhov kev hloov me me hauv qhov muag tuaj yeem yog ib qho cim qhia txog teeb meem loj dua. Yog li ntawd, ceev faj txog qhov koj tau txais, vim tias kev kho mob thaum ntxov qee zaum tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev poob qhov muag.

• Yog tias koj tam sim ntawd pom kev tsis meej lossis tsis meej (hauv ib lossis ob lub qhov muag).
• Yog koj mob qhov muag heev .
• Yog tias koj ob lub qhov muag xiav dhau los saib lub teeb lossis yog tias koj ob lub qhov muag tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus lub teeb (`(kev rhiab heev ntawm lub teeb)`).
• Yog tias ob lub qhov muag liab, o, kua muag tas li, lossis muaj kua tawm zoo li kua qaub.
• Yog tias koj pom ntau dua thiab ntau dua cov dub me me, cov ntaub, lossis cov ntaub kab laug sab ntab rau ntawm koj lub qhov muag, lossis yog tias koj pom lub teeb ci ntsa iab.
• Yog koj pom ob yam (`(ob lub zeem muag)`) thiab nws pib tam sim ntawd.
• Yog tias ib feem ntawm lub zeem muag zoo li ploj lawm (zoo li daim ntaub thaiv tau poob).

Yog tias muaj tej yam zoo li no tshwm sim , mus ntsib kws kho qhov muag tam sim ntawd yam tsis muaj kev ncua lossis sim cov tshuaj hauv tsev.

Yog li, ntawm no yog qee yam uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov los ntawm qhov peb tau tham txog (Cov Lus Coj Mus Tsev):

Yog li, peb tau tham ntau txog qhov muag, tsom iav, thiab '(Cov Lenses)' hnub no, puas yog? Txhawm rau kom luv luv txhua yam no, ntawm no yog cov yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov:

• Txhua tus neeg lub qhov muag txawv, yog li nws yog ib qho ib txwm muaj rau qee tus neeg xav tau tsom iav, thiab nws tsis yog ib yam dab tsi uas yuav tsum txaj muag.
• Yog koj pom tias koj qhov muag pom kev hloov me ntsis xwb los xij, nco ntsoov mus ntsib kws kho mob thiab kuaj koj ob lub qhov muag. Yog tias pom muaj kab mob thaum ntxov, nws yuav yooj yim dua rau kev kho thiab koj tuaj yeem tiv thaiv koj qhov muag pom kev.
• Txiav txim siab seb puas yuav hnav tsom iav lossis tsom iav raws li koj txoj kev ua neej, kev nyiam, kev xav tau, thiab koj tus kws kho mob cov lus qhia.
• Yog koj hnav cov iav qhov muag, nco ntsoov ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom lawv huv si. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm koj ob lub qhov muag! Tsis txhob xav tias qhov no yooj yim.
• Qhov muag yog cov kabmob uas muaj nqis heev thiab rhiab heev. Yog li ntawd , saib xyuas lawv kom zoo! Tej yam xws li kev noj zaub mov kom zoo, pw tsaug zog txaus, thiab so ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus computer kuj tseem ceeb rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm qhov muag.

Vam tias koj pom cov ntaub ntawv no pab tau. Yog tias koj muaj lus nug ntxiv, tsis txhob yig nug kws kho mob.

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