Cia peb kawm txog cov tub txib me me hauv peb lub cev: (Neurotransmitters)?

Koj nyob li cas lawm? Tej lub sij hawm koj zoo siab heev, thiab tej lub sij hawm koj tu siab lossis npau taws, puas yog? Los yog koj puas tau raug tso tseg khawb koj lub taub hau tom qab hnov ​​qab ib yam dab tsi uas koj kawm nyuaj rau hauv kev xeem? Tag nrho cov no yog vim muaj cov tub txib me me tab sis tseem ceeb heev uas ua haujlwm hauv peb lub cev. Peb yuav tham txog lawv hnub no.

Cov no yog dab tsi (Neurotransmitters)?

Hais yooj yim xwb, cov neurotransmitters yog ib hom tshuaj xa xov uas peb lub cev xav tau . Lawv zoo li cov menyuam yaus ua haujlwm hauv peb lub cev lub chaw xa ntawv. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog nqa cov cim tshuaj, lossis cov lus, los ntawm ib lub hlwb paj hlwb (neuron) mus rau lub hlwb tom ntej. Lub hlwb paj hlwb no tuaj yeem yog lwm lub hlwb paj hlwb, lossis nws tuaj yeem yog lub hlwb nqaij lossis lub qog.

Peb lub cev muaj ib lub network ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Peb hu qhov no ua lub paj hlwb . Nws zoo li ib lub network ntawm cov xov hluav taws xob khiav thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Lub paj hlwb no xa thiab txais cov teeb liab hluav taws xob mus rau thiab los ntawm txhua qhov ntawm peb lub cev. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog tswj koj xav li cas, koj xav li cas, koj cov leeg nqaij txav li cas, tab sis kuj tswj koj cov kab ke ua haujlwm li cas. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov hlab ntsha no koom nrog txhua yam koj ua, xav, thiab hnov. Peb cov hlab ntsha tau txais thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm thoob plaws lub cev. Qhov kev sib pauv cov ntaub ntawv tas li no yog qhov pab kom lub cev ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Cov hlab ntsha thiab cov neurotransmitters tswj hwm dab tsi hauv peb lub cev?

Tam sim no saib seb cov tub txib me me no muaj pes tsawg yam ua:

• Nws tswj koj lub plawv dhia thiab ntshav siab .
• Nws pab koj ua pa .
• Lawv kuj ua rau cov leeg nqaij txav mus los kom raug.
• Lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam loj heev rau koj txoj kev xav, kev nco, kev kawm, thiab kev xav . Xav txog nws, qee zaum peb zoo siab heev, lwm lub sijhawm peb tu siab, ntshai. Lawv koom nrog txhua yam no.
• Nws kuj tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev pw tsaug zog, kev kho qhov txhab, thiab kev laus .
• Lawv txiav txim siab seb lub cev teb li cas thaum ib tug neeg ntshai lossis ntxhov siab.
• Tswj cov tshuaj hormones .
• Nws tswj kev zom zaub mov, kev tshaib plab, thiab kev nqhis dej .
• Lawv yog cov uas teb rau peb tsib lub siab (pom, hnov, xav, kov, thiab saj).

Cov neurotransmitters ua haujlwm li cas?

Muaj ntau txhiab plhom lub hlwb hauv peb lub cev. Nws zoo kawg nkaus li, puas yog? Yog tias koj coj lub hlwb no, nws muaj peb ntu tseem ceeb:

• Lub cev hlwb: Qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau kev tsim cov neurotransmitters thiab rau kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub hlwb hlwb.
• Axon: Ib feem ntev zoo li tus tw ntawm lub neuron uas nqa cov teeb liab hluav taws xob raws lub neuron mus rau qhov kawg ntawm axon.
• Axon davhlau ya nyob twg:Qhov no yog qhov uas cov lus hluav taws xob ntawd dhau los ua cov lus tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov no tau txais kev pab los ntawm (Neurotransmitters). Cov lus tshuaj lom neeg no ces raug xa mus rau lub hlwb tom ntej, lub hlwb nqaij, lossis lub qog.

Cov neurotransmitters nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub axon ntawm lub paj hlwb. Lawv khaws cia rau hauv cov hnab me me, nyias-phaj hu ua synaptic vesicles . Ib lub hnab tuaj yeem muaj ntau txhiab tus neurotransmitter molecules. Xav txog nws zoo li cov pob me me.

Tam sim no, thaum ib cov lus lossis lub teeb liab mus ncig raws lub hlwb, lub zog hluav taws xob hauv lub teeb liab ntawd ua rau cov neurotransmitter khi rau daim nyias nyias ntawm lub hlwb, txoj cai ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub hlwb. Tom qab ntawd, cov neurotransmitters uas tam sim no nqa cov lus raug tso tawm ntawm lub davhlau ya nyob twg axon. Qhov no raug tso tawm mus rau hauv qhov chaw me me uas muaj kua dej ntawm ib lub hlwb thiab lub hom phiaj tom ntej (uas tuaj yeem yog lwm lub hlwb, lub hlwb nqaij, lossis lub qog). Qhov chaw no me heev, tsawg dua 40 nanometers (nm). Yog tias koj xav txog qhov chaw me me no, ib txoj hlua ntawm koj cov plaub hau yog li 75,000 nanometers dav.

Qhov chaw me me no hu ua synaptic junction . Qhov no yog qhov chaw uas cov neurotransmitters nqa cov lus. Txhua hom neurotransmitter khi rau ib tus receptor tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cell uas koj xav tau. Ib yam li tus yuam sij tsuas yog qhib tau los ntawm kev muab nws tso rau hauv ib lub qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Thaum khi lawm, tus neurotransmitter ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv lossis kev ua haujlwm hauv lub cell uas koj xav tau. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem ua rau lwm lub cell hlab ntsha tua ib lub teeb liab hluav taws xob, ib lub leeg nqaij kom nruj, lossis ib lub qog kom tso ib yam tshuaj hormones tawm.

Cov neurotransmitters xa xov xwm zoo li cas mus rau lub cell uas koj xav tau?

Cov neeg xa xov no, lossis cov neurotransmitters, ua ib qho ntawm peb yam tseem ceeb nrog lawv cov lus, nyob ntawm seb hom neurotransmitter koom nrog.

• Cov lus txhawb siab: Cov hom neurotransmitters no "txhawb" lub hlwb thiab " xa cov lus mus rau ." Ntawd yog, cov lus mus rau lub hlwb tom ntej. Piv txwv li suav nrog Glutamate , Epinephrine, thiab Norepinephrine .
• Cov lus txwv tsis pub ua: Cov no yog siv los txwv lossis thaiv cov lus tshuaj kom tsis txhob mus ntxiv. Piv txwv ntawm cov neurotransmitters no suav nrog gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) , glycine, thiab serotonin.
• Cov lus qhia txog kev hloov pauv: Cov no (cov neurotransmitters) cuam tshuam rau cov teebmeem ntawm lwm cov tshuaj xa xov. Zoo li "hloov lawv me ntsis." Ntawd yog, lawv ua qhov kev hloov kho me me rau txoj kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov hlwb ntawm synapse. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cuam tshuam rau ntau lub hlwb ntawm cov hlab ntsha tib lub sijhawm.

Tom qab xa cov lus tas lawm, cov neurotransmitters ua li cas lawm?

Zoo, tam sim no cov neurotransmitters tau xa lawv cov lus. Yuav ua li cas tom ntej? Cov molecules no yuav tsum tawm ntawm qhov synaptic cleft (qhov chaw ntawm ib lub paj hlwb thiab nws lub hom phiaj tom ntej). Txwv tsis pub, lawv tsuas yog yuav xa cov lus xwb, puas yog? Qhov no tshwm sim hauv peb txoj kev tseem ceeb:

• Lawv maj mam ploj mus (diffusion) .
• Lawv raug nqus rov qab thiab rov siv dua los ntawm tib lub hlwb uas tso tawm lawv (rov qab siv dua) , zoo li lawv raug siv dua.
• Cov enzymes hauv synapse rhuav nws (degradation) , ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem khi rau lub receptor cell dua.

Muaj pes tsawg hom neurotransmitters?

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom tsawg kawg yog 100 hom neurotransmitters. Thiab ntseeg tias tseem muaj ntau yam ntxiv uas yuav tsum tau tshawb pom. Lawv tuaj yeem raug faib ua pawg raws li lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg. Tam sim no cia peb saib ob peb pawg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas peb feem ntau hnov ​​​​txog, piv txwv ntawm cov neurotransmitters uas yog lawv li, thiab lawv cov haujlwm.

Cov Amino acids (Neurotransmitters)

Cov no (neurotransmitters) koom nrog ntau yam haujlwm ntawm peb lub paj hlwb.

• Glutamate: Qhov no yog lub neurotransmitter tseem ceeb hauv peb lub paj hlwb. Nws muaj ntau heev hauv lub hlwb. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub xws li kev xav, kev kawm, thiab kev nco. Kev tsis sib npaug ntawm cov glutamate tau txuas nrog tus kab mob Alzheimer , dementia , Parkinson, thiab qaug dab peg .
• Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): GABA yog lub neurotransmitter tseem ceeb hauv peb lub paj hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv lub hlwb. Nws tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb thiab tiv thaiv cov teeb meem xws li kev ntxhov siab , kev chim siab, kev nyuaj siab, pw tsis tsaug zog, qaug dab peg, thiab kev nyuaj siab .
• Glycine: Glycine yog lub neurotransmitter tseem ceeb hauv peb cov hlab ntsha qaum. Glycine koom nrog kev ua cov ntaub ntawv hnov, kev kis mob, thiab kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.

Cov Monoamines (Neurotransmitters)

Cov (Neurotransmitters) no ua ntau yam haujlwm sib txawv hauv peb lub paj hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv lub hlwb. Lawv tswj kev paub, kev pom, kev mloog zoo, thiab kev xav. Ntau yam kev mob ntawm lub paj hlwb muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis zoo ntawm cov monoamines (Neurotransmitters). Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau yam tshuaj uas peb feem ntau siv cuam tshuam rau cov (Neurotransmitters).

• Serotonin: Serotonin yog ib qho neurotransmitter. Serotonin pab tswj peb txoj kev xav, kev pw tsaug zog, kev sib deev, kev ntxhov siab, kev ntshaw, thiab kev mob. Cov kab mob uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis sib npaug ntawm serotonin suav nrog:Kev mob nkeeg raws caij nyoog, kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab, mob fibromyalgia, thiab mob ntev. Cov tshuaj uas kho cov mob no los ntawm kev tswj cov serotonin hu ua SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) thiab SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) .
• Histamine: Histamine tswj cov yam xws li kev sawv, kev noj mov, thiab kev txhawb zog hauv lub cev. Histamine muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov mob xws li mob hawb pob , bronchospasm, mucosal edema, thiab multiple sclerosis .
• Dopamine: Dopamine muaj feem cuam tshuam rau peb lub cev "lub zog khoom plig." Qhov no txhais tau tias muaj kev zoo siab, raug txhawb nqa heev, thiab kawm. Dopamine kuj pab nrog kev mloog, kev nco, kev pw tsaug zog, kev xav, thiab kev txhawb siab. Cov kab mob uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv lub cev dopamine suav nrog tus kab mob Parkinson , schizophrenia , tus kab mob bipolar , tus kab mob ceg tsis so , thiab kev tsis mloog zoo hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Ntau yam tshuaj yeeb dej cawv (xws li cocaine, methamphetamine, thiab amphetamines) cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub cev dopamine.
• Epinephrine: Epinephrine (tseem hu ua adrenaline) thiab norepinephrine (ntau ntxiv txog qhov no hauv qab no) yog yam ua rau peb lub cev " kev tawm tsam-lossis-dhia " rau kev ntshai thiab kev ntxhov siab. Cov neurotransmitters no ua rau peb lub plawv dhia ceev, ua pa, ntshav siab, ntshav qab zib, ntshav ntws mus rau cov leeg, thiab peb lub peev xwm los tsom mus rau thiab teb rau ntau yam kev ntxhov siab. Epinephrine ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv xws li ntshav siab, ntshav qab zib, thiab kab mob plawv. Ua ib yam tshuaj, epinephrine yog siv los kho anaphylaxis (kev ua xua hnyav), mob hawb pob, mob plawv, thiab kab mob hnyav.
• Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine (tseem hu ua noradrenaline) ua rau cov ntshav siab thiab lub plawv dhia ceev. Nws paub txog nws cov teebmeem rau kev ceeb toom, kev xav, kev txiav txim siab, kev mloog zoo, thiab kev tsom ntsoov. Ntau yam tshuaj (cov tshuaj txhawb zog thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab) ua haujlwm los ntawm kev nce qib norepinephrine kom txhim kho kev mloog zoo hauv cov mob xws li ADHD, lossis los ntawm kev hloov norepinephrine kom txo cov tsos mob ntawm kev nyuaj siab.

Cov Peptides (Neurotransmitters)

Ib tug peptide yog ib hom polymer, los yog saw, ntawm cov amino acids.

• Cov tshuaj Endorphin:Cov tshuaj endorphins yog cov tshuaj tua mob uas peb lub cev tsim tawm. Lawv cuam tshuam rau txoj kev uas peb hnov ​​​​​​mob. Thaum cov tshuaj endorphins raug tso tawm, lawv txo qhov mob thiab tsim kom muaj kev xav "zoo". Cov tshuaj endorphins qis tuaj yeem txuas nrog fibromyalgia thiab qee hom mob taub hau.

Acetylcholine

Cov neurotransmitter no ua haujlwm ntau heev hauv peb lub paj hlwb hauv nruab nrab (CNS - lub hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum) thiab lub paj hlwb peripheral (cov paj hlwb uas nthuav tawm ntawm lub paj hlwb hauv nruab nrab). Acetylcholine raug tso tawm los ntawm ntau lub paj hlwb hauv peb lub paj hlwb autonomic, uas tswj lub plawv dhia, ntshav siab, thiab kev txav mus los hauv plab. Acetylcholine koom nrog kev sib zog ntawm cov leeg nqaij, kev nco, kev txhawb siab, kev ntshaw kev sib deev, kev pw tsaug zog, thiab kev kawm. Kev tsis sib npaug ntawm cov acetylcholine yog txuas nrog cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv xws li tus kab mob Alzheimer , qaug dab peg, thiab cov leeg nqaij ntswj.

Yog vim li cas cov neurotransmitter thiaj tsis ua haujlwm zoo?

Muaj ntau yam uas yuav ua tsis tau zoo thiab ua rau cov neurotransmitters tsis ua haujlwm zoo. Feem ntau, muaj ob peb yam teeb meem zoo li no:

• Kev tsim tawm lossis tso tawm ib lossis ntau cov neurotransmitters ntau dhau lossis tsawg dhau .
• Tus receptor hauv lub cell (cov hlab ntsha, cov leeg, lossis cov qog) uas tau txais cov lus tsis ua haujlwm zoo . Tom qab ntawd, txawm tias cov neurotransmitter uas ua haujlwm ib txwm tsis tuaj yeem xa cov lus mus rau lub cell tom ntej.
• Kev o thiab kev puas tsuaj rau qhov synaptic cleft ua rau cov cell receptors tsis tau txais cov neurotransmitters txaus (piv txwv li: ib qho mob hu ua myasthenia gravis ).
• (Cov Neurotransmitters) Rov qab nqus sai sai .
• Cov enzymes txwv cov neurotransmitters , txo lawv txoj kev hla mus rau lub hom phiaj cell.

Cov neurotransmitters tuaj yeem raug cuam tshuam los ntawm teeb meem nrog lwm qhov ntawm lub paj hlwb, cov kab mob uas twb muaj lawm, lossis cov tshuaj uas koj noj. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum cov neurotransmitters tsis ua haujlwm zoo, cov kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Piv txwv li:

• Kev tsis txaus acetylcholine tuaj yeem ua rau lub cim xeeb tsis zoo uas pom hauv Alzheimer's tus kab mob .
• Cov theem serotonin ntau dhau yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob autism spectrum .
• Yog tias muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm glutamate ntau ntxiv lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm GABA tsawg dua, ces yuav ua rau cov neurons hauv lub hlwb kub hnyiab sai sai, ua rau qaug dab peg .
• Kev ua haujlwm ntawm norepinephrine thiab dopamine ntau ntxiv thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev sib kis glutamate ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab.Pab txhawb rau qhov xwm txheej.

Cov tshuaj cuam tshuam li cas rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neurotransmitters?

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau lees paub qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neurotransmitters hauv peb lub paj hlwb. Lawv kuj tau pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj xa xov no los kho ntau yam mob. Ntau cov tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas kho cov kab mob hauv lub hlwb, ua haujlwm los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov neurotransmitters hauv ntau txoj kev sib txawv.

Xav txog nws, qee cov tshuaj zoo li cov tub ceev xwm tsheb khiav. Qee zaum lawv kaw txoj kev kom txo cov tsheb khiav, qee zaum lawv cia tsheb hla dhau. Cov tshuaj ua tib yam li ntawd nrog cov neurotransmitters.

Cov tshuaj tuaj yeem:

• Thaiv cov enzyme uas rhuav tshem cov neurotransmitter, ua rau ntau cov neurotransmitter ntawd mus txog cov hlab ntsha receptors.
• Piv txwv li: Donepezil, Galantamine, thiab Rivastigmine thaiv cov enzyme acetylcholinesterase, uas rhuav tshem cov neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Cov tshuaj no yog siv los tswj thiab txhim kho kev nco thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev paub rau cov neeg uas muaj tus kab mob Alzheimer thiab lwm yam kab mob neurodegenerative.

• Thaiv cov neurotransmitter kom tsis txhob mus txog nws qhov chaw receptor.
• Piv txwv li: SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) yog ib hom tshuaj uas thaiv kev rov qab nqus serotonin rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem pab kho kev nyuaj siab, kev ntxhov siab, thiab lwm yam mob hlwb.

• Thaiv qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov neurotransmitter los ntawm lub hlwb ntawm lub paj hlwb.
• Piv txwv li: Lithium, ib yam tshuaj siv los kho kev ntxhov siab, ua haujlwm los ntawm kev thaiv qhov tso tawm ntawm norepinephrine, rau qee qhov. Nws yog siv los kho kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar .

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov (Cov Lus Coj Mus Tsev)

Yog li, tej zaum koj yuav nkag siab tias cov neurotransmitters yog cov tub xa xov me me tseem ceeb uas koom nrog yuav luag txhua txoj haujlwm hauv peb lub cev. Hais yooj yim, lawv yog cov tub xa xov tshuaj uas nqa cov lus ntawm ib lub paj hlwb los ntawm ib lub paj hlwb mus rau lwm lub. Yog tsis muaj cov neurotransmitters, peb lub cev tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm.

Yog tias muaj ntau dhau los yog tsawg dhau ntawm ib yam tshuaj neurotransmitter, ces yuav ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv. Ntau yam tshuaj uas peb noj ua haujlwm los ua kom cov neurotransmitters no ntau dua los yog tsawg dua.

Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj muaj kev tsis xis nyob ntawm lub hlwb, teeb meem nco qab, pw tsis tsaug zog, lossis yog tias koj pom tias koj tus cwj pwm hloov pauv, tsis txhob yig mus nrog kws kho mob tham. Tej zaum nws yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov no (neurotransmitters). Muaj kev kho mob tsim nyog rau qhov ntawd.

Vam tias kev paub txog cov tshuaj lom neeg zoo kawg no hauv koj lub cev yuav pab koj nkag siab zoo dua txog koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv!

Cov tshuaj xa xov ntawm lub paj hlwb, lub hlwb, lub paj hlwb, cov tshuaj xa xov, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub hlwb, kev xav