Cia peb kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm opsonization uas pab peb lub cev tiv thaiv.

Koj nyob li cas? Hnub no peb yuav tham txog ib qho txheej txheem zoo kawg thiab tseem ceeb heev uas tshwm sim hauv peb lub cev. Nws zoo li ib yam tshwj xeeb uas pab peb lub cev tiv thaiv. Tej zaum koj yuav tau hnov ​​​​lo lus no, thiab nws hu ua opsonization. Thaum koj kawm txog nws, koj yuav nkag siab tias peb lub cev ua haujlwm zoo kawg li cas.

Opsonization yog dab tsi?

Hais yooj yim xwb, kev kho mob opsonization yog ib qho txheej txheem uas pab peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws ua haujlwm los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas thiab rhuav tshem cov kab mob phem, xws li cov kab mob (xws li cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob), lossis peb cov hlwb uas tau tuag lossis raug puas tsuaj. Xav txog koj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo li ib pab neeg tshwj xeeb uas tiv thaiv koj lub cev. Lawv ib txwm saib xyuas koj lub cev, nrhiav txhua yam uas yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij lossis kab mob.

Cov feem sib txawv ntawm peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob - cov kab mob, cov hlwb, cov protein, cov tshuaj - txhua yam ua haujlwm ua ke. Qee qhov mus ncig lub cev nrhiav cov neeg nkag tebchaws. Lwm qhov rhuav tshem cov khoom uas ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj. Thaum ntawd cov protein hu ua opsonins tuaj cawm. Cov opsonins no npog cov kab mob thiab 'cim' lawv. Tom qab ntawd lwm cov hlwb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem paub lawv thiab rhuav tshem lawv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm opsonization cim cov hlwb tuag thiab cov hlwb tuag, cov hlwb kis kab mob, thiab txawm tias cov hlwb mob qog noj ntshav.

Opsonin yog dab tsi?

Peb hu 'opsonins' ua ib pawg ntawm cov protein sib txawv. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog khi rau cov cell thiab tej yam xws li cov kab mob , thiab pab ib hom cell tshwj xeeb hauv peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob - peb hu lawv ua phagocytes - paub thiab 'nqos' lawv. Xav txog nws zoo li ua ib lub tais noj qab thiab nthuav qhia nws zoo nkauj hauv txoj kev uas ua rau koj xav noj nws.

Qee cov opsonins ntab tau yooj yim hauv peb cov ntshav lossis cov kua dej lymph. Lwm cov yog tsim thaum peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua haujlwm, los ntawm lwm cov protein. Feem ntau, cov khoom xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob , uas koj yuav tau hnov ​​​​​​txog, kuj ua haujlwm ua opsonins thaum ua lwm yam haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Cov hlwb ntawd, hu ua phagocytes , txuas nrog opsonins zoo li ib lub choj. Tom qab ntawd lawv siv lub choj ntawd los nqos thiab rhuav tshem yam uas lawv xav rhuav tshem. Yog vim li ntawd opsonins kuj hu ua 'bridging molecules.' Koj puas nkag siab?

Cov txheej txheem ntawm phagocytosis yog dab tsi?

PhagocytosisNws yog ib qho txheej txheem uas peb lub cev rhuav tshem thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom lossis cov tshuaj tsis xav tau. Hais yooj yim xwb, nws txhais tau tias 'txheej txheem ntawm cov hlwb noj thiab rhuav tshem ib yam dab tsi'. Cov no suav nrog cov kab mob , cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws, lossis txawm tias peb cov hlwb.

Dab tsi raug rhuav tshem hauv phagocytosis?

Nov yog qee yam uas raug rhuav tshem los ntawm phagocytosis:

• Ntau hom kab mob xws li cov kab mob virus, bacteria, thiab fungi.
• Cov hlwb uas muaj kab mob.
• Cov cell tuag, laus, lossis puas lawm.
• Cov qog nqaij hlav.
• Cov cell fragments, los yog cov cellular debris.
• Kev sib txuas (synapses) ntawm cov hlwb hlab ntsha uas ua haujlwm tsis zoo.

Lo lus 'phagocytosis' txhais tau tias 'kev noj cov hlwb'. Cov hlwb no, hu ua phagocytes, noj cov hlwb thiab cov kab mob uas tsis xav tau no, lossis 'noj' lawv, thiab rhuav tshem lawv. Tom qab ntawd lub cev tuaj yeem tshem tawm lawv tau yooj yim. Txhua hom hlwb, xws li macrophages , dendritic cells , neutrophils , thiab natural killer (NK) cells , siv cov txheej txheem ntawm opsonization los nrhiav thiab tshem tawm cov khoom tsis xav tau.

Cov qe ntshav phagocyte tau txais cov cim dab tsi?

Cov hlwb ntawd, hu ua phagocytes , txiav txim siab seb puas yuav nqos ib yam dab tsi los yog tsis nqos raws li ntau yam cim qhia. Muaj ntau hom cim qhia no:

• Cov cim 'Nrhiav kuv': Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov protein lossis lwm yam khoom uas pab cov hlwb phagocyte nrhiav cov hlwb lossis cov kab mob uas lawv xav rhuav tshem.
• Cov cim qhia tias noj kuv lossis tsis noj kuv: Raws li lub npe qhia, cov cim no qhia rau phagocyte seb puas yuav noj ib yam dab tsi lossis tsis noj.
• Opsonins: Peb nyuam qhuav tham txog qhov no. Cov no yog cov protein uas khi rau cov cell lossis cov kab mob thiab qhia rau phagocyte kom "nqos qhov no thiab rhuav tshem nws." Lawv kuj ua haujlwm zoo li tus choj, ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau phagocyte txuas rau qhov nws xav rhuav tshem.
• Cov opsonins tsis zoo: Cov no ua qhov txawv. Uas yog, lawv ua rau cov phagocyte tsis muaj zog lossis ua rau nws nyuaj rau ntes thiab rhuav tshem ib yam dab tsi.

Puas muaj piv txwv ntawm kev ua opsonization?

Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau hom opsonins uas peb lub cev siv los paub thiab tshem tawm ntau hom phiaj. Nov yog ob peb yam rau koj kawm txog:

• Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob: Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog ib feem tseem ceeb heev ntawm peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv zoo li lub xauv thiab tus yuam sij,Lawv yog cov tshwj xeeb rau qee qhov ntawm cov kab mob (hu ua antigens) . Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hu ua Immunoglobulin G (IgG) thiab Immunoglobulin M (IgM) kuj ua haujlwm zoo li opsonins.
• Cov yam ntxwv sib txuas: Cov no yog ib pawg ntawm cov protein uas pab peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov protein sib txuas sib txawv ua haujlwm ua ke los coj cov hlwb phagocyte mus rau qhov chaw uas lawv xav tau raug rhuav tshem. C1q, C3, C3b , thiab C4b yog txhua hom opsonins.
• Phosphatidylserine-binding opsonins: Phosphatidylserine yog ib lub cim 'noj kuv'. Thaum cov cell yuav tuag ( apoptosis ), lub cim no raug tso tawm los ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub cell. Ntau cov opsonins, xws li Annexin A1 , Apolipoprotein H , Del-1 , Gas6, thiab Protein S, tuaj yeem koom nrog qhov no.
• Lwm cov opsonins: Ntxiv rau cov no, cov protein xws li calreticulin , fibronectin , ficolins (cov no yog cov protein paub txog tus qauv), mannose-binding lectin , mis nyuj rog globulin (lactadherin) , thiab pentraxins kuj ua haujlwm ua opsonins. Txawm hais tias cov npe no yuav zoo li nyuaj me ntsis, tag nrho cov no pab tiv thaiv peb lub cev.

Opsonization ua dab tsi hauv phagocytosis?

Raws li peb tau hais ua ntej lawm, cov hlwb hu ua phagocytes 'noj' cov kab mob thiab cov hlwb uas peb lub cev tsis xav tau, uas hu ua phagocytosis , yog li lub cev tuaj yeem tshem tawm lawv yooj yim. Thaum ntawd opsonins tuaj cawm. Opsonins npog cov hlwb thiab cov neeg nkag tebchaws uas lawv xav rhuav tshem. Nws zoo li ntxiv cov txuj lom rau hauv ib lub tais kom nws qab thiab qab dua. Thaum phagocytes pom cov 'txuj lom' no, lawv ua rau nws zoo li 'qab'. (Qhov tseeb, lo lus 'opsonization' los ntawm lo lus Greek txhais tau tias 'ua kom qab'!)

Cov hlwb phagocyte raug nyiam rau lub txheej opsonin no, uas tom qab ntawd khi rau lawv cov receptors.Lawv siv cov khoom hu ua opsonins los lo rau nws. Ua li ntawd, opsonins zoo li rab diav rawg uas pab lawv ntes cov khoom noj qab ntawd. Tom qab ntawd cov phagocyte rub cov 'khoom noj' ntawd los rau hauv, rhuav nws, thiab 'zom' nws.

Kev opsonization tshwm sim li cas?

Muaj ntau ntau yam txheej txheem sib txawv uas ua rau muaj opsonization. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yog:

• Kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas muaj los ntawm sab hauv: Cov protein zoo li C3 hauv peb lub cev paub thiab khi rau cov kab mob me me, cov kab mob me me, lossis cov pwm. Qhov no yog ib kauj ruam hauv kev ua kom tsis muaj zog. Qhov no yog lub tshuab tiv thaiv uas peb lub cev yug los nrog.
• Kev teb tiv thaiv kab mob uas hloov tau: Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob paub txog cov antigens los ntawm cov kab mob me me, cov kab mob me me, lossis lwm yam kab mob uas tau txheeb xyuas ua ntej. Zoo li lub xauv thiab tus yuam sij, cov no sib haum ua ke los tsim cov antigen-antibody complex . Cov protein sib txuas ces khi rau cov complex no thiab npog cov kab mob lossis lub cell nrog ntau opsonins. Qhov no yog ib yam dab tsi uas peb lub cev kawm dhau sijhawm.
• Cov cim 'Noj kuv': Thaum cov hlwb puas tsuaj lossis yuav luag tuag, lawv xa cov cim mus rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom 'rhuav tshem kuv.' Cov neeg Opsonins paub cov cim no thiab khi rau lawv.

Muaj ntau kauj ruam hauv txhua txoj kev no, thiab txhua yam ntawm lawv los ua ke los ua kom peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua haujlwm.

Vim li cas Opsonization thiaj li tseem ceeb?

Koj paub, cov kab mob muaj lub tswv yim ntse heev. Vim lawv xav tau kom muaj sia nyob, lawv sim nkaum lossis khiav ntawm peb cov hlwb tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum ntawd cov txheej txheem opsonization tseem ceeb heev. Nws pab cov hlwb phagocyte nrhiav tau cov kab mob zais cia yooj yim dua, txuas rau nws, thiab thaum kawg rhuav tshem nws.

Ib yam li ntawd, peb cov hlwb siv opsonization los qhia rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, 'Kuv kis tus kab mob,' 'Kuv puas tsuaj,' lossis 'Kuv yuav tuag.' Thaum lub cev tau txais lub cim no, nws paub tias yuav tsum tshem tawm cov hlwb ntawd.

Hais yooj yim xwb, kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo li ib txoj kev sib txuas lus tseem ceeb uas ua rau peb lub cev noj qab nyob zoo. Yog tsis muaj nws, peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav muaj teeb meem ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Cov teeb meem nrog opsonization puas ua rau muaj mob?

Yog, yeej muaj tseeb. Phagocytosis tuaj yeem raug cuam tshuam vim yog qee yam kev mob caj ces , kev tsis haum rau qee yam tshuaj, lossis lwm yam ua rau .Kev tsis muaj zog ntawm lub cev thiab lwm yam kab mob ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem hloov txoj kev uas peb lub cev paub txog yam uas yog thiab yam uas tsis yog kev phom sij. Xav txog qhov no:

• Koj cov qe ntshav phagocyte yuav tsis muaj peev xwm rhuav tshem cov tshuaj lom xws li cov qe ntshav uas puas lawm, cov kab mob me me, thiab cov kab mob virus. Cov tshuaj lom no ces tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke hauv lub cev thiab ua rau muaj kab mob.
• Txwv tsis pub, koj cov hlwb phagocyte tuaj yeem pib rhuav tshem cov khoom uas yuav tsum tsis txhob raug rhuav tshem, xws li cov hlwb noj qab haus huv. Nws zoo li koj cov tub rog tawm tsam nws tus kheej.

Txawm yog qhov teeb meem dab tsi los xij, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov kab mob autoimmune , xws li lupus , lossis cov kab mob neurological xws li Alzheimer's . Koj kuj tseem yuav tau txais kev kis kab mob ntau dua lossis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav ntau dua.

Puas siv tau opsonization los kho cov kab mob?

Qhov no yog ib lo lus nug zoo heev. Cov kws kho mob twb tab tom tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev siv cov txheej txheem no ntawm opsonization los kho cov kab mob. Lawv txoj kev cia siab yog los tsim cov hauv kev los pab peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm opsonizing cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis tiv thaiv cov hlwb noj qab haus huv kom tsis txhob raug opsonized. Kev tshawb fawb no yuav pab tsim kev kho mob rau cov kab mob xws li:

• Mob Cancer: Nws tuaj yeem 'cim' cov hlwb mob cancer thiab pab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob rhuav tshem lawv.
• Cov kab mob sib kis: Txoj kev no tuaj yeem pab tau tshwj xeeb hauv kev tawm tsam qee yam kab mob bacterial.
• Cov kab mob autoimmune: Lawv sim tiv thaiv cov hlwb noj qab haus huv kom tsis txhob "cim" thiab txo qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj.

Tsis yog li ntawd xwb, cov kws tshawb fawb kuj siv cov txheej txheem ntawm opsonization los sim seb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua haujlwm zoo li cas. Cov kev xeem no hu ua opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA) . Yog li qhov no yog ib qho chaw tshawb fawb zoo heev.

Ob peb yam uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov luv luv

Zoo, yog li peb tau tham ntau txog kev opsonization, puas yog? Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb heev ntawm peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws zoo li tsim ib lub choj ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv peb lub cev thiab cov hlwb uas rhuav tshem lawv.

Koj puas nco qab kuv hais li cas tias txawm tias cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo uas cov menyuam yaus tsis nyiam kuj yuav noj lawv yog tias koj ntxiv me ntsis tsw rau lawv? Qhov ntawd yog qhov opsonization yog txhua yam hais txog. Nws tso cai rau cov phagocytes ntawdNws tsis yog tsuas ua rau cov 'zaub mov' qab rau cov cell xwb, tab sis nws kuj muab ib rab diav rawg rau lawv tuav. Ces lawv tuaj yeem mus ncaj qha rau nws thiab noj nws!

Yog li ntawd, kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo li ib tug phab ej ntsiag to uas pab kom peb lub cev noj qab haus huv thiab tiv thaiv kab mob. Vim tias cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim zoo peb thiaj li tsis mob feem ntau. Yog li, puas tsim nyog paub me ntsis txog cov yam zoo kawg no uas tshwm sim hauv peb lub cev? Kuv vam tias qhov kev paub no yuav pab koj thiab koj tsev neeg kom noj qab haus huv.

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