"Mutation" tih thumal kan hriat hian science fiction movie-a thiltihtheihna mak tak tak nei character kan ngaihtuah thin a ni lawm ni? Mahse a nihna takah chuan hei hi thil pangngai tak, kan taksa chhunga thil thleng reng reng a ni. Heng inthlak danglamna tam zawk hian harsatna a thlen lo nain a chang chuan heng inthlak danglamna tenau te hian kan hriselnaah nghawng lian tak a nei thei a ni. Chuvangin lungngai suh, vawiinah hian heng mutations te hi eng nge an nih, an chi hnih lian ber chu eng nge ni tih leh kan nun a nghawng dan te kan sawi dawn a ni.
A hmasain DNA mutation chu eng nge a nih i en ang u.
Hei hi hrethiam tur chuan DNA chu eng nge a nih kan hriatthiam hmasak a ngai a ni. I taksa chu building lian tak angin han mitthla teh. Chu building sak dan tur ruahmanna kimchang, chu chu pindan tin sak dan tur, kawngkhar leh tukverh dahna tur hmun, wiring siam dan tur leh a dangte awmna instruction book lian tak a awm a. Chutiang bawkin DNA hi kan taksaa cell tinte hnathawh dan tur hrilhtu "instruction book" a ni.
He DNA an tih instruction book-a thu awmte hi lehkhaa tihsual ang maia inthlak danglamna a awm chuan, chu chu mutation kan ti a ni. Heng inthlak danglamna te hi kan taksaa cell te inthen darh a, cell thar a lo pian hian a thleng fo thin.
A pawimawh ber chu heng inthlak danglamna, a nih loh leh mutations sang tam tak awm thei mah se, a tam zawk hian kan hriselna a nghawng lo. Mahse, mutations thenkhat chuan genetic condition hrang hrang a thlen thei a ni.
Kan sawi tur mutation hi chi hnih lian tak a awm a, chungte chu:
1. Germline inthlak danglamna
2. Somatic mutations a awm thin
Germline leh somatic mutations: An pahnih hi eng nge an danglamna?
Heng hming pahnih hi a buaithlak deuhin a lang thei a, mahse a takah chuan a awlsam hle. Cake i siam dawn tih han ngaihtuah teh.
Germline Mutation hi cake-a thil pawimawh tak tak, flour, sugar, leh egg te i pawlh hian a thleng thin a ni. Entirnan, sugar aiah chi tlem i pawlh chuan i cake siam pum pui hian chutiang danglamna chu a nei vek ang. Tin, chu cake pakhat chu la in cake dang (chu chu, thlah lo awm turte) i siam chuan, chu inthlak danglamna chu chu cake-ah chuan a kal ve bawk ang.
Somatic Mutation hi cake mix leh bake ang chi a ni a, chocolate sauce tlem te chu cake hmun khatah a tla thla thin. Tichuan a danglamna chu cake chunga chu hmun te tak teah chauh a ni. Cake pum pui ni lovin. Tin, chu cake chu a dang i la a, cake dang i siam leh a nih chuan chocolate sauce chu a tlakna hmunah a kal lo ang.
He inthlauhna hi sawifiah lehzual turin he table hi han en ila.
| Point of comparison a ni | Germline Mutations te hi a awm a | Somatic Mutations atanga lo chhuak a ni |
|---|---|---|
| Khawiah nge inthlak danglamna chu a thlen? | Nu leh pate reproductive cells-ah (chu chu mipa sperm-ah emaw hmeichhe egg-ah emaw a ni). | Taksa cell eng pawhah (mahse reproductive cell-ah erawh chuan a ni lo). |
| Hrilhfiahna a ni em? (Hereditary) a ni. | Awle. Naupangte hian an nu leh pate hnen atangin an rochun thin. | Ni lo, mi dam chhunga thil thleng a ni. Naupang rochun a ni lo. |
| Engtikah nge a lo awm? | Nau a pai hmain, nu leh pa cell-ah. | Nau a pai hnuah, nunah engtik lai pawhin. |
| Taksa a nghawng dan | He mutation hi naupang taksa chhunga cell tinah a awm vek a ni. | He danglamna hi mutation thlentu cell atanga inthen cell tharah chauh a awm a ni. |
Germline Mutations te hi a thuk deuh hlek a
A awlsam zawngin, hengte hi "hereditary diseases" thlentu an ni. Nu egg emaw, pa sperm emaw DNA-ah inthlak danglamna (mutation) a awm chuan, chu egg leh sperm chu an inzawm khawm a, fa an siam chuan chu naupang taksa chhunga cell tin hian chu inthlak danglamna chu an rochun ta a ni. Chu inthlâk danglamna chu cell hmasa ber aṭanga lo awm a nih vâng a ni. Chuvang chuan chhungkuaa mi pakhatin natna a neih thenkhat chu naupangteah pawh a awm thei a ni.
Somatic Mutations te hi a thuk deuh hlek a ni
Hengte hi kan dam chhung zawnga inthlak danglamna (random change) a ni. Hei hi chhan tam tak a awm thei. Entir nan:
- Ni atanga UV rays tha lo tak tak laka invenna.
- Meizial zuk.
- Chemical thenkhat nena inzawmna.
- Cell inthen darh avanga random mistake thleng thin.
I vunah cell pakhat chu ni êngin a tichhe a, a DNA-ah danglamna tlemte a nei niin han ngaihtuah teh. Tichuan, chu cell chu a inthen chuan a siam chhuah cell thar zawng zawng chuan chu DNA chu an nei vek a ni. Hun a kal zel a, heng cell danglam tam tak hi an pung khawm a, a châng chuan vun cancer ang chi dinhmun a thlen ṭhin. Mahse he inthlak danglamna hi i vun hmun khatah chauh a awm. I taksa peng danga cell te hian he inthlak danglamna hi an nei lo. Tin, i fate pawhin an rochun dawn lo.
Heng mutations te hian eng natna nge a thlen theih?
Kan sawi tawh ang khan mutation zawng zawng hian natna a thlen vek lo a, mahse mutation thenkhat chuan hriselna lama harsatna a thlen tho.
Germline mutations (inherited) avanga natna lo awm te .
Chutiang natna chu za tam tak a awm a. Sawiho tam ber thenkhat chu:
- Sickle Cell Disease: Thisen sen (red blood cells) pianzia inthlak danglam avanga lo awm thin.
- Cystic Fibrosis: Taksa chhunga mucus (mucus ang chi) thicking avanga lung leh chaw ei kawng tichhe thei natna a ni.
- Tay-Sachs Disease: Genetic natna a ni a, nervous system tichhe thei a ni.
- Huntington’s Disease: Natna a ni a, thluak cell te chu zawi zawiin a chhe vek a.
Somatic mutations avanga natna lo awm
Hengte hi dam chhung zawnga thleng thin a nih avangin heng zinga a tam zawk hi cancer chi hrang hrang an ni.
- Vun Cancer a ni
- Lung Cancer a ni
- McCune-Albright natna vei a ni
- Sturge-Weber Syndrome natna a ni
Heng mutations te hi hriatchhuahna tur test a awm em?
Awle. Genetic test hmangin DNA-a heng inthlak danglamna te hi a hriat theih a ni. Miin chhungkaw history-a genetic diseases nei a nih chuan nu leh pate chuan fa an neih hmain heng test te hi an ti thei a, an fain fa a neih chuan natna a rochun theihna tur hlauhawmna chu eng nge ni tih hriat theih a ni.
Mahse hetiang test hi neih leh neih loh, a result eng nge a nih dawn tih leh engtin nge i hmachhawn dawn tih i ngaihtuah hmain i doctor nen inbia a, a hnen atanga thurawn dik tak i lak hmasak a pawimawh hle.
Mutations hi kan veng thei ang em?
Hei hi zawhna pawimawh tak a ni. A chhânna chu ṭhen hniha pêk a ngai a ni.
1. Germline mutations (inherited): Hengte hi kan nu leh pate rochun a nih avangin kan veng thei lo . Mahse, genetic testing hian a hlauhawmna chu a hmain a hriat theih nan leh chu mi ang chuan thutlukna siam turin a pui thei a ni.
2. Somatic mutations (dam chhunga lo awm): Hengte hi pumpelh kim theih ni lo mah se, a hlauhawmna tihziaawmna tur thil tam tak kan tih theih a awm. Chu chu nunphung hrisel vawn reng tihna a ni.
Somatic mutations awm theihna tihtlem dan tur:
- Ni chhuahna hmuna i chhuah hunah: Darkar lum ber lai ni chhuahna hmuna i chhuah chuan sunscreen tha tak hmang rawh . Kawrfual ha rawh. UV rays lakah i vun hi a theih ang angin venghim rawh.
- Chemical hmanga hna i thawh chuan: Hnathawh tur emaw, thil dang emaw atana chemical hmanga hna i thawh chuan, invenna thawmhnaw, kutkawr, leh hmai tuamna bun ngei ngei tur a ni .
- Meizial zu hi pumpelh vek rawh: Meizial hi somatic mutations thlentu lian tak a ni a, hei hi cancer chi hrang hrang, lung cancer te pawh thlentu lian tak a ni.
- Nun hrisel: Ei leh in inthlau tak ei rawh. Thlai leh thei ei tam zawk rawh. Exercise tih fo thin ang che . Heng thilte hian taksa cell hrisel taka vawn rengna kawngah nasa takin a pui a ni.
Take-Home Thuchah a ni
- DNA hi kan taksa chhunga cell awmte hnathawh dan tur hrilhtu "instruction book" a ni. Mutation chu chu instruction book-a inthlak danglamna tlemte a ni.
- Germline mutations chu nu leh pa atanga rochun a ni. Naupang taksa cell tinah an awm vek a ni.
- Somatic mutations hi dam chhunga lo awm thin te hi a ni. Chhuan hrang hrangah an lo inhlangkai lo.
- Mutations tam zawk hian kan taksa a tichhe lo a, thenkhat erawh chuan natna a thlen thei a ni.
- Hereditary mutations hi ven theih ni lo mah se, nunphung hrisel tak chuan dam chhunga mutations lo awm theihna a ti tlem thei a ni.
- I chhungkuaa mi pakhatin genetic disease a neih a, chu chu hlauhthawn leh rinhlelhna i neih chuan, chu chu nangmah chauhin ngaihtuah suh, mahse i doctor hmu la, biak ngei ngei tur a ni.
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