E whakaaro ana koe i ētahi wā, "He rite tonu ōku kanohi ki ō tōku whaea" he rite rānei ōku makawe ki ō tōku pāpā"? He maha ngā āhuatanga o tō tātou āhua me ō tātou whanonga i riro mai i ō tātou whaea me ō tātou pāpā. Ko te take o tēnei he ira. Nō reira, i tēnei rā ka kōrero tātou mō tētahi mea tino nui e pā ana ki ēnei ira. Ko te āhua e kiia nei ko te `(Homozygous)`. Ahakoa he ahua uaua te ingoa, he tino māmā noa iho. Kia kite tātou?
He aha te Homozygous?
Āe, whakaarohia pēnei. E rua ngā tārua o ia ira ka riro mai i ō tātou mātua tūturu. Kotahi mai i tō tātou whaea, kotahi mai i tō tātou pāpā. I ētahi wā, he ōrite tonu te tārua o te ira mai i tō tātou whaea me te tārua o te ira mai i tō tātou pāpā. Koinei te mea e kiia nei e tātou he "Homozygous" i roto i te ira.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, mō tētahi āhuatanga motuhake (hei tauira, te tae o ngā kanohi), ka riro i a koe te huinga tohutohu ira kotahi mai i ō mātua e rua. Ka kiia ēnei huinga ira ōrite he alleles. Nō reira, ki te riro i a koe ngā alleles e rua o te ōrite, he homozygous koe mō taua ira. Koinei te take o ētahi āhuatanga, pērā i ngā kanohi kikorangi me ngā makawe whero. Engari i ētahi wā, ki te whakarerekētia ngā ira e rua, ka puta pea ētahi āhuatanga ira.
He aha te ira?
Neke atu i te 99% o ngā ira ōrite kei roto i ō tātou tinana katoa. Engari he iti noa iho te ōrau (iti iho i te 1%) o ngā ira he iti noa ngā rerekētanga mai i tētahi tangata ki tētahi atu. Ko ēnei 'putanga' rerekē o te ira ka kiia he arel. Ko ēnei rerekētanga iti nei te mea e homai ana ki a koe ō āhuatanga ahurei.
He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te Homozygous me te Heterozygous?
He āhua ōrite te tangi o ēnei kupu e rua, nō reira ka pōhēhē pea. Engari he tino māmā te rerekētanga. Me titiro tātou ki tētahi ripanga iti hei whakamāmā ake i te mārama.
| Āhuatanga | Homozygous | Heterozygous |
|---|---|---|
| Te tikanga | Ko te tikanga o te kupu "Homo" he "rite tonu." Ko tōna tikanga ka riro mai ngā momo ira kotahi i ngā mātua e rua. | Ko te tikanga o "Hetero" he "rereke." Arā, e rua ngā momo ira rerekē o te tangata mai i ia mātua. |
| Tauira | Ki te tangohia e koe te ira mō te tae o ngā kanohi, ka riro mai i a koe te ira mō te parauri mai i tō whaea, me te ira mō te parauri mai i tō pāpā. | Ki te tangohia e tātou te ira mō te tae o ngā kanohi, ka riro mai i tō tātou whaea te ira mō te parauri, me te ira mō te kikorangi mai i tō tātou pāpā. |
Kia maumahara noa: Ko te ira kotahi te ira kotahi = e rua ngā tārua o te ira kotahi. Ko te ira rerekē te ira kotahi = e rua ngā tārua rerekē o te ira kotahi.
He aha ngā āhuatanga 'rangatira' me ngā āhuatanga 'toenga'?
Ina kōrerohia ngā ira, e rua ngā kupu e tika ana kia mōhiotia, ko te 'dominant' me te 'recessive'.
- Ārai matua: He rite tēnei ki te tamaiti tino whanoke o te akomanga. Ko ia anake te mea kāore e haruru. Arā, ki te mea he ārai matua, ka kitea te āhuatanga e whakaatuhia ana e ia. Ka tuhia ēnei ki ngā reta matua Ingarihi (hei tauira, B, F, D).
- Ārai whakamuri: He rite tēnei ki tētahi tamaiti marino, whakatārewatanga. Kia puta mai ai tōna āhuatanga, me whakakotahi ki tētahi atu ārai whakamuri pērā i a ia. Ka tuhia ēnei ki ngā reta Pākehā māmā (hei tauira: b, f, d).
Nā, me pēhea tēnei e puta ai i roto i te āhuatanga `(Homozygous)`?
Ka taea e koe te whai i ngā ira matua e rua. Ka kiia e mātou ko te ira matua homozygous (hei tauira, BB ). Ka taea rānei e koe te whai i ngā ira whakahoki e rua. Ka kiia e mātou ko te ira matua homozygous (hei tauira, bb ).
Ki te whiwhi te tangata `(Heterozygous)` (hei tauira, Bb ) i ngā ira matua (B) me ngā ira heke (b), ko te āhuatanga matua anake ka kitea. Engari mō te tangata `(Homozygous)`, kāore tēnei e tupu. Nā te mea he ōrite ngā ira e rua, ka kitea te āhuatanga i te ara kotahi.
He aha ngā āhuatanga noa e puta mai ana i te ira homozygous?
He maha ngā mea, pērā i tō tātou āhua me te āhua o ngā wāhanga rerekē o tō tātou tinana, e whakatauhia ana e ēnei ira '(Homozygous)'. Me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira.
| Āhuatanga | Te Mana Matua Homozygous | Homozygous Recessive |
|---|---|---|
| Tae kanohi | BB - Ngā kanohi parauri (koinei te āhuatanga matua) | bb - ngā kanohi o tētahi atu tae, pērā i te kikorangi, te kakariki rānei |
| Ngā iraira | FF - Te wāhi o te ira i te mata (tino nui) | ff - Kāore he iraira |
| Makawe miro | HH - He makawe miro (rangatira) | hh - he makawe tika (tika) |
| Ngā puru taringa | UU - Taringa iri (matua) | uu - te āhua o ngā taringa e piri ana ki waho |
Ngā mate ka pā mai i te homozygous
Pērā i ngā mea pai, i ētahi wā ka arahi pea tēnei āhuatanga `(Homozygous)` ki ngā mate ira. He aha te āhua o tēnā?
Whakaarohia he ira ngoikore, he ira whakaheke tō te whaea me te pāpā e puta ai tētahi mate. Engari kāore tētahi o rāua e pāngia e taua mate, nā te mea he ira matua, he ira hauora tō rāua e pehi ana i taua mate (arā, he 'Heterozygous' rāua). Heoi, ki te whānau mai tētahi tamaiti me taua ira whakaheke tō te whaea me te pāpā, ka 'Homozygous Recessive' taua tamaiti mō taua ira. Kātahi ka nui te tūponotanga ka puta taua mate ira.
Anei ētahi o ngā mate ka pā mai pea:
- Te Pūkahukahu Kirikiri: Ka puta tēnei mate i te rua o ngā tārua hapa o te ira CFTR. Ka matotoru te hūpē o te tinana (he hūpē rite ki te wai), ka pā ki te pūnaha manawa me te pūnaha nakunaku.
- Te Mate Kore Pūtau HBB: Ka puta tēnei mate ina tukuna iho ngā tārua hapa e rua o te ira HBB. Ka puta he āhua hē o ngā pūtau toto whero (he āhua hāora) ā, kāore e taea te kawe tika i te hāora.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU): Ka puta tēnei mate i te rua o ngā tārua hapa o te ira PAH. Ka ārai tēnei i te tinana ki te wawahi i te waikawa amino phenylalanine.
He mea nui: Mena he mate ira tō tetahi o tō whānau, he ruarua, he mataku rānei ōu mō taua mate, he pai ake te kōrero ki tō tākuta, ki tētahi tohunga hauora rānei mō taua mate. Mā rātou koe e hoatu ki te tohutohu me te ārahi e hiahiatia ana e koe.
Karere Tangohia ki te Kāinga
- Ko te tikanga o te kupu 'Homozygous' ka riro mai i a koe ngā ira e rua (ngā allele) ōrite mō tētahi āhuatanga mai i tō whaea rāua ko tō pāpā.
- He maha ngā mea, pēnei i te tae o ō kanohi me te kakano o ō makawe, e whakatauhia ana e ēnei ira.
- He ira matua pea tēnei (hei tauira, BB) he ira heke rānei (hei tauira, bb).
- I ētahi wā, mā te tuku iho i ngā tārua hapa e rua o tētahi ira ka puta ngā āhuatanga ira pēnei i te Cystic Fibrosis me te Sickle Cell Anemia.
- Mena he āwangawanga āu mō ngā mate ira, he mea tino nui kia rapu tohutohu koe i te tākuta.
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