Skip to main content
🎂 — | ♂/♀ M/F | ⚖️ — kg | 📏 — cm | BMI — | 👟 —
⚡ 88%
🩺 Allergies And Immunity

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯌꯧꯔꯛꯀꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ!

MBBS
Medically Reviewed by MBBS ✓ Medically Reviewed
📅 Updated: Jul 15, 2026 • ⏱ 6 min read • Editorial Policy
ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯌꯧꯔꯛꯀꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ!
Table of Contents ▾

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯩꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥꯁꯨ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯍꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯒꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯆꯝ ꯆꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯍꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯂꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ "ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯅꯍꯦꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ?" ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯈꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯉꯁꯤꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯔꯤꯗꯤꯇꯤ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯖꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ꯫

⚡ Interactive Clinical Tool
⚖️

BMI Calculator

Know your body mass index (BMI) and weight classification

Open Interactive Calculator →

ꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯏ꯫

ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯕꯥ ꯕꯤꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯕꯤꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯨꯞꯔꯤꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯖꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ . ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯖꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯄꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯪꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯖꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯁꯨ ꯖꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯩ꯫

ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯗꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯩꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯏꯅꯍꯦꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯗꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯝꯌꯨꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯏꯅꯍꯦꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯏ .

ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ꯫ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ꯫
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯠꯔꯕꯗꯤ꯫ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯱꯵%
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ꯫ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯴꯰% - ꯵꯰%
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ꯫ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯶꯰% - ꯷꯵%

ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ, ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ 75% ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ . ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯅꯣ?

ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯖꯤꯟ ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ!

ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯖꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ‘ꯁꯤꯗ’ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ . ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯔꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ‘ꯂꯝ’, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯔꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯈꯉ-ꯑꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯖꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯐꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫

꯱.ꯑꯦꯅꯚꯥꯏꯔꯅꯃꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯛꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯔꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

  • ꯌꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯩꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯩꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯩꯁꯥ: ꯐꯃꯨꯡ, ꯇꯥꯎ, ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯖꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ꯫
  • ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ : ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯎꯄꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯨꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫
  • ꯄꯦꯠ ꯗꯥꯟꯗꯔ (pet dander): ꯌꯨꯃꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯔꯨꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯄꯀꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ꯫
  • ꯃꯩꯁꯥ (mold): ꯕꯥꯊꯔꯨꯃꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯇꯔꯨ-ꯇꯅꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯩꯁꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫

꯲.ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯄꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ꯫

ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯡ-ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯒꯥꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯣꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯩꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

3. ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯏꯅꯐꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯑꯉꯀꯄꯥ ꯄꯣꯛꯂꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯚꯥꯏꯔꯁꯀꯤ ꯏꯅꯐꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯏꯝꯝꯌꯨꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

꯴.ꯗꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯐꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯏꯜ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅ-ꯅꯩꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯈꯔꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯩ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ("ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯄꯣꯊꯦꯁꯤꯁ") ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯝꯝꯌꯨꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯖꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ ‘ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ’ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ‘ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯗꯕꯥ’ ꯏꯝꯝꯌꯨꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯩꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯂꯅꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯍꯤꯡꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫

‘ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯄꯤꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ’ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯕꯤꯔꯝꯂꯒꯅꯤ?

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨꯅꯤ꯫ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ‘ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯄꯤꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ’ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯌꯥꯃꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯌꯅꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯦꯔꯦꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ꯫

  • ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ: ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯥ ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫
  • ꯃꯊꯪꯗꯥ: ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯌꯥꯃꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯁꯉ꯭ꯒꯣꯝ, ꯉꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯥ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯨꯗ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫
  • ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯌꯥꯃꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ: ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ ꯁꯣꯟꯊꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯍꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯏꯅꯥꯏꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯩꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯂꯅꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫
  • ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ: ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯈꯔꯗꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯌꯥꯃꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯥ (asthma) ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯈꯣꯡ-ꯈꯨꯠ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯪꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ꯫

ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯂꯥꯡꯇꯛꯅꯒꯅꯨ꯫ ꯖꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯛ ꯐꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫

1. ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ: ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯖꯤꯅꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫

2. ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯪꯕꯤꯌꯨ: ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯝ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯦꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯆꯪꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫

3. ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯔꯣꯟ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ: ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩ ꯃꯩꯈꯨ ꯆꯦꯟꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ꯫ ꯕꯦꯗ ꯁꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯂꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯥꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯀꯎ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯌꯨꯃꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯍꯜꯂꯨ꯫

4. ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ: ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯊꯕꯀꯅꯤ . ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯦꯃꯤꯂꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄꯦꯗꯤꯑꯦꯠꯔꯤꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ-ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯨ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯇꯦꯛ-ꯍꯣꯝ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫

  • ꯖꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯐꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯱꯰꯰% ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ꯫
  • ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ 50% ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ 75% ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫
  • ꯖꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯔꯣꯟ, ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯄꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ, ꯗꯥꯏꯠ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯐꯦꯛꯁꯅꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯁꯨ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫
  • ‘ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯄꯤꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ’ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯉꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯥ, ꯐꯨꯗ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ, ꯈꯣꯡ ꯍꯥꯝꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫
  • ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯛꯇꯥ ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ, ꯁꯨꯞꯅꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯈꯟꯊꯕꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ꯫
🔍 Search Keywords: allergies inherited • allergies inherited symptoms • allergies inherited causes and treatment • allergies inherited sri lanka • ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯌꯧꯔꯛꯀꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ!

🩺 Articles For You

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯃꯥꯡꯂꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯏ.ꯑꯦꯁ. (ꯐꯨꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯤꯟ-ꯏꯟꯗꯨꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯦꯔꯣꯀꯣꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯁ ꯁꯤꯟꯗꯣꯝ)

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯏ.ꯑꯦꯝ.(ꯑꯦꯛꯌꯨꯠ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯃꯤꯅꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯅꯁꯦꯐꯦꯂꯣꯃꯥꯏꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯁ)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ꯫

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯆꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯑꯦꯝ.(ꯑꯦꯛꯌꯨꯠ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯁ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯉꯒꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ?

ADHDꯅꯥ ꯅꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛ-ꯂꯥꯡꯊꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? (ꯀꯝꯄꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯔꯤ & ꯑꯂꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯩꯆ.ꯗꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡ)

ADHDꯅꯥ ꯅꯥꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯐ-ꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ꯫

ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯇꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯑꯦꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯥꯔꯆꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ!

💬 Patient Questions & Comments (0)

Have a question or experience to share? Post a comment or reply to other readers below.

🛡️ Plain Text Only • No Links
👤

No comments yet. Be the first to share your question or experience below.

⚠️ Important: Medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are strictly for educational and awareness purposes and do not substitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified physician for any medical concerns.