Kodi DNA, Majini ndi Ma Chromosomu ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule!

Kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo kuti n’chiyani chinakupangitsani kukhala mmene mulili? Kodi mtundu wa tsitsi lanu, mtundu wa maso anu, kutalika kwanu, mawonekedwe a thupi lanu, zonsezi zimatsimikiziridwa bwanji? Yankho lili m’zinthu izi zomwe tikambirana lero, DNA , majini, ndi ma chromosome . Ngakhale zingamveke ngati mawu asayansi, izi ndi zinthu zosavuta kuzimvetsa. Tiyeni tiwone.

Kodi DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) ndi chiyani? Mwachidule…

Ganizirani thupi lanu lonse ngati buku lalikulu la malangizo. Buku limenelo limakuuzani momwe chiwalo chilichonse cha thupi lanu chiyenera kugwirira ntchito, momwe muyenera kuonekera, komanso momwe muyenera kuonekera. Malangizo amenewo amatchedwa `DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).` Ali mu selo lililonse m'thupi lanu. Mwachidule, DNA ndiye chithunzi cha umunthu wanu.

Kodi DNA imapangidwa ndi chiyani?

DNA ilinso ndi chilankhulo chake cholembera buku la malangizoli. Chilankhulo chimenecho chili ndi zilembo zinayi. Izi ndi izi:

• Adenine (A)
• Cytosine (Cytosine - C)
• Thiamine (Thymine - T)
• Guanine (Guanine – G)

Maziko anayi a mankhwala awa ndi omwe amapanga "mawu" omwe ali m'buku lanu lophunzitsira, okonzedwa motsatira dongosolo linalake. Monga momwe zilembo zathu za Chisinhala zimagwirizanirana kuti zipange mawu. Tangoganizirani, pali pafupifupi 3 biliyoni a maziko awa m'thupi la munthu! 99% ya iwo ndi ofanana kwa munthu aliyense. 1% yotsalayo ndi yomwe imakupangitsani kukhala osiyana ndi ena, munthu wanu wapadera. Kodi sizodabwitsa?

DNA imadzipanga yokha nthawi zonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti imapanga makope a buku la malangizo a thupi lanu, ngati makope olembedwa pamanja. Imagwiritsa ntchito mawu omwe amapangidwa pophatikiza maziko amenewo.

Ndiye majini ndi chiyani?

Majini, kwenikweni, ali ngati zinthu zomangira thupi lanu . Majini ena amapereka malangizo opangira mapuloteni. Ntchito ya mapuloteni ndikuuza thupi lanu makhalidwe akuthupi omwe mukufuna kukhala nawo. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu monga mtundu wa tsitsi lanu ndi mtundu wa maso anu. Majini ena amalemba chinthu chotchedwa `RNA (Ribonucleic acid),` chomwe chimagwira ntchito zina.

Kodi timapeza bwanji majini?

Simungagule majini awa kuchokera ku sitolo yogulitsa majini. Mumawapeza kwa amayi anu ndi abambo anu. Kunena zoona, mumapeza kopi imodzi ya majini anu kuchokera ku dzira la amayi anu ndi kopi imodzi kuchokera ku umuna wa abambo anu. Mukakhala ndi majini awiri, majini amenewo amagawikana, amapanga makope awo, ndipo amagwira ntchito mpaka atadzaza buku lanu lonse la malangizo. Tangoganizirani, pali majini pakati pa 20,000 ndi 25,000 m'thupi lanu!

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone zomwe ma chromosome ali.

Ma chromosome ndi zinthu zofanana ndi ulusi. Ali pakati pa maselo, mu nyukiliyasi. Ma chromosome ali ndi DNA ndi mapuloteni. Amabwera m'makulidwe osiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa ndi mapuloteni apadera otchedwa `Histones` omwe amawapangitsa kukhala ang'onoang'ono komanso otalikirana mkati mwa nyukiliyasi. Tangoganizani, popanda ma histone amenewo, ma chromosome athu akanakhala aatali ngati ife! Ma chromosome ndi malangizo enieni omwe maselo anu amalandira omwe amakupangitsani kukhala apadera komanso apadera.

Kodi anthu ali ndi ma chromosome angati?

Kawirikawiri, munthu wathanzi ayenera kukhala ndi ma chromosome 23 (onse 46). Ma chromosome awa amagawidwa m'magawo 22 okhala ndi manambala (otchedwa `autosomes`) ndi ma chromosome awiri ogonana (ma chromosome a `X` ndi `Y`). Mumalandira peyala imodzi kuchokera kwa amayi anu ndi imodzi kuchokera kwa abambo anu.

Komabe, nthawi zambiri, zolakwika zimachitika pamene maselo amagawanika ndikupanga makope. Izi zikachitika, anthu ena akhoza kukhala ndi chromosome yowonjezera mu awiriawiri (vuto lotchedwa `Trisomy`) kapena chromosome imodzi mu awiriawiri ikhoza kusowa (vuto lotchedwa `Monosomy`).

Kodi pali ubale wotani pakati pa DNA, majini, ndi ma chromosome? Kodi amagwira ntchito bwanji?

Zinthu zitatu izi, DNA, majini, ndi ma chromosome, zimalumikizana ndipo zimagwira ntchito limodzi kuti zipange munthu amene muli.

• Ma chromosome ndi omwe amanyamula DNA mkati mwa maselo.
• DNA ndi yomwe imayang'anira kumanga ndi kusamalira kapangidwe ka thupi lanu la munthu.
• Majini ndi ziwalo za DNA yanu zomwe zimakupatsirani mawonekedwe anu apadera ndikukupangitsani kukhala osiyana ndi ena.

Mwachidule, zonsezi zikagwirizana, thupi lanu limalandira malangizo athunthu omwe amasankha momwe maselo anu ayenera kukhalira.

Kodi DNA ili kuti? Ikuwoneka bwanji?

DNA ili mu selo iliyonse m'thupi lanu. Yaikulu ili mu nyukiliyasi (pakati) pa selo iliyonse. Palinso DNA ina mu mitochondria (tizilombo tating'onoting'ono mkati mwa maselo omwe amapanga mphamvu).

Ponena za mawonekedwe a DNA, imapangidwa ndi maziko anayi a mankhwala omwe atchulidwa kale: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), ndi guanine (G). Magawo awiriwa a maziko amasonkhana pamodzi; A nthawi zonse amalumikizana ndi T, ndipo C nthawi zonse amalumikizana ndi G. Magawo awiriwa a maziko, pamodzi ndi molekyulu ya shuga ndi molekyulu ya phosphate (yotchedwa `nucleotide`), amapanga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi masitepe ozungulira (omwe amatchedwanso `double helix`). Magawo awiriawiri a maziko ali ngati makwerero a masitepe, ndipo shuga ndi phosphate zili ngati ma handrail.

Kodi ma chromosome amawoneka bwanji?

Ma chromosome ali ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi ulusi. Mapuloteni a chromosome ('histones' omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa) amazungulira DNA, ngati ulusi womwe umazungulira ulusi wambiri, ndikukakamiza DNA kukhala zidutswa zazing'ono kuti zigwirizane mkati mwa maselo. Tangoganizirani, ngati ma chromosomes sanazungulire DNA motero, DNA yanu ikanakhala yayitali pafupifupi mamita 6 kuchokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto!

Kodi Matenda a Genetic ndi ati?

Matenda a majini ndi matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha jini yolakwika. Kusintha kwa majini ndi jini yomwe siikukopedwa bwino panthawi yogawa maselo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mawonekedwe ake ndi osiyana ndi majini ena m'thupi. Ngati muli ndi kusintha kwa majini, thupi lanu silingathe kukula ndikugwira ntchito bwino.

Nthawi zina mungalandire kusintha kwa majini kuchokera kwa makolo anu. Nthawi zina mungapangenso kusintha kwa majini m'thupi mwanu mwangozi, popanda aliyense m'banja mwanu amene adakhalapo ndi kusintha kwa majini kapena matenda a majini kale. Pali matenda ambirimbiri a majini ngati awa.

Kodi kusintha kwa majini kumachitika bwanji?

Kusintha kwa majini kumachitika pamene maselo anu amagawanika ndikupanga maselo atsopano. Maselo akagawanika, amakhala ngati kulemba ndi manja buku loyambirira la malangizo a thupi lanu. Pali malo ambiri olakwika pankhaniyi. Zili ngati kulumpha tsamba kapena chaputala pamene mukuwerenga buku. Ngati mwalakwitsa (kusintha kwa majini), buku lanu la malangizo lingapereke malangizo olakwika kwa thupi lanu. Nthawi zina kusintha sikusintha momwe thupi lanu limagwirira ntchito. Koma nthawi zina kusinthaku kungakulepheretseni kugwira ntchito bwino. Zonse zimatengera mtundu wa chinthu chomwe jiniyo ikulemba.

Kodi pali mayeso omwe angayang'ane thanzi la majini anga?

Inde, pali mayeso ambiri a majini. Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha magazi anu, khungu, tsitsi, kapena, ngati muli ndi pakati, madzi amniotic. Mayesowa amatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa majini anu, ma chromosome, kapena mapuloteni. Mayesowa amatha kuzindikira matenda enaake a majini ndi majini osinthika. Komanso, ngati mukuyembekeza kukhala ndi mwana, mayesowa angakuthandizeni kudziwa chiopsezo chanu chokhala ndi mwana wokhala ndi vuto la majini.

Kodi ndingatani kuti ndiwonjezere thanzi la DNA yanga?

Kuti DNA yanu ikhale ndi thanzi labwino, muyenera kusamalira bwino thupi lanu. Chifukwa DNA yanu ndiyo imayang'anira momwe mumakulira komanso momwe mumagwirira ntchito. Mutha kukonza thanzi lanu lonse mwa:

• Idyani zakudya zopatsa thanzi .
• Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.
• Khalani ndi kulemera koyenera.
• Pewani kusuta fodya komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi fodya .

Kodi Chromosome ya Homologous ndi chiyani?

Chromosome yofanana ndi ma chromosome awiri, limodzi lochokera kwa mayi ndi lina lochokera kwa bambo. Onse awiri ayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chofanana cha majini, m'malo omwewo. Ma chromosome nawonso sangakhale ofanana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chidziwitso cha majini chomwe ali nacho ndi chosiyana, kapena chili m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Pomaliza, zomwe muyenera kukumbukira (Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba)

DNA yanu, majini, ndi ma chromosome ndi zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakupangitsani kukhala amene muli. Ngakhale kuti ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kuti asaonekere ndi maso, ntchito yawo ndi yodabwitsa komanso yayikulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndi udindo wanu kutsatira moyo wathanzi ndikusunga DNA yanu, majini, ndi ma chromosome anu akugwira ntchito bwino. Ngati mumadzikonda nokha, ganizirani za anzanu ang'onoang'ono awa omwe ali mkati mwa thupi lanu. Ngati ali bwino ndi pomwe mungakhale bwino.