Kodi ELISA ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tiphunzire za mayeso a labu awa mwachidule!

Mwina munamvapo mawu oti 'ELISA' kuchokera kwa dokotala kapena lipoti la labu , sichoncho? Kapena mwina ndi mawu atsopano. Ndiye, kodi ELISA ndi chiyani, imayang'ana chiyani, ndipo imagwira ntchito bwanji? Tiyeni tikambirane za izi lero, ngati kuti mukulankhula ndi mnzanu. Kenako mutha kumvetsetsa bwino izi.

Kodi ELISA ndi chiyani? Zosavuta kwambiri!

Mwachidule, ELISA ndi njira yapadera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma laboratories. Imagwira ntchito ngati wofufuza. Imayang'ana zinthu zina m'thupi lathu, monga ma antibodies, ma antigen , mapuloteni, ndi mahomoni , ndipo imayesa kuchuluka kwa izo zomwe tili nazo.

Tangoganizirani, mayesowa amachitika potengera chitsanzo cha magazi anu, plasma, mkodzo, malovu, kapena madzi a m'mitsempha (CSF). Mawu akuti 'ELISA' akuyimira 'enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay'. Nthawi zina amatchedwa mayeso a EIA.

Ofufuza amatcha ELISA iyi kukhala muyezo wagolide wa mayeso a chitetezo chamthupi . Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ndi njira yodalirika komanso yolondola kwambiri. Mayeso ogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi ya ELISA angathandize kuzindikira matenda osiyanasiyana , kuyambira matenda a bakiteriya ndi mavairasi (monga matenda a Lyme, HIV) mpaka matenda okhudzana ndi mahomoni monga matenda a chithokomiro .

Kodi mukudziwa kuti ngakhale mayeso a mimba kunyumba amachokera ku njira iyi ya ELISA? Amafufuza kupezeka kwa mahomoni otchedwa human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) , omwe amadziwikanso kuti 'pregnancy hormone'.

Ndiye, kodi mayeso a immunoassay awa ndi otani?

Chabwino, tiyeni tsopano tiwone zomwe mayeso a immunoassays ali. Awa ndi mayeso omwe amadalira kuyanjana pakati pa ma antigen ndi ma antibodies pansi pa zochitika za labotale (ndiko kuti, mu labu, osati mkati mwa thupi lanu).

Kuti mumvetse izi, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kaye momwe ma antibodies ndi ma antigen amagwirira ntchito m'thupi lanu. Ma antibodies ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga chitetezo chamthupi chanu. Amalumikizana ndi zinthu zomwe sizili bwino m'thupi lanu ndikuthandiza kuti zisawonongeke. Ali ngati asilikali achitetezo a dziko lathu. Ma antibodiesAntigen ndi mtundu uliwonse wa chizindikiro chomwe ma antibodies amatha kuzindikira. Ma antigen amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala mapuloteni kapena shuga omwe amapezeka pamwamba pa maselo kapena ma virus.

Ma antigen amapezeka pazinthu zosiyanasiyana , kuphatikizapo:

• Kachilombo
• Mabakiteriya
• Ziwengo - mwachitsanzo, ziwengo mu chakudya, ziwengo mumlengalenga
• Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
• Mapuloteni
• Maselo a khansa
• Maselo abwinobwino m'thupi lanu

Kotero, mu mayeso a chitetezo chamthupi, asayansi mu labu amagwiritsa ntchito ma antigen kapena ma antibodies omwe ali nawo kuti ayese kukhalapo kwa antigen kapena antibody inayake mu chitsanzo chamadzimadzi (monga chitsanzo cha magazi ) chomwe chatengedwa kwa inu. Mwamva?

Mayeso osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya ELISA amatha kuzindikira kupezeka kwa ma antigen ndi ma antibodies enaake.

Kodi njira ya ELISA imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?

Mayeso ambiri azachipatala amachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya ELISA. Koma chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti lipoti lanu la labu lisatchule 'mayeso a ELISA'. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti ELISA ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu labu, ndipo pali mayeso ambirimbiri omwe angachitike pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyo. Monga njira yogwiritsira ntchito pokonzekera chakudya, mutha kukonzekera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyo.

Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito ELISA ndikupeza ndi kuyeza ma antibodies. Mwachitsanzo:

• Ma antibodies olimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya, mavairasi, kapena mafangasi: Zitsanzo za matenda a bakiteriya ndi monga matenda a Lyme, brucellosis, ndi syphilis. Zitsanzo za matenda a mavairasi ndi monga HIV ndi hepatitis A, B, ndi C. Chitsanzo cha matenda a mafangasi ndi matenda a yisiti (candida).
• Ma antibodies a Autoantibodies: Awa ndi ma antibodies omwe chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chimagwiritsa ntchito kuwononga maselo anu. Matenda ambiri a autoimmune amayamba chifukwa cha ma antibodies awa. Chitsanzo ndi matenda a shuga amtundu woyamba. Pankhaniyi, pazifukwa zina zosadziwika, thupi lanu limatumiza ma antibodies a autoantibodies omwe amawononga maselo opanga insulin mu kapamba wanu.

Njira zina zodziwika bwino zogwiritsira ntchito njira ya ELISA ndi izi:

• Kuzindikira ndi kuwunika kuchuluka kwa mahomoni:Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), ndi testosterone.
• Kuyang'anira kufalikira kwa matenda m'dera: Mwachitsanzo, pamene pali kufalikira kwa chlamydia kapena fuluwenza (timaitcha 'fuluwenza').
• Kuyesa magazi operekedwa kuti awone ngati pali zinthu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo: mwachitsanzo, HIV.
• Kuzindikira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo: Mwachitsanzo, kuwona ngati muli ndi amphetamines kapena cocaine m'thupi lanu. Izi ndi mayeso ongowunikira.
• Kuzindikira ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za chotupa: Izi ndi zinthu zilizonse m'thupi lanu zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chokhudza khansa. Chitsanzo ndi mayeso a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) a khansa ya prostate.
• Kuzindikira fumbi ndi ziwengo za chakudya.
• Kufufuza ngati mwalandira katemera wa matenda ena: mwachitsanzo, nsungu ndi rubella.

Kodi njira iyi ya ELISA imagwira ntchito bwanji? Ndi yodabwitsa!

Chabwino, tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe mayeso a ELISA awa amagwirira ntchito. Pali kusiyana pang'ono kutengera ngati akufuna ma antibodies kapena ma antigen . Tiyeni tiyesere kumvetsetsa izi potengera chitsanzo cha kufunafuna ma antibodies. Mayeso ambiri a ELISA amapangidwa okha - ndiko kuti, ntchito zambiri zimachitika ndi makina. Koma kuti timvetse njira iyi, tiyeni tiganizire za mayeso omwe timachita pamanja.

Tangoganizirani kuti mukuyesedwa kachilombo ka HIV (kachilombo kopanda chitetezo chamthupi cha munthu) pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya ELISA, ndipo mwapereka kale magazi. Choyamba, wasayansi kapena katswiri wa labotale ya zamankhwala amaika chidutswa cha kachilombo ka HIV (ichi ndi chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati antigen) pa chubu choyesera kapena mbale yapulasitiki.

Kenako, wasayansi amawonjezera chitsanzo cha magazi anu mu chubu choyesera kapena mbale. Ngati chitsanzo cha magazi anu chili ndi ma antibodies ku HIV, amalumikizana ndi antigen imeneyo (pankhaniyi, kachilombo ka HIV). Ngati chitsanzo cha magazi anu chilibe ma antibodies a HIV, palibe chomwe chidzachitike.

Kenako, wasayansiyo akuwonjezera antibody ina, antibody yachiwiri iyi 'imazindikira' ma antibodies a HIV. Ndiko kuti, antibody yachiwiri iyi imamangirira ku antibody iliyonse ya HIV yomwe idalumikizana kale ndi antigen. Antibody yachiwiri iyi imalumikizidwa ndi enzyme (chinthu chomwe chimafulumizitsa reaction ya mankhwala). Apa ndi pomwe gawo la 'enzyme-linked' la ELISA limachokera.

Mu gawo lomaliza, wasayansi akuwonjezera chinthu chomwe chimagwirizana ndi enzyme.Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati ma antibodies alipo, chinthucho chidzasintha mtundu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati mayeso ali ndi kachilombo, padzakhala kusintha kwa mtundu. Ngati mulibe ma antibodies motsutsana ndi antigen yeniyeniyo (pankhaniyi, kachilombo ka HIV), sipadzakhala kusintha kwa mtundu. Zimenezo zikuwonetsedwa ngati zotsatira zoyipa.

Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti mphamvu ya kusintha kwa mtundu, kutanthauza kuti, mphamvu ya mtunduwo, ikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma antibodies. Choncho njira ya ELISA imatha kuzindikira ngati ma antibodies alipo komanso kuchuluka kwa omwe alipo. Kodi sizodabwitsa?

Kodi zotsatira za mayeso a ELISA ndi ziti?

Zotsatira za mayeso a ELISA zimatha kusiyana kutengera zomwe zikuyesedwa komanso labu yomwe idachita mayesowo. Mayeso ambiri a ELISA amapereka zotsatira zabwino kapena zoipa, koma nthawi zina zotsatira zake zimakhala zosavomerezeka:

• Zotsatira zabwino: Zotsatira zabwino zikutanthauza kuti mayesowo adazindikira zomwe akufuna (monga antibody, hormone).
• Zotsatira zoyipa: Zotsatira zoyipa zikutanthauza kuti mayesowo sanapeze chilichonse chomwe chikufunidwa.
• Zotsatira zosalondola: Zotsatira zosalondola zikutanthauza kuti china chake chalakwika ndi mayesowo. Izi zitha kukhala vuto ndi kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo, mayendedwe, kapena mayeso. Ngati izi zitachitika, muyenera kutenganso mayesowo.

Komabe, dokotala wanu adzakufotokozerani tanthauzo la zotsatira zanu.

Kodi ndiyenera kuda nkhawa ngati zotsatira zanga sizili bwino?

Kungoti zotsatira zanu sizabwinobwino sizitanthauza kuti muli ndi matenda. Nthawi zina, zolakwika pakusonkhanitsa zitsanzo, mayendedwe, kapena kukonza mayeso zingayambitse zotsatira zolakwika.

Vuto limodzi la njira ya ELISA ndi kuthekera kwa zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa.

• Zotsatira zabodza: ​​Izi zikutanthauza kuti zotsatira za mayeso zimasonyeza kukhalapo kwa chinthu chomwe chikukambidwa, ngakhale kuti palibe.
• Zotsatira zabodza: ​​Izi zikutanthauza zotsatira zoyesera zomwe zimasonyeza molakwika kuti chinthu chomwe chikukambidwacho sichilipo, ngakhale kuti chilipodi.

Madokotala nthawi zambiri amachita mayeso ena kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi matenda. Mayeso a ELISA amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mayeso owunikira.

Ngati mutapeza zotsatira zachilendo, dokotala wanu adzakambirana nanu za vutoli. Pamodzi, mudzasankha choti muchite kenako.

Kumbukirani, kaya muli ndi chifukwa chotani chopitira mayeso a ELISA, si matenda omaliza.Kupezeka ndi zotsatira zosazolowereka za ELISA sikutanthauza kuti muli ndi vuto lalikulu la matenda. Ngati mutapeza zotsatira zosazolowereka, dokotala wanu adzaganizira zinthu zingapo ndipo mwina adzalamula kuti muyesedwenso. Musaope kufunsa mafunso.

Ndiye, kodi uthenga wotani womwe tiyenera kukumbukira kuchokera mu nkhaniyi?

Chabwino, ndikukhulupirira kuti tsopano muli ndi lingaliro labwino la ELISA yomwe tidakambirana. Mwachidule:

• ELISA ndi njira yapadera yoyesera ya labu.
• Izi zimatithandiza kuzindikira zinthu zambiri m'thupi lathu, monga ma antibodies, ma antigen , ndi mahomoni .
• Njira imeneyi imathandiza kuzindikira matenda osiyanasiyana monga mimba, matenda opatsirana, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni, ndi ziwengo.
• Zotsatira za mayeso a ELISA zitha kukhala zabwino, zoipa, kapena zosalondola .
• Chofunika kwambiri: Zotsatira za ELISA si matenda omaliza. Ngati mwapeza zotsatira zachilendo, musachite mantha, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu, ndipo pitani kukayezetsanso ngati pakufunika kutero.

Ngati muli ndi mafunso aliwonse, musaope kufunsa dokotala wanu. Iye ndiye munthu wabwino kwambiri woti akuthandizeni. Khalani ndi thanzi labwino!

ELISA , mayeso a magazi, ma antibodies, ma antigen, kuzindikira matenda, mayeso a labu