Kodi ndinu munthu amene mumaonera masewero a zaupandu pa TV? Kapena ndinu munthu amene mumaganiza kuti, "Chachitika ndi chiyani kwenikweni ku imfa iyi?" mukamawona nkhani yokhudza imfa yosadziwika m'nyuzipepala? Nthawi zina ngati izi, mawu amodzi omwe timamva nthawi zambiri ndi "Katswiri wa zaupandu." Koma ambiri a ife sitikudziwa kuti katswiriyu ndi ndani komanso udindo wawo. Lero, tiyeni tikambirane za gawo lofunika kwambiri la zamankhwala.
Kodi 'dokotala wodziwa bwino za milandu' ameneyu ndi ndani?
Mwachidule, katswiri wa matenda a zaukhondo ndi dokotala amene amachita kafukufuku wazachipatala pa imfa zosayembekezereka, zokayikitsa, zachilendo, kapena zachiwawa. Ndiwo amene amafufuza chifukwa cha imfa, momwe imfayo inachitikira, ndi umboni uliwonse wa zachipatala wokhudzana ndi imfayo.
Iwo amachita ntchitoyi makamaka pochita kafukufuku wa imfa, kapena kafukufuku wa thupi . Kutanthauza kuti, kafukufuku wa thupi la munthu womwalirayo. Ntchito yawo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi zamankhwala komanso malamulo.
"Pathology" ndi nthambi ya zamankhwala yomwe imafufuza zitsanzo za minofu ya thupi mu labotale kuti ipeze matenda kapena zolinga za unduna. Mawu oti "forensic" amatanthauza "zokhudzana ndi njira yasayansi yothetsera milandu." Koma ngakhale dzinali lili lotere, si imfa iliyonse yomwe madokotala a unduna amafufuza yomwe ndi unduna. Nthawi zina ikhoza kukhala ngozi kapena matenda osapezeka.
Kodi madokotala awa ali ndi luso lotani?
Katswiri wa zamaganizo ndi munthu amene walandira maphunziro apadera omwe amaposa kwambiri a dokotala wamba. Chidziwitso chake chimakhudza madera angapo. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zili.
| Munda Wapadera | Kufotokozera kosavuta |
|---|---|
| Kuopsa kwa Zakupha | Iyi ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira za poizoni, momwe zimakhudzira thupi, ndi momwe tingazizindikire. Mwachitsanzo, imfa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zinthu monga poizoni wa carbon monoxide, kulumidwa ndi njoka kapena tizilombo, komanso kumwa kwambiri opioid kapena mowa zimafufuzidwa kudzera mu izi. Ku Sri Lanka, imfa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zinthu monga mankhwala a agrochemicals zimakhalanso m'gululi. Ngati wina akukayikira kuti pali poizoni, funsani zambiri zokhudza izi.Mutha kuyimbira National Poison Information Center ku National Hospital. |
| Sayansi ya mfuti ndi zipolopolo (Ballistics) | Izi zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira kayendedwe ka zipolopolo monga zipolopolo ndi zotsatira zake. Ngati munthu wafa chifukwa cha bala lowombera, chidziwitsochi n'chofunikira kuti adziwe momwe chipolopolocho chinalowera m'thupi komanso kuwonongeka komwe chinabweretsa. |
| Umboni Wotsatira | Izi ndi zinthu zazing'ono kwambiri zomwe zimasiyidwa anthu awiri kapena zinthu zikagundana. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu monga chovala, madzi amthupi, ufa wa mfuti, tsitsi, ndi zala. Ngakhale kuti izi sizikuwoneka ndi maso, zitha kukhala umboni wofunikira wotsimikizira chomwe chachititsa imfa. |
| Serology | Izi zikuphatikizapo kufufuza magazi ndi madzi ena a m'thupi. Asayansi ofufuza milandu amafufuza zitsanzozi pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu kapena amagwiritsa ntchito makina osiyanasiyana kuti aziyese. Izi zitha kuwulula zinthu zambiri, monga mtundu wa magazi a womwalirayo komanso ngati anali ndi matenda aliwonse. |
| Ukadaulo wa DNA | DNA ndi chidziwitso chathu cha majini. Asayansi ofufuza milandu amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsa ntchito kuyerekeza chitsanzo cha DNA chomwe chapezeka pamalo ochitira upandu ndi DNA ya munthu amene akukayikiridwa, kapena kutsimikizira kuti thupi losadziwika ndi ndani. |
Kodi katswiri wa zamaganizo amachita chiyani kwenikweni?
Ntchito yaikulu ya wofufuza milandu ndi kudziwa njira, nthawi, ndi momwe imfa yachitikira ngati imfa yosayembekezereka kapena yachiwawa yachitika. Njira ya imfa ndi ngati imfayo inali yakupha munthu, kudzipha, mwangozi, yachilengedwe, kapena yosadziwikiratu.
Kuti apeze zinthu izi, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamalamulo amatsatira njira izi:
- Kutsimikizira kuti munthu wamwalira ndi ndani: Gawo loyamba ndikutsimikizira kuti munthu wamwalirayo ndi ndani. Mfundo zofunika zimasonkhanitsidwa.
- Kuphunzira mbiri ya matenda a womwalirayo: Timayang'ana matenda ndi mankhwala omwe womwalirayo adadwalapo kale, chifukwa izi zingapereke zizindikiro za chomwe chinayambitsa imfayo.
- Kuwunika umboni wa malo omwe panali upandu: Ngati imfa ikuganiziridwa kuti ndi mlandu, timagwira ntchito ndi apolisi kuti tifufuze mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa umboni womwe ulipo pamalo omwe panali upanduwo ndi imfayo.
- Kufufuza mtembo: Iyi ndi ntchito yawo yaikulu. Amafufuza thupi mosamala, kunja ndi mkati, kuti aone ngati pali kuvulala kapena matenda aliwonse. Amalemba chilichonse chomwe apeza, chifukwa uwu ukhoza kukhala umboni wofunikira kwambiri kukhothi.
- Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula umboni wa zaumboni: Umboni wofunikira, monga tsitsi, zidutswa za ulusi, ndi zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa khungu, umasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwunikidwa mu labotale.
Akamaliza kufufuza zonsezi, katswiri wofufuza milandu adzakonza lipoti lonse lolembedwa lofotokoza chifukwa, nthawi, ndi momwe imfa yachitikira. Ngati pakufunika kutero, angafunikenso kupereka umboni ngati mboni ya katswiri kukhoti pankhani imeneyi.
Kuwonjezera pa kufufuza mitembo, akatswiri ofufuza za matenda nthawi zina amafufuza anthu amoyo omwe agwiriridwa kapena kuzunzidwa mwakuthupi.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa Katswiri wa Zachipatala, Wofufuza Milandu ndi Wofufuza Zachipatala?
Ngakhale kuti tamvapo mayina onse atatuwa, pali kusiyana pang'ono. Mu kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ku Sri Lanka, mayinawa angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosiyana.
- Katswiri wa Zachipatala: Uwu ndi ntchito yachipatala yomwe tinkakamba. Iyi ndi digiri ya zachipatala ndi maphunziro omwe dokotala amalandira.
- Wofufuza Zachipatala: Nthawi zambiri uwu ndi udindo wa katswiri wa matenda amilandu yemwe amagwira ntchito m'bungwe la boma (monga Ofesi ya Woyang'anira Zachipatala - ofesi ya JMO). Izi zikutanthauza kuti wina akhoza kukhala Katswiri wa Matenda a Milandu komanso Wofufuza Zachipatala nthawi imodzi.
- Wofufuza milandu: Uyu ndi mkulu wa boma wosankhidwa kapena wosankhidwa. Ntchito yaikulu ndi kutsimikizira chomwe chachititsa imfa. M'mayiko ambiri, Wofufuza milandu si dokotala. Chifukwa chake, amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi katswiri wa matenda a milandu. Ku Sri Lanka, ofufuza milandu amachita ntchitoyi.
Kodi mumakhala bwanji katswiri wa zamalamulo?
Ulendo uwu ndi wautali kwambiri komanso wodzipereka. Kuti mukhale katswiri wa zamalamulo, muyenera kudutsa mfundo zazikulu izi zamaphunziro:
1. Mulingo Wapamwamba: Choyamba, muyenera kuyenerera kulowa mu dipatimenti ya zamankhwala ya yunivesite.
2. Digiri ya zachipatala: Muyenera kuphunzira ku sukulu ya zachipatala kwa zaka 5-6 ndikupeza digiri ya zachipatala ngati MBBS.
3. Kuphunzira ntchito:Mukamaliza maphunziro anu, muyenera kumaliza maphunziro a chaka chimodzi.
4. Maphunziro a Postgraduate: Pambuyo pake, muyenera kuchita maphunziro a postgraduate kuti mupeze ukatswiri mu gawo la Pathology.
5. Maphunziro a akatswiri: Pambuyo pa maphunziro amenewo, muyenera kulandira maphunziro ena apadera pansi pa gawo la akatswiri a Forensic Pathology.
Ndi zonsezi, nthawi zambiri zimatenga zaka 12-14 kuti munthu akhale katswiri wa zamalamulo. Izi zikusonyeza kudzipereka komwe kumafunika kuti achite izi.
Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba
- Katswiri wa zamaganizo ndi dokotala amene amachita kafukufuku wa zachipatala wa imfa zokayikitsa, zosayembekezereka, kapena zachiwawa.
- Ntchito yawo yaikulu ndikuchita kafukufuku wa mtembo kuti adziwe bwino chomwe chinayambitsa imfa, momwe inachitikira, komanso nthawi yomwe inachitikira.
- Si imfa iliyonse imene amaifufuza yomwe iyenera kukhala mlandu; ikhozanso kuchitika chifukwa cha ngozi kapena zinthu zachilengedwe.
- Kukhala katswiri pankhaniyi kumafuna zaka zambiri za maphunziro apadera kuphatikiza digiri ya zamankhwala.
- Zomwe apeza ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito za apolisi komanso kupereka chilungamo.
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