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Kodi mukufuna jakisoni mu msana chifukwa cha ululu wa mwendo? Tiyeni tikambirane za Lumbar Sympathetic Block iyi!

Kodi mukufuna jakisoni mu msana chifukwa cha ululu wa mwendo? Tiyeni tikambirane za Lumbar Sympathetic Block iyi!

Kodi nthawi zina mumamva kupweteka kwa miyendo, mosasamala kanthu kuti mumamwa mankhwala kapena chithandizo chochuluka bwanji? Kapena muli ndi matenda monga matenda a shuga omwe amakupangitsani kukhala kovuta kupirira ululu ndi kutupa kwa miyendo yanu? Dokotala wanu mwina anakuuzani za 'Lumbar Sympathetic Block'. Ngakhale dzinalo lingamveke loopsa komanso lovuta, kwenikweni ndi njira yochiritsira yosavuta komanso yotetezeka yomwe yathandiza anthu ambiri kupeza mpumulo. Tiyeni tikambirane zonsezi m'njira yosavuta lero.

Kodi Lumbar Sympathetic Block ndi chiyani kwenikweni?

Mwachidule, iyi ndi jakisoni yapadera yomwe imaperekedwa m'munsi mwa msana wanu. Imaletsa kwakanthawi zizindikiro za ululu kuti zisafike ku miyendo ndi mapazi anu. Nthawi zina, mankhwala amawonjezeredwa ku jakisoni kuti athandize mitsempha yowonongeka kuchira.

Taganizirani za mitsempha m'matupi mwathu ngati netiweki ya zingwe zamagetsi zomwe zimayenda m'thupi lathu lonse. Zingwezi zimanyamula zizindikiro pakati pa ubongo ndi thupi lonse. Zizindikirozi ndi zomwe zimatilola kumva kupweteka, kukhudza, komanso kugwira ntchito kwa minofu.

Gawo lapadera la dongosolo la mitsempha limeneli limatchedwa mitsempha ya `sympathetic`. Mitsempha imeneyi imalamulira zinthu zomwe zimachitika m'thupi mwathu popanda kuzindikira, mwachitsanzo, kupuma, thukuta, ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi. Koma nthawi zina, pambuyo pa ngozi inayake, mitsempha ya `sympathetic` iyi imayamba kutumiza zizindikiro zopweteka molakwika.

Mitsempha ya `Lumbar sympathetic` ili pansi pa msana wathu, kutsogolo kwa msana. Chifukwa chake jakisoni wa `Lumbar Sympathetic Block` uwu umalimbana ndi mitsempha imeneyo. Ikhoza kuiletsa kutumiza zizindikiro zosafunikira za ululu.

Kodi chipika ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zotani?

Katemerayu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zitatu zazikulu.

Cholinga Kufotokozera kosavuta
Chepetsani ululu Kupereka mpumulo wakanthawi ku ululu woopsa kapena wokhalitsa. Jakisoni uyu amatha kuchepetsa kutupa kwa mitsempha ndikuwathandiza kuchira.
Pezani chifukwa cha ululu.Ngati muli ndi ululu, koma dokotala wanu sakudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa, jakisoni iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mayeso. Ngati ululu uchepa mutalandira jakisoni, zikutanthauza kuti vuto lili ndi mitsempha imeneyo. Ngati ululu suchepa, chomwe chimayambitsa ululucho chingakhale kwina.
Kulamulira ululu musanachite opaleshoni Jekeseni iyi imaperekedwa musanachite opaleshoni komanso mutachita opaleshoni ina kuti muchepetse ululu.

Mikhalidwe yomwe chithandizochi chikulangizidwira

Ngati muli ndi vuto lililonse mwa zotsatirazi lomwe likukhudza miyendo kapena mapazi anu, dokotala wanu angakulangizeni chithandizochi.

  • Matenda Ovuta Kwambiri Okhudza Ululu Wachigawo (CRPS): Matenda a ululu wosatha komanso woopsa kwambiri womwe umachitika pambuyo pa ngozi.
  • Kupweteka kwa Miyendo: Kumva kupweteka kosalekeza mwendo kapena mkono wodulidwa ndi opaleshoni.
  • Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'manja ndi m'mapazi: Thukuta lochuluka m'manja ndi m'mapazi.
  • Matenda a shuga: Kutupa, dzanzi, ndi ululu womwe umabwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha m'miyendo chifukwa cha matenda a shuga.
  • Postherpetic Neuralgia: Kupweteka kwa mitsempha komwe kumachitika munthu akadwala nthenda ya herpes (kachilombo komweko komwe kamayambitsa nthenda ya nkhuku).
  • Matenda a Raynaud: Matenda omwe magazi amatuluka m'zala amachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtundu wa khungu usinthe komanso ululu ukazizira.
  • Kupweteka kwa khansa.
  • Kupweteka kwa mitsempha yamagazi.

Kodi ndiyenera kukonzekera jakisoni iyi pasadakhale?

Nthawi zambiri, izi sizifuna kukonzekera kwapadera.

Komabe, nthawi zina, dokotala angasankhe kukugonetsani tulo (kugona tulo tofa nato). Ngati zili choncho, mudzapemphedwa kuti musale kudya kwa maola pafupifupi 6-8 . Komanso, ndikofunikira kuti wina akutengereni kunyumba mukamaliza opaleshoni.

Chofunika kwambiri ndikutsatira malangizo a dokotala wanu molondola. Ngati muli ndi mafunso, musazengereze kufunsa.

Kodi ndondomekoyi imachitika bwanji?

Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika munthu akakhala kunja kwa chipatala, popanda kukhala m'chipatala. Izi ndi njira zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri:

  • Mudzagonekedwa chagada patebulo lapadera.
  • Mungapatsidwe mankhwala ochepetsa ululu kuti akuthandizeni kupumula, kudzera mu mzere wa IV m'dzanja lanu.
  • Dokotala adzayeretsa bwino malo omwe adabayidwa jakisoni ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
  • Kenako, jakisoni wina waung'ono amaperekedwa kuti achepetse ululu pamalopo. Pa nthawiyi, mungamve kupweteka pang'ono singano ikagunda.
  • Kenako, akuyang'ana zithunzi pa makina a X-ray (X-ray imaging), dokotalayo amaika singano yopyapyala m'mbali mwa msana mosamala kwambiri.
  • Kuti muwonetsetse kuti mankhwalawo akupita pamalo oyenera, mungafunike kubaya pang'ono utoto wapadera wa 'contrast'.
  • Pomaliza, jakisoni wa steroid amaperekedwa kuti achepetse ululu ndi kutupa.

Njira yonseyi nthawi zambiri imatenga mphindi zosakwana 30 .

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mukalandira jakisoni?

Pambuyo pa opaleshoniyi, mungamve kutentha kapena "kusiyana" mwendo wanu ndi pansi pa msana. Mudzazindikiranso kuti ululu ukuchepa pang'onopang'ono. Musadandaule ngati mwendo wanu ukumva dzanzi pang'ono kapena wopanda moyo, chifukwa izi zidzatha kwathunthu mankhwala ochepetsa ululu akatha.

Mukhoza kudya ndi kumwa mankhwala anu monga mwachizolowezi. Koma pewani kuchita zinthu zolemetsa, kunyamula zolemera, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa maola 24. Musamachite mantha. Mutha kuyambiranso kuchita zinthu zanu zachizolowezi tsiku lotsatira.

Ubwino ndi zotsatirapo zake zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha izi

Ubwino

  • Ululuwo watha kwakanthawi, ndipo zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku zitha kuchitika mosavuta.
  • Amachepetsa kutupa kwa mitsempha komwe kumayambitsa ululu ndipo kumawathandiza kuchira.
  • Zimathandiza dokotala kupeza chomwe chimayambitsa ululu.

Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti si aliyense amene adzamva kupweteka chifukwa cha jakisoni iyi. Ngati izi zitachitika, dokotala wanu adzakupatsani mankhwala ena.

Zotsatirapo ndi zovuta zake

Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi njira iliyonse yachipatala, pali zoopsa zina zomwe zimachitika, koma mavuto aakulu ndi osowa kwambiri.

Zotsatira Kufotokozera
Zotsatira zazing'ono zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawoneka
Kutupa Kutupa pang'ono kungawonekere pamalo omwe adabayidwa jakisoni.
Kutupa Kutupa pang'ono m'dera limenelo.
Kupweteka Padzakhala kupweteka pang'ono m'dera limenelo kwa masiku angapo.
Zotsatira zoyipa kawirikawiri
Kutuluka magazi Kutuluka magazi pang'ono kuchokera pamalo omwe jakisoni adayikidwa.
Chizungulire Kumva chizungulire kwakanthawi.
Mutu Mutu pang'ono.
Mavuto aakulu omwe angachitike kawirikawiri
Matenda Matenda pamalo pomwe singano inalowetsedwa.
Zowonongeka zina Kuwonongeka mwangozi kwa mtsempha wamagazi, mtsempha wa lymph, impso, kapena chiwalo china.
Matenda a Horner Matenda osowa kwambiri omwe amayambitsa kusintha kwa maso.

Kodi mpumulo uwu udzakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Funso limene anthu ambiri amafunsa ndi ili. Koma palibe yankho limodzi. Limasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi munthu ndi munthu.

Kwa anthu ena, ululu umachepa jakisoni akangoperekedwa. Komabe, ululuwo ukhoza kubwerera mankhwala opweteka akatha. Mpumulo wa nthawi yayitali umayamba mankhwala a steroid akayamba kugwira ntchito, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala mkati mwa masiku awiri kapena atatu. Kwa ena, mpumulowu umatenga masiku angapo, kwa ena, umatenga milungu ingapo.

Nthawi zambiri, kuti mupitirize kuchira, muyenera kumwa jakisoni angapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zina jakisoni ziwiri zimatha kukhala zokwanira, nthawi zina zoposa khumi. Izi zidzatsimikiziridwa ndi dokotala wanu.

Ndiyenera kuyimbira dokotala nthawi yanji?

Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ngati mukupeza zizindikiro zatsopano mutalandira jakisoni, kapena ngati mukupeza zovuta zilizonse (monga zizindikiro za matenda monga kufiira, kutupa, kapena kutentha thupi pamalo omwe munalandira jakisoni, kapena kusintha kwa mitsempha yanu monga dzanzi kapena kumva kuwawa m'miyendo yanu), imbani dokotala nthawi yomweyo.

Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba

  • Lumbar Sympathetic Block ndi jakisoni wapadera woperekedwa m'munsi mwa msana. Umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda ena opweteka, makamaka m'miyendo ndi m'munsi mwa msana.
  • Izi sizimangothandiza kuchepetsa ululu, komanso zimathandiza kupeza chomwe chimayambitsa ululu.
  • Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yachangu (yosakwana mphindi 30) komanso yotetezeka.
  • Zotsatira zimasiyana malinga ndi munthu. Anthu ena angafunike jakisoni kangapo kuti apeze mpumulo wokhalitsa.
  • Chofunika kwambiri ndikukhala omasuka kukambirana ndi dokotala wanu mafunso, mantha, kapena kukayikira kulikonse komwe muli nako pankhaniyi. Iye adzakufotokozerani zonse.

Kutsekeka kwa Lumbar Sympathetic, Ululu wa Msana, Ululu wa Mwendo, Jakisoni wa Painkiller, Ululu wa Mitsempha, CRPS, Kusamalira Ululu
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Kodi mukufuna jakisoni mu msana chifukwa cha ululu wa mwendo? Tiyeni tikambirane za Lumbar Sympathetic Block iyi!

Kodi mukufuna jakisoni mu msana chifukwa cha ululu wa mwendo? Tiyeni tikambirane za Lumbar Sympathetic Block iyi!

Kodi nthawi zina mumamva kupweteka kwa miyendo, mosasamala kanthu kuti mumamwa mankhwala kapena chithandizo chochuluka bwanji? Kapena muli ndi matenda monga matenda a shuga omwe amakupangitsani kukhala kovuta kupirira ululu ndi kutupa kwa miyendo yanu? Dokotala wanu mwina anakuuzani za 'Lumbar Sympathetic Block'. Ngakhale dzinalo lingamveke loopsa komanso lovuta, kwenikweni ndi njira yochiritsira yosavuta komanso yotetezeka yomwe yathandiza anthu ambiri kupeza mpumulo. Tiyeni tikambirane zonsezi m'njira yosavuta lero.

Kodi Lumbar Sympathetic Block ndi chiyani kwenikweni?

Mwachidule, iyi ndi jakisoni yapadera yomwe imaperekedwa m'munsi mwa msana wanu. Imaletsa kwakanthawi zizindikiro za ululu kuti zisafike ku miyendo ndi mapazi anu. Nthawi zina, mankhwala amawonjezeredwa ku jakisoni kuti athandize mitsempha yowonongeka kuchira.

Taganizirani za mitsempha m'matupi mwathu ngati netiweki ya zingwe zamagetsi zomwe zimayenda m'thupi lathu lonse. Zingwezi zimanyamula zizindikiro pakati pa ubongo ndi thupi lonse. Zizindikirozi ndi zomwe zimatilola kumva kupweteka, kukhudza, komanso kugwira ntchito kwa minofu.

Gawo lapadera la dongosolo la mitsempha limeneli limatchedwa mitsempha ya `sympathetic`. Mitsempha imeneyi imalamulira zinthu zomwe zimachitika m'thupi mwathu popanda kuzindikira, mwachitsanzo, kupuma, thukuta, ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi. Koma nthawi zina, pambuyo pa ngozi inayake, mitsempha ya `sympathetic` iyi imayamba kutumiza zizindikiro zopweteka molakwika.

Mitsempha ya `Lumbar sympathetic` ili pansi pa msana wathu, kutsogolo kwa msana. Chifukwa chake jakisoni wa `Lumbar Sympathetic Block` uwu umalimbana ndi mitsempha imeneyo. Ikhoza kuiletsa kutumiza zizindikiro zosafunikira za ululu.

Kodi chipika ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zotani?

Katemerayu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zitatu zazikulu.

Cholinga Kufotokozera kosavuta
Chepetsani ululu Kupereka mpumulo wakanthawi ku ululu woopsa kapena wokhalitsa. Jakisoni uyu amatha kuchepetsa kutupa kwa mitsempha ndikuwathandiza kuchira.
Pezani chifukwa cha ululu.Ngati muli ndi ululu, koma dokotala wanu sakudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa, jakisoni iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mayeso. Ngati ululu uchepa mutalandira jakisoni, zikutanthauza kuti vuto lili ndi mitsempha imeneyo. Ngati ululu suchepa, chomwe chimayambitsa ululucho chingakhale kwina.
Kulamulira ululu musanachite opaleshoni Jekeseni iyi imaperekedwa musanachite opaleshoni komanso mutachita opaleshoni ina kuti muchepetse ululu.

Mikhalidwe yomwe chithandizochi chikulangizidwira

Ngati muli ndi vuto lililonse mwa zotsatirazi lomwe likukhudza miyendo kapena mapazi anu, dokotala wanu angakulangizeni chithandizochi.

  • Matenda Ovuta Kwambiri Okhudza Ululu Wachigawo (CRPS): Matenda a ululu wosatha komanso woopsa kwambiri womwe umachitika pambuyo pa ngozi.
  • Kupweteka kwa Miyendo: Kumva kupweteka kosalekeza mwendo kapena mkono wodulidwa ndi opaleshoni.
  • Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'manja ndi m'mapazi: Thukuta lochuluka m'manja ndi m'mapazi.
  • Matenda a shuga: Kutupa, dzanzi, ndi ululu womwe umabwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha m'miyendo chifukwa cha matenda a shuga.
  • Postherpetic Neuralgia: Kupweteka kwa mitsempha komwe kumachitika munthu akadwala nthenda ya herpes (kachilombo komweko komwe kamayambitsa nthenda ya nkhuku).
  • Matenda a Raynaud: Matenda omwe magazi amatuluka m'zala amachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtundu wa khungu usinthe komanso ululu ukazizira.
  • Kupweteka kwa khansa.
  • Kupweteka kwa mitsempha yamagazi.

Kodi ndiyenera kukonzekera jakisoni iyi pasadakhale?

Nthawi zambiri, izi sizifuna kukonzekera kwapadera.

Komabe, nthawi zina, dokotala angasankhe kukugonetsani tulo (kugona tulo tofa nato). Ngati zili choncho, mudzapemphedwa kuti musale kudya kwa maola pafupifupi 6-8 . Komanso, ndikofunikira kuti wina akutengereni kunyumba mukamaliza opaleshoni.

Chofunika kwambiri ndikutsatira malangizo a dokotala wanu molondola. Ngati muli ndi mafunso, musazengereze kufunsa.

Kodi ndondomekoyi imachitika bwanji?

Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika munthu akakhala kunja kwa chipatala, popanda kukhala m'chipatala. Izi ndi njira zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri:

  • Mudzagonekedwa chagada patebulo lapadera.
  • Mungapatsidwe mankhwala ochepetsa ululu kuti akuthandizeni kupumula, kudzera mu mzere wa IV m'dzanja lanu.
  • Dokotala adzayeretsa bwino malo omwe adabayidwa jakisoni ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
  • Kenako, jakisoni wina waung'ono amaperekedwa kuti achepetse ululu pamalopo. Pa nthawiyi, mungamve kupweteka pang'ono singano ikagunda.
  • Kenako, akuyang'ana zithunzi pa makina a X-ray (X-ray imaging), dokotalayo amaika singano yopyapyala m'mbali mwa msana mosamala kwambiri.
  • Kuti muwonetsetse kuti mankhwalawo akupita pamalo oyenera, mungafunike kubaya pang'ono utoto wapadera wa 'contrast'.
  • Pomaliza, jakisoni wa steroid amaperekedwa kuti achepetse ululu ndi kutupa.

Njira yonseyi nthawi zambiri imatenga mphindi zosakwana 30 .

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mukalandira jakisoni?

Pambuyo pa opaleshoniyi, mungamve kutentha kapena "kusiyana" mwendo wanu ndi pansi pa msana. Mudzazindikiranso kuti ululu ukuchepa pang'onopang'ono. Musadandaule ngati mwendo wanu ukumva dzanzi pang'ono kapena wopanda moyo, chifukwa izi zidzatha kwathunthu mankhwala ochepetsa ululu akatha.

Mukhoza kudya ndi kumwa mankhwala anu monga mwachizolowezi. Koma pewani kuchita zinthu zolemetsa, kunyamula zolemera, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa maola 24. Musamachite mantha. Mutha kuyambiranso kuchita zinthu zanu zachizolowezi tsiku lotsatira.

Ubwino ndi zotsatirapo zake zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha izi

Ubwino

  • Ululuwo watha kwakanthawi, ndipo zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku zitha kuchitika mosavuta.
  • Amachepetsa kutupa kwa mitsempha komwe kumayambitsa ululu ndipo kumawathandiza kuchira.
  • Zimathandiza dokotala kupeza chomwe chimayambitsa ululu.

Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti si aliyense amene adzamva kupweteka chifukwa cha jakisoni iyi. Ngati izi zitachitika, dokotala wanu adzakupatsani mankhwala ena.

Zotsatirapo ndi zovuta zake

Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi njira iliyonse yachipatala, pali zoopsa zina zomwe zimachitika, koma mavuto aakulu ndi osowa kwambiri.

Zotsatira Kufotokozera
Zotsatira zazing'ono zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawoneka
Kutupa Kutupa pang'ono kungawonekere pamalo omwe adabayidwa jakisoni.
Kutupa Kutupa pang'ono m'dera limenelo.
Kupweteka Padzakhala kupweteka pang'ono m'dera limenelo kwa masiku angapo.
Zotsatira zoyipa kawirikawiri
Kutuluka magazi Kutuluka magazi pang'ono kuchokera pamalo omwe jakisoni adayikidwa.
Chizungulire Kumva chizungulire kwakanthawi.
Mutu Mutu pang'ono.
Mavuto aakulu omwe angachitike kawirikawiri
Matenda Matenda pamalo pomwe singano inalowetsedwa.
Zowonongeka zina Kuwonongeka mwangozi kwa mtsempha wamagazi, mtsempha wa lymph, impso, kapena chiwalo china.
Matenda a Horner Matenda osowa kwambiri omwe amayambitsa kusintha kwa maso.

Kodi mpumulo uwu udzakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Funso limene anthu ambiri amafunsa ndi ili. Koma palibe yankho limodzi. Limasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi munthu ndi munthu.

Kwa anthu ena, ululu umachepa jakisoni akangoperekedwa. Komabe, ululuwo ukhoza kubwerera mankhwala opweteka akatha. Mpumulo wa nthawi yayitali umayamba mankhwala a steroid akayamba kugwira ntchito, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala mkati mwa masiku awiri kapena atatu. Kwa ena, mpumulowu umatenga masiku angapo, kwa ena, umatenga milungu ingapo.

Nthawi zambiri, kuti mupitirize kuchira, muyenera kumwa jakisoni angapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zina jakisoni ziwiri zimatha kukhala zokwanira, nthawi zina zoposa khumi. Izi zidzatsimikiziridwa ndi dokotala wanu.

Ndiyenera kuyimbira dokotala nthawi yanji?

Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ngati mukupeza zizindikiro zatsopano mutalandira jakisoni, kapena ngati mukupeza zovuta zilizonse (monga zizindikiro za matenda monga kufiira, kutupa, kapena kutentha thupi pamalo omwe munalandira jakisoni, kapena kusintha kwa mitsempha yanu monga dzanzi kapena kumva kuwawa m'miyendo yanu), imbani dokotala nthawi yomweyo.

Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba

  • Lumbar Sympathetic Block ndi jakisoni wapadera woperekedwa m'munsi mwa msana. Umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda ena opweteka, makamaka m'miyendo ndi m'munsi mwa msana.
  • Izi sizimangothandiza kuchepetsa ululu, komanso zimathandiza kupeza chomwe chimayambitsa ululu.
  • Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yachangu (yosakwana mphindi 30) komanso yotetezeka.
  • Zotsatira zimasiyana malinga ndi munthu. Anthu ena angafunike jakisoni kangapo kuti apeze mpumulo wokhalitsa.
  • Chofunika kwambiri ndikukhala omasuka kukambirana ndi dokotala wanu mafunso, mantha, kapena kukayikira kulikonse komwe muli nako pankhaniyi. Iye adzakufotokozerani zonse.

Kutsekeka kwa Lumbar Sympathetic, Ululu wa Msana, Ululu wa Mwendo, Jakisoni wa Painkiller, Ululu wa Mitsempha, CRPS, Kusamalira Ululu
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Palibe ndemanga zomwe zatumizidwa pano. Onjezani ndemanga yanu pano koyamba.

Onjezani ndemanga yanu

Chonde werengani: 4 + 5 =