Urupfu rw'uturemangingo ni iki? Reka tubiganireho mu buryo bworoshye!

Ese wigeze wibaza uko bigenda ku tunyangingo duto turi mu mibiri yacu? Hari igihe, kimwe natwe, utwo tunyangingo 'dupfa' iyo igihe cyatwo kirangiye. Ibi ni byo twita 'urupfu rw'utunyangingo' mu buvuzi. Nubwo ibi biteye ubwoba kubyumva, mu by'ukuri ni ingenzi kugira ngo imibiri yacu ikomeze kubaho neza mu bihe byinshi. None rero uyu munsi, reka tuganire ku rupfu rw'utunyangingo icyo ari cyo, uko rubaho, n'uko rugira ingaruka ku mibiri yacu.

Uturemangingo ni iki? Reka tubanze tubisobanukirwe!

Mbere yuko tuvuga ku 'gupfa kw'uturemangingo', reka turebe ibyo 'uturemangingo' ari byo. Tekereza ko umubiri wacu ari inyubako nini, kandi uturemangingo tukaba tumeze nk'amatafari mato cyane agize iyo nyubako. Mu by'ukuri, ntushobora no kwiyumvisha ko hari uturemangingo turenga tiriyari 30 mu mubiri wacu! Utu turemangingo twose duhurira hamwe kugira ngo tugire ingingo zacu n'ingingo zacu. Muri rusange, hari ibice bitatu by'ingenzi bigize akaremangingo:

• Uruhu rw'ingirabuzimafatizo: Ibi bimeze nk'uruzitiro rurinda, cyangwa irembo, ry'ingirabuzimafatizo. Nirwo rugena kandi rugagenzura ibishobora kwinjira no gusohoka mu ngirabuzimafatizo.
• Cytoplasm: Iki ni igice cy'amazi kimeze nk'umusemburo kiri mu karemangingo. Ikorwa rya poroteyine zikenewe n'akaremangingo hamwe n'ibikorwa byinshi by'ingenzi bya shimi biba muri aka karemangingo biba muri aka karemangingo.
• Nucleus: Iyi ni 'ikigo cy'ubuyobozi' cyangwa 'ubwonko' bw'ingirabuzimafatizo. Amakuru yacu ya genetiki, ni ukuvuga ADN (`DNA` - aside Deoxyribonucleic), akubiye ahanini muri iyi ngirabuzimafatizo. Iyo ngirabuzimafatizo ikora kandi RNA (`RNA` - aside Ribonucleic) . Iyi `RNA` ikoporora amakuru ari muri 'DNA` kandi igafasha ingirabuzimafatizo gukora poroteyine zitandukanye zikeneye kugira ngo zikore kandi zikure.

Noneho ufite igitekerezo gifatika cy'icyo selile ari cyo.

None se, iyi selile ipfa ni iki?

Mu magambo make, urupfu rw'uturemangingo ni igihe uturemangingo two mu mubiri wacu duhagarara gukora tugapfa iyo turangije akazi katwo cyangwa twangiritse kubera impamvu runaka. Uturemangingo two mu mubiri wacu ntabwo tuba twaremwe gusa. Duhora twigabanya kandi tugakora uturemangingo dushya. Ibi tubyita 'igabanywa ry'uturemangingo' (`Mitosis`) . Nk'uko abahanga babivuga, uturemangingo tw'umuntu muzima dushobora kwigabanya muri ubu buryo inshuro zigera kuri 50-60. Nyuma y'ibyo, uturemangingo turashaje kandi tugapfa.

Imibiri yacu ihora ikora uturemangingo dushya kugira ngo dusimbure uturemangingo dushaje, twangiritse kandi dupfa. Ni nko gukuraho uturemangingo dushaje ukazana uturemangingo dushya.

Uku gupfa kw'uturemangingo karemano bifasha umubiri wacu kugira ubuzima bwiza no gukora neza. Ariko, ibibazo bivuka iyo uku gupfa kw'uturemangingo kutabayeho nk'uko byari byitezwe, cyangwa iyo uturemangingo tutagomba gupfa dutangiye gupfa.

Kuki uturemangingo twacu dupfa? Impamvu ni izihe?

Hari impamvu zitandukanye zituma uturemangingo dupfa. Zimwe ni karemano, izindi si zo. Reka turebe impamvu nyamukuru:

• Uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe dupfa mu gihe turimo gukura , mbere yuko tuba twuzuye.
• Iyo uturemangingo bishaje tugeze mu gihe tutagishobora kwigabanyamo ibice, ni ukuvuga igihe cyo kubaho kwatwo kirangiye, turapfa. Iyi ni inzira isanzwe.
• Iyo hari uturemangingo twangiritse ku buryo budasanzwe, dupfa mu buryo busanzwe. Ntidushobora kubikwa mu mubiri nk'imyanda.
• Indwara, imvune, uburozi, n'ubundi buryo bwo kuvura nabyo bishobora kwangiza uturemangingo no gutuma dupfa.

Ni nde uri mu kaga ko gupfa kw'uturemangingo?

Mu by’ukuri, urupfu rw’uturemangingo rutugiraho ingaruka twese - kandi akenshi ni ikintu cyiza. Biratangaje, uruhu rwawe rusohora uturemangingo 40.000 twapfuye ku munsi! Igice cyo hejuru cy’uruhu rwacu, cyitwa epidermis , gihora gitanga uturemangingo dushya tw’uruhu kugira ngo dusimbure utwo turemangingo twapfuye. Mu yandi magambo, iyo uru rupfu rw’uturemangingo rutaba, ntitwari kugira uruhu rwiza.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ingenzi bw'urupfu rw'uturemangingo?

Bitewe n'uburyo uturemangingo dupfa, dushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi:

1. Apoptosis - Gupfa kw'uturemangingo biteganyijwe

2. Autophagy - kongera gukoresha utunyangingo tw'umubiri no gupfa kwabyo

3. Necrosis - Urupfu rw'uturemangingo ruterwa n'impanuka

Reka noneho tuvuge kuri buri bwoko bw'ibi mu buryo burambuye.

1. Apoptosis cyangwa urupfu rw'uturemangingo rwateguwe

Apoptosis ni urupfu rw’uturemangingo rubaho mu buryo busanzwe, ruteganyijwe . Muri ubu buryo, uturemangingo twiyangiza. Iyo uturemangingo twigabanyijemo inshuro nyinshi, iyo tugeze aho tutakibasha kwigabanyamo kabiri, dupfa binyuze muri ubu buryo (Apoptosis). Uru rupfu rw’uturemangingo ruteganyijwe ni rwiza cyane kandi rwitezwe ku mibiri yacu.

Tekereza kuri uru rugero. Iyo intoki z'umwana zitangiye kugaragara mu nda ya nyina, zihuzwa n'uruhu ruto ruri hagati yazo. Nk'uko uruhu ruri hagati y'amano y'amaguru y'igishuhe. Ariko uko umwana akura, iyi nzira ya "Apoptosis" ituma uturemangingo tudakenewe hagati y'izo ntoki dupfa mu buryo bunoze. Icyo gihe intoki zitandukana neza zigakora intoki eshanu zitandukanye. Tekereza, byagenda bite iyo iyi "Apoptosis" itabayeho neza? Hanyuma uruhu ruri hagati y'izo ntoki rushobora kuguma uko ruri. Icyo kibazo twita "Syndactyly" . Urabona, rimwe na rimwe ni ngombwa ko utwo turemangingo dupfa.

`(Apoptosis)` ni inzira ibaho buri gihe. Ibi nibyo bikuraho uturemangingo shaje twangiritse mu mibiri yacu, bigatuma uturemangingo duto kandi dufite ubuzima bwiza tudusimbuza. Ariko, iyo ku mpamvu runaka iyi miterere y’uturemangingo idahuye neza, utwo turemangingo shaje twangiritse dutangira kwigabanyamo ibice mu buryo butunguranye. Iyi ni yo mpamvu ikomeye ituma habaho ibibyimba na kanseri.

Nanone, rimwe na rimwe bitewe n'amakosa mu mikorere y'uturemangingo, uturemangingo tudakwiye gupfa na two dushobora gupfa binyuze muri iyi nzira ya "Apoptosis". Urugero, ku bantu barwaye indwara nka Parkinson, Huntington's disease , cyangwa Alzheimer's disease, uturemangingo tw'imitsi (" Neurons") mu mitsi dupfa cyane. Uku gupfa imburagihe ku turemangingo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mitekerereze no ku mikorere.

2. Gukoresha autophagy cyangwa kongera gukoresha terefone mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki

Autophagy ni ubundi bwoko bw'urupfu rw'uturemangingo rwateguwe. Ariko ubu ni umwihariko. Akenshi bibaho iyo umubiri uri mu muhangayiko, umuvuduko, cyangwa kubura ibyo kurya. Ni nk '"uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho"" buba ku rwego rw'uturemangingo mu mubiri wacu.

Mu gikorwa cya ``Autophagy``` (bisobanura ``kwiyirira``), ingirabuzimafatizo ``irya`` poroteyine zayo zishaje, zangiritse, cyangwa ibindi bice bidakenewe bya cytoplasm. Hanyuma yongera gukoresha ibice byangiritse kandi igashyigikira imirimo y'ingenzi y'ingirabuzimafatizo. Ni nko gukuraho ibintu bishaje mu nzu yawe ugafata ibice bishobora gukoreshwa ukongera kubaka ikintu gishya.

Iyi nzira ya ``Autophagy'' rimwe na rimwe igira akamaro cyane.

• Ubudahangarwa bwacu bw'umubiri bufasha mu gusenya ibintu nka virusi na bagiteri bigira ingaruka ku ndwara.
• Bishobora kandi gufasha gukumira ko uturemangingo tuzima tuba uturemangingo twa kanseri.
• Bikekwa ko ibi bishobora no gufasha mu gukumira ibindi bibazo nk'indwara z'umutima .

Ariko, ku rundi ruhande, niba urwaye kanseri, iyi nzira ya ``(Autophagy)`` ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi. Kuko, iyi nzira yo kongera gukoresha ingirabuzimafatizo itanga intungamubiri ziyongera ku turemangingo twa kanseri, zishobora kwihutisha gukura kwazo. Si ibyo gusa, ahubwo izi nganda zishobora kongera gukoreshwa zishobora no kubangamira isenyuka ry’uturemangingo twa kanseri binyuze mu kuvura kanseri.

Hari abantu bagerageza gushishikariza iyi gahunda ya "Autophagy" bagabanya karori cyangwa kwiyiriza ubusa, bityo bakabyara uturemangingo tukiri duto kandi dufite ubuzima bwiza. Ariko, nta bimenyetso bihagije bya siyansi birahari bigaragaza ko gutera "Autophagy" mu buryo bw'ubukorano muri ubu buryo bigira ingaruka nziza. Nanone, amategeko akomeye yo kugabanya indyo rimwe na rimwe ashobora kwangiza ubuzima.

3. Necrosis cyangwa urupfu rutunguranye rw'uturemangingo

Necrosis si inzira iteganyijwe nka Apoptosis cyangwa Autophagy. Ni urupfu rw'uturemangingo rutunguranye cyangwa rutunguranye. Ibi bitera urupfu rw'ingingo.Bibaho. Tekereza ko wakomeretse bikomeye ku kuboko cyangwa ku kuguru kwawe. Muri icyo gihe, uturemangingo twakomeretse turangirika, kandi ibirimo birasohoka, bishobora kwangiza uturemangingo tuzima tuyikikije. Ibi bitera kubyimba, gutukura, ububabare, n'ibindi byangiritse ndetse n'urupfu rw'utundi turemangingo.

Igikuru ni uko, nubwo abaganga bashobora gukuraho uru rugingo rwapfuye, urupfu rw'urugingo ruterwa na "necrosis" ni "urudasubira inyuma".

Iyi ndwara, "Necrosis," ishobora no guterwa no kugabanuka k'amaraso n'umwuka wa ogisijeni mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'umubiri. "Necrosis" ibaho kuko uturemangingo tutakira amaraso, umwuka wa ogisijeni, n'intungamubiri iyo dupfuye.

Izindi mpamvu zitera `(Necrosis)` ni izi:

• Impanuka n'ibikomere bikomeye (`Ibikomere bikomeretsa`).
• Indwara ziterwa n'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri .
• Bagiteri, virusi, n'ibihumyo bitera indwara.
• Gukoresha uburozi, ibintu by'uburozi n'ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe n'amategeko.
• Uburyo bwo kuvura kanseri nko kuvura hakoreshejwe imirasire .

Ubwoko bwa Necrosis

Hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa `(Necrosis)` bitewe n'icyayiteye n'igice cy'umubiri cyafashwe. Bumwe mu bwoko bukunze kugaragara ni ubu:

• Necrosis y'imitsi cyangwa osteonecrosis (urupfu rw'imitsi y'amagufwa)
• Igisebe ( gupfa kw'ingingo z'uruhu)
• Indwara y'amenyo ( ipfa ry'umunyu w'iryinyo)

Urupfu rw'uturemangingo ruterwa no gukora (AICD) ni iki?

Iyi ni ingingo igoye, ariko ni byiza kubimenya mu magambo make. Gupfa kw'uturemangingo duterwa no gukora (AICD) ni ingorane zishobora guterwa no gutera imbere kw'ubuvuzi bwa kanseri bwitwa chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy . Bibaho iyo T-cells, ubwoko bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera dufasha kwica uturemangingo twa kanseri, dupfa imburagihe.

Mu kuvura (CAR) T-cell therapy, abaganga bakora ikintu nk'iki:

1. Leukapheresis ni uburyo bwo gukuraho uturemangingo tw’amaraso tw’umurwayi twinshi cyane (harimo na T-cells).

2. Hanyuma izi selile T zishyirwa mu bikorwa muri laboratwari hanyuma zikagerageza kuzikura kurushaho.

3. Amakuru mashya yerekeye imiterere y’uturemangingo two mu bwoko bwa T-cells yongerwa kuri laboratwari, ahinduka kugira ngo abashe gushaka no gusenya uturemangingo twa kanseri.

4. Amaherezo, uturemangingo twa T twahinduwe twongera gushyirwa mu maraso y'umurwayi. Hanyuma tugashaka uturemangingo twa kanseri tukatwica.

Ariko, ikibabaje ni uko iyo izi selile T zifunguwe kandi zigakurira muri laboratwari, hari igihe izi selile "AICD" zishobora gupfa. Hanyuma, umubare w'iselile T zahinduwe ziboneka kugira ngo zirwanye kanseri uragabanuka.

Icyo tugomba kwibuka muri ibi byose (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

Nubwo ijambo 'gupfa kw'uturemangingo' rishobora kumvikana nk'aho riteye ubwoba, ubu uzi ko iki ari igikorwa kibaho mu buryo busanzwe mu mibiri yacu akenshi kandi kikaba ingenzi kugira ngo tugire ubuzima bwiza .

• Ipfa ry’uturemangingo ryitwa apoptosis rikuraho uturemangingo shaje twangiritse, rigatanga inzira ku turemangingo duto kandi dufite ubuzima bwiza.
• Binyuze mu nzira yitwa autophagy , uturemangingo twongera gukoresha ibice byatwo kandi tugakora neza kurushaho.
• Ariko, urupfu rw'uturemangingo ruterwa n'impanuka nka necrosis ni akaga kandi rushobora kwangiza ingingo burundu.
• Nanone, rimwe na rimwe ndetse na `(Apoptosis)` na `(Autophagy)` bishobora gutera indwara nka kanseri.

Ariko, imibiri yacu ihora ihugiye mu gusana uturemangingo twangiritse no gusimbuza utwapfuye. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kumenya iki gikorwa. Niba ufite ikibazo cyangwa impungenge kuri ibi, ntutindiganye kuvugana na muganga.

Urupfu rw'uturemangingo , uturemangingo, apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, imikorere y'umubiri, igabanyuka ry'uturemangingo