Ese umwana wawe afite ikibazo cy'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe? Ni gute umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana yagufasha?

Nta kintu cy'ingenzi kiruta ibyishimo n'ubuzima bwiza bw'abana bacu. Ariko rimwe na rimwe, iyo turebye ibibazo byabo n'impinduka mu myitwarire, twumva dufite umutwaro ukomeye ku mitima yacu. Hari igihe twibaza tuti 'Ni iki kibazo kiri ku mwana wanjye?' Si byo se? Inzobere mu by'imitekerereze y'abana ni umuntu ushobora kudufasha mu bihe nk'ibi.

Uyu mwana w’umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abana ni nde?

Muri make, inzobere mu by’imitekerereze y’abana ni umuntu ufite amahugurwa yihariye n’ubuhanga mu by’ubuvuzi kugira ngo apime kandi avure ibibazo by’ubuzima bw’abana mu mutwe, mu marangamutima, mu mibanire yabo no mu myitwarire, kuva ku bana bato kugeza ku bana bakuru ndetse no mu rubyiruko.

Basobanukiwe neza ibyo abana bakeneye by'ibanze mu bijyanye n'imitekerereze, ndetse n'uburyo aho baba, nko mu muryango, ku ishuri, n'inshuti, bigira ingaruka kuri ibi bintu. Izi ngaruka zishobora kuba zirimo:

• Guhindura imibereho n'amarangamutima
• Inzira z'iterambere
• Guhindura imyitwarire

Bafite kandi ubumenyi bwimbitse ku ndwara zo mu mutwe n'imyitwarire bigira ingaruka ku bana.

Ni iki umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana akora?

Inzobere mu by'imitekerereze y'abana ikoresha uburyo butandukanye n'ubuhanga butandukanye mu gukorana n'abana. Tekereza ku bintu nk'ibi:

• Ibizamini bitandukanye (`ibizamini n'isuzumabumenyi`) bikorerwa kugira ngo hasuzumwe ibibazo by'umwana mu mutwe, mu bwenge, mu mitekerereze no mu myitwarire.
• Uburyo bwo kuvura nka "Psychotherapy" - ni ukuvuga "Talk therapy" - na "Behavior management" birakoreshwa.
• Gahunda zo gukumira ihohoterwa, ibiyobyabwenge, no gutwita kw'ingimbi n'abangavu mu mashuri zirashyirwaho.
• Bagisha inama abandi banyamwuga n'abaganga bakorana n'abana kandi bakabagira inama.

Hari igihe, iyo umwana afite ikibazo cy’uburwayi, urugero, iyo afite ikibazo cyo gusinzira nabi, akagira ububabare bw’igihe kirekire, cyangwa se arwaye indwara idakira, abahanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abana nabo bagira uruhare mu gufasha abo bana.

Abana bafatwa mu buryo butandukanye n’ubw’abantu bakuru kuko imyaka yabo, urwego rwabo rwo gutekereza, n’ubukure bwabo biratandukanye. Kubwibyo, abahanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abana bashobora gukoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura bitewe n’imyaka y’umwana wawe n’imimerere ye yihariye. Hari igihe, bitewe n’imyaka y’umwana wawe n’ibyo akeneye, umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abana ashobora kuganira nawe (cyangwa abarera abana) wenyine kugira ngo baganire ku buhanga bwo kurera cyangwa uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga imyitwarire y’umwana wawe.

Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kuvura bakoresha?

Dore bumwe mu buryo bwo kuvura bashobora gukoresha:

• "Ubuvuzi bw'ubugeni" (ubuvuzi bukoresheje ibintu nk'ibishushanyo, ibumba, nibindi)
• `Ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire` (ubuvuzi buhindura imiterere y'imyitwarire)
• `Ubuvuzi bushingiye ku gukina bw'abana`
• `Ubuvuzi bw'imibanire y'abana n'ababyeyi`
• `Ubuvuzi bwo gucunga uburakari bw'abana` (uburyo bufasha abana kugenzura uburakari bwabo)
• `Ubuvuzi bw'ihungabana ry'umwana` (kuvura ihungabana umwana yahuye naryo)
• Ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire bushingiye ku mitekerereze (CBT) (ubuvuzi bufasha guhindura ibitekerezo n'imyitwarire)
• Ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire mu kuvuga (DBT) (ubuvuzi bufasha mu kugenzura amarangamutima akomeye)
• `Ubuvuzi bushingiye ku marangamutima`
• `Ubuvuzi bw'itsinda cyangwa umuryango`
• `Ubuvuzi bw'umuziki`
• Ubuvuzi bw'akazi (ubufasha mu bikorwa bya buri munsi no guteza imbere ubumenyi)
• `Ubuvuzi bw'imikoranire hagati y'ababyeyi n'abana`

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y'umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana n'umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana?

Iki ni ikibazo abantu benshi bibaza. Hari itandukaniro rito hagati y'"Umuganga w'abana" n'"Umuganga w'imitekerereze y'abana".

Mu magambo make, umuhanga mu by’ubuvuzi bw’abana ni umuntu ufite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, nko mu by’imitekerereze, mu by’imitekerereze y’abantu, cyangwa mu by’ishyingiranwa no mu miryango. Umunyabutabire w’abana afite ubushobozi bwo gusuzuma ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n’imyitwarire y’abana no gukoresha uburyo bwo kuvura, nko mu buryo bwo kuvuga. Akenshi bibanda cyane ku gukemura ibibazo.

Ku rundi ruhande, umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abana ni umuntu ufite impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga (impamyabumenyi nka PhD cyangwa PsyD) kandi akenshi akaba afite amahugurwa menshi mu bushakashatsi ku mitekerereze cyangwa mu buvuzi. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, abahanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abana bashobora gukora ibizamini byinshi abaganga badashobora gukora. Ibi bizamini bishobora gufasha gusuzuma ibibazo by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n’imyigire nka ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), Autism Spectrum Disorder, n’itandukaniro mu myigire.

Ese umwana wanjye akeneye inzobere mu by'imitekerereze y'abantu cyangwa umuvuzi w'indwara z'imitekerereze y'abantu? Nahitamo nte ikwiye?

Noneho, ushobora kuba wibaza uti 'Ni nde mu by'ukuri umwana wanjye akeneye?' Mu by'ukuri, nubwo hari byinshi bisa mu kazi abaganga b'abana n'abahanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana bakora, hari n'ibindi bitandukanye bigaragara muri serivisi batanga kuri wowe no ku mwana wawe.

Ni ryari nkwiye kubonana n'umuganga w'indwara z'imitsi?

Umuganga w’indwara ashobora gufasha umwana wawe kwiga uburyo bwo guhangana n’ibibazo bikomeye, gucunga amarangamutima akomeye, no kubaka imibanire myiza mu muryango.

Bishobora kuba byiza ko umwana wawe asaba ubufasha ku muvuzi w’indwara zo mu mutwe mu bihe bikurikira:

• Ganira n'umwana wawe ku byiyumvo bye, niba akeneye ubufasha mu by'amarangamutima.
• Niba umwana ahanganye n'imihangayiko, kwiheba, uburakari, cyangwa impinduka zikomeye mu buzima.
• Niba ukeneye ubufasha ku buryo bwo kwita ku mwana wawe neza n'uburyo bwo gucunga imyitwarire igoye y'umwana wawe.
• Niba ushaka ko umwana wawe abonana n'umuntu buri gihe kandi akavugana n'undi muntu, kandi utiteze imiti cyangwa ubufasha mu bibazo bikomeye byo mu mutwe.

Ariko, niba ukeneye "isuzumabumenyi" ku masomo y'ishuri y'umwana wawe, urugero, kuri "IEP" (Gahunda y'uburezi bw'umuntu ku giti cye), umuvuzi ashobora kuba atari we muntu mwiza kuri ibyo. Ubusanzwe amashuri agusaba gukorana n'inzobere mu by'imitekerereze y'abantu kuri bene ibyo bintu.

Ni ryari nkwiye kubonana n'umuganga w'imitekerereze y'abantu?

Kubera ko inzobere mu by’imitekerereze y’abantu zishobora gukora ibizamini byinshi abaganga badashobora gukora, bishobora gufasha cyane mu gushaka impamvu nyayo y’ibibazo by’umwana, cyangwa niba umwana akeneye ikintu nka `IEP`.

Bishobora kuba byiza ko umwana wawe asaba ubufasha ku muhanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abantu mu bihe bikurikira:

• Niba utekereza ko umwana wawe afite indwara igira ingaruka ku myigire ye cyangwa imibanire ye n'abandi, urugero, ADHD, itandukaniro mu myigire, cyangwa indwara ya Autism Spectrum Disorder.
• Niba umwana akeneye ubufasha mu gukemura ibibazo by'amarangamutima cyangwa imyitwarire.
• Niba ukeneye gusuzuma neza umwana wawe.
• Imwe mu ntego z'ubuvuzi bwawe ni ukumenya impinduka zishobora gukorwa mu rugo n'impinduka zishobora gukorwa ku ishuri ry'umwana wawe kugira ngo afashe umwana wawe.

Ushobora kubaha imiti bombi?

Ibi nabyo ni ingenzi cyane. Kimwe n'abaganga b'abana, abahanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana ntibashobora kuguha imiti. Niba umwana wawe akeneye imiti yo kumuvura indwara yo mu mutwe ikomeye, ugomba kumujyana kwa muganga w'indwara zo mu mutwe w'abana . Umuganga w'indwara zo mu mutwe ni umuganga w'inzobere mu gusuzuma, kuvura no gukumira indwara zo mu mutwe, amarangamutima n'imyitwarire. Ni bo bashobora kuguha imiti.

Ni izihe ndwara umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana avura?

Abahanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana bashobora kuvura ibibazo bitandukanye by'imyitwarire, amarangamutima, imibanire n'imibereho, ndetse n'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe ku bana n'urubyiruko. Bashobora kandi gufasha mu bibazo bibabaza ndetse n'ibibazo bivuka mu ishuri, mu muryango no mu buzima muri rusange.

Dore bimwe mu bihe n'ibihe aho bifasha:

• Ihohoterwa, bivuze ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mubiri, ku marangamutima, no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina cyangwa kutita ku bana.
• Ibibazo by'uburakari.
• Guhura n'indwara nshya cyangwa kubana n'indwara idakira.
• Guhangana n'ubutane bw'ababyeyi cyangwa ibindi bibazo byo mu muryango.
• Ubumuga mu mikurire no mu myigire, urugero nka `ADHD` (indwara yo kudakora neza), `ubumuga bwo mu mutwe`, `indwara yo mu mutwe ya Autism`, `Dyslexia` (ingorane zo gusoma) na `indwara zo mu itumanaho`.
• Indwara z’imyitwarire zibangamira abandi, nk’indwara y’imyitwarire n’indwara yo kudakunda kwitwara neza.
• Indwara zo kurya, urugero nko kubura amaraso menshi, gukabya kurya (bulimia) no kurya nabi cyane.
• Agahinda n'igihombo.
• Ibibazo by'umwirondoro n'iby'agaciro, nka Body Dysmorphic Disorder (impungenge zidasanzwe ku miterere y'umubiri).
• Indwara zo mu mutwe, urugero, kwiheba, guhangayika, ubwoba, indwara yo kwiheba no guhangayika (OCD) (ibitekerezo n'ibikorwa bidakenewe) n'indwara yo guhangayika nyuma yo guhungabana (PTSD) (stress ibaho nyuma yo gukomereka).
• Ibibazo mu mibanire y'abantu.
• Ibibazo byo gusinzira, nko kudasinzira neza, inzozi mbi, no guhangayika mu gihe cyo gusinzira.
• Imihangayiko ijyanye n'impinduka zikomeye mu buzima.

Namenya nte ko umwana wanjye akeneye ubufasha bw'inzobere mu by'imitekerereze y'abana?

Iki ni cyo kibazo gikomeye ababyeyi benshi bibaza. Ni ibintu bifatika kwibaza uti 'Ese koko umwana wanjye akeneye ubufasha bw'inzobere mu by'imitekerereze y'abantu?' Mu by'ukuri, ubuvuzi ni igikoresho cy'agaciro ku bantu bakuru n'abana, gitanga ahantu hatekanye ho kuganira no guhangana n'imihangayiko y'ubuzima, ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, cyangwa ingorane z'igihe gito.

Uzi umwana wawe neza. Niba wumva ko umwana wawe ahanganye n'akazi ko ku ishuri, imibanire n'inshuti, uburyo amarangamutima ye agenzurwa, imyitwarire ye, cyangwa kwiga, byaba byiza ubonye ubufasha ku muhanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana.

Dore bimwe mu bintu bisanzwe n'imyitwarire ushobora kureba kugira ngo bigufashe gufata icyemezo niba n'igihe umwana wawe agomba kubonana n'umuganga w'imitekerereze y'abana:

• Niba umwana wawe arimo ahura n'impinduka zikomeye cyangwa ibintu bimutera guhangayika, urugero, gutotezwa ku ishuri, indwara, gutandukana kw'ababyeyi, cyangwa kwimukira mu mujyi mushya cyangwa ishuri.
• Ibibazo by'umwana mu mutwe, mu marangamutima, cyangwa mu myitwarire ntibigenda birushaho kuba byiza uko igihe kigenda gihita.Niba bisa nkaho birushaho kuba bibi.
• Niba umwana wawe cyangwa undi muntu wo mu muryango wawe yahuye n'ikibazo cy'ihungabana (ihungabana), urugero, urupfu, impanuka, cyangwa ihohoterwa.
• Niba ubonye impinduka zikomeye mu miterere y'umwana wawe cyangwa imyitwarire ye, tekereza ko umwana wawe, wakundaga kuvuga cyane no kumwenyura, ubu asa n'aho ahora mu cyumba cye nta muntu n'umwe avugana na we.
• Iyo umwana afite ikibazo cyo kugira inshuti no gukomeza umubano mwiza na we.
• Niba amanota y'umwana wawe ari kugabanuka ku ishuri, cyangwa niba ahora afite ibibazo by'imyitwarire ku ishuri.

Ni gute umuntu aba umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abana?

Kuba inzobere mu by'imitekerereze y'abana si urugendo rworoshye. Bisaba ubwitange n'uburezi bwinshi. Muri make, ugomba kurangiza izi ntambwe:

• Impamyabumenyi y'imyaka ine (`impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza`) yakuye muri kaminuza.
• Hanyuma, haboneka impamyabumenyi y'imyaka ine kugeza kuri itandatu ya kaminuza, cyangwa impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD cyangwa PsyD). Muri ibi, uziga by'umwihariko ibijyanye n'imitekerereze y'abana.
• Imyitozo y'igihe cyose y'umwaka umwe mu gihe cy'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza.
• Ugomba gutsinda ikizamini cyo ku rwego rw'igihugu n'ibindi bizamini bifitanye isano n'igihugu/akarere ukoreramo.
• Ahantu henshi, ugomba kurangiza undi mwaka w'imyitozo ikurikiranwa mbere yuko uhabwa uruhushya rwo kuba umuganga w'imitekerereze y'abana. Abahanga benshi mu by'imitekerereze y'abana bakora andi mahugurwa kugira ngo babone ubumenyi.
• Abahanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abana bafite uruhushya nabo basabwa kurangiza gahunda z’uburezi buhoraho, nk’inama, ubushakashatsi, n’amasomo, buri mwaka mu buzima bwabo bw’umwuga kugira ngo bakomeze kumenya amakuru mashya mu bijyanye n’iterambere ryabo.

Rero urashobora kubona uburyo ibi bisaba ubwitange bungana. Niyo mpamvu bafite ubumenyi bwo gufasha umwana wawe. Ubusanzwe bishobora gufata imyaka 8 kugeza kuri 12 cyangwa irenga kugira ngo ube inzobere mu by’imitekerereze y’abana.

Amaherezo, ikintu cy'ingenzi kurusha ibindi!

Amaherezo, bishobora kugorana kwemera ko umwana wawe afite ibibazo byo mu mutwe, mu byiyumvo, mu mibanire ye n'abandi, cyangwa mu myitwarire ye, ariko ni ngombwa gushaka ubufasha bw'inzobere.

Inzobere mu by’imitekerereze y’abana ishobora guha umwana wawe ahantu hatekanye, hamufasha kandi hatamucira urubanza kugira ngo avuge ku byiyumvo bye kandi abisobanukirwe. Ni inzobere mu mwuga wabo kandi basobanukiwe neza ubushakashatsi n’uburyo bushya bwo kuvura bushobora gufasha umwana wawe.

Wibuke ko inzobere mu by’imitekerereze y’umwana wawe izakorana nawe n’umwana wawe kugira ngo mutegure gahunda y’ubuvuzi ikwiriye umwana wawe. Ntabwo uri wenyine, kandi ntabwo bitinda gusaba ubufasha.

` Imitekerereze y'abana, ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, imyitwarire y'abana, ubuvuzi, ubujyanama, ADHD, autism