Ese wigeze wibaza uburyo ubona ibara ry'amaso yawe, imiterere y'umusatsi wawe, uburebure bwawe, ndetse n'indwara zimwe na zimwe? Uyu munsi tugiye kuvuga ku kintu gito cyane ariko gikomeye cyane mu mubiri wacu ari cyo gitera ibi byose. Icyo ni ADN. Ushobora kuba warumvise iri zina incuro nyinshi, muri filime, kuri televiziyo, mu bitabo by'ishuri. Ariko uyu munsi tuzavuga mu buryo bworoshye kandi buzira umugayo ku byo rikora koko.
ADN ni iki mu buryo bworoshye?
Tekereza ko uri kubaka inyubako nini. Ukeneye igishushanyo mbonera, sibyo? Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ADN ni urutonde rwuzuye rw'amabwiriza, igishushanyo mbonera, gikenewe kugira ngo "ubwubake". Amakuru yose yerekeye uburyo ingingo z'umubiri wawe zigomba gukura, uko zigomba gukora, n'uko ukwiye kumera yanditse muri iyi ADN.
Mu magambo make, ADN ni nk'isomero rinini ririmo amakuru yose yerekeye wowe, ryanditswe mu rurimi uturemangingo two mu mubiri wacu dushobora gusoma. Iyi ADN iri mu turemangingo tw'ibinyabuzima byose. ADN yawe uyikura ku babyeyi bawe. Igice kimwe cy'umurage uhabwa na nyoko, ikindi gice ukira na so .
Ijambo ADN risobanura aside deoxyribonucleique . Izina risa n'irigoye gato, si byo se? Ariko ibisobanuro byaryo biroroshye cyane. Ni ubwoko bwihariye bwa aside iboneka mu "bwonko" bw'uturemangingo twacu, imbere mu gice cy'umubiri.
ADN yacu yose - ni ukuvuga Genome
ADN yuzuye mu mubiri wawe yitwa genome . Ni nk'isomero rinini navuze mbere. Iri somero ritunganyijwe gutya.
| Igice | Ibisobanuro byoroshye |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | Ibi ni nk'ibitabo binini biri mu bubiko bwawe bwa ADN. ADN yacu igabanyijemo ibice bishobora gukurikizwa, cyangwa ibitabo, bitewe n'izi chromosomes. |
| Ingirabuzimafatizo | Ibi ni nk'ibice biri muri ibyo bitabo.Nk'uko. Buri gene igena imiterere yawe. Urugero, gene igena ibara ry'amaso yawe, gene igena imiterere y'umusatsi wawe. |
| ADN idakoresha kode | Ibi ni ibice bya ADN hagati ya za jeni. Nubwo bitagena neza imiterere y’uturemangingo, ni ingenzi cyane. Bimeze nk'ibimenyetso by'utwanditsi (aho bihagarara, koma) mu gitabo. Bifasha izo jeni gukora neza ndetse bikanafasha mu zindi nzira z'ingenzi mu turemangingo. |
Ni iki koko kiba kuri ADN?
Akazi gakomeye ka ADN ni ugutanga amabwiriza yo gukora poroteyine, zikenewe cyane ku mibiri yacu. Izi poroteyine zigira uruhare muri byose kuva ku mikorere y’ingingo zacu kugeza ku kuntu zisa.
ADN ikoresha ururimi rwayo rwihariye mu kwandika aya mabwiriza. Uru rurimi rufite inyuguti enye gusa. Ni A, C, G na T. Kimwe n'inyuguti zacu za Sinhala, izi nyuguti enye zihurira hamwe imwe ku yindi, zigakora amamiliyari y'amabwiriza atandukanye. Tekereza inyuguti 'ல', 'ம', 'ய' zihurira hamwe zigakora ijambo 'லமா'. Iyo uhinduye inyuguti, urema irindi jambo nka 'மலா'. Uko ni ko izi nyuguti A, C, G, T zihurira hamwe imwe ku yindi, zigakora amabwiriza atandukanye umubiri wawe ukeneye. Niyo mpamvu ADN ya buri wese ari umwihariko.
Izi nyuguti enye zihagarariye ibipimo bine by’ibinyabutabire : Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, na Thymine . Uturemangingo two mu mubiri wacu dusoma izi nyuguti kandi tugakora poroteyine mu ntambwe zitandukanye.
1. Kwandika: Hari indi molekile yihariye yitwa RNA (nk'umuntu utanga amakuru ku iposita) iza igakoporora amabwiriza ari muri ADN. Hanyuma ikayikura muri nucleus.
2. Guhindura: Hanyuma, utunyangingo duto tumeze nk'uruganda twitwa ribosomes dusoma ubutumwa bwa RNA, kandi dukurikije amabwiriza ari muri bwo, duhuza aside amine kugira ngo tugire poroteyine.
3. Gutunganya bya nyuma: Poroteyine itegurwa gutyo irahindurwa, igapfunyika neza, hanyuma yoherezwa ahantu hifuzwa mu mubiri.
Mu magambo make, ADN ni yo shusho shingiro. RNA ni umuntu ufata kopi y'iyo shusho akayizana aho akorera. Ribosome ni abakozi bakurikiza iyo shusho kandi bagakora akazi. Poroteyine ni yo musaruro wa nyuma.
Ni iyihe miterere n'imiterere ya ADN?
Imiterere ya ADN ni nziza cyane. Yitwa helix ebyiri.Ibyo bivuze ko bimeze nk'ingazi ebyiri zizunguruka zivanze. Niba ushobora kubyiyumvisha byoroshye, imiterere yazo imeze nk'ingazi zizunguruka .
ADN igizwe n'uduce duto tw'ubwubatsi twitwa nucleotides . Buri nucleotide ifite ibice bitatu.
| Igice cya nucleotide | Igikorwa (cyoroshye) |
|---|---|
| Ishingiro rya azote | Izi ni inyuguti A, C, G, T twavuzeho. Zihuzwa hagati, nk'imirongo y'ingazi zizunguruka. Hari itegeko ryihariye hano. A ihora ihuzwa na T, na C ihora ihuzwa na G. |
| Molekile y'isukari (Isukari ya Deoxyribose) | Ibi bikorwa kugira ngo hahuzwe igice cyo hasi (aho batembera) n'aho bafatira ingazi. |
| Itsinda rya Phosphate | Ibi nibyo bihuza imisemburo y'isukari kugira ngo bibe urufatiro rw'ingazi zizunguruka. |
ADN iri he?
Hafi buri selile mu mubiri wawe ifite ADN mu mutima wayo. Ariko, zimwe mu selile, nk'uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso, ntabwo zigira ADN bityo ntizigira ADN. Byongeye kandi, mitochondria, ari zo ngirabuzimafatizo zacu zikomeye, nazo zifite ADN yazo. Ikintu cyihariye kuri iyi ADN ya mitochondria ni uko tuyikura kuri ba nyina gusa .
Bigenda bite iyo habayeho amakosa muri ADN?
Iyo habayeho ikosa, kwangirika, cyangwa ikosa mu makuru ari muri ADN, bishobora guteza ibibazo by'ubuzima. Imibiri yacu ifite sisitemu zayo bwite zo kugenzura ko nta makosa abayeho mu gukora kopi za ADN yacu. Ni nko gukosora inyuguti. Ariko rimwe na rimwe iyi nzira ishobora kunanirwa. Hanyuma impinduka muri ADN, zitwa mutations, zishobora kubaho.
Byongeye kandi, bimwe mu bintu dukora mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi nabyo bishobora kwangiza ADN.
- Kwibasirwa n'izuba rikabije
- Guhumeka ibintu byangiza nk'umwotsi n'imyotsi iva mu modoka
- Kunywa itabi
- Kunywa inzoga
Indwara zitandukanye zishobora guterwa no kwangirika cyangwa impinduka muri ADN nk'iyi.
- Kanseri
- Indwara z'ibihaha, umutima n'izindi ngingo
- Gusaza vuba k'uruhu
- Ibibazo by'uburumbuke
- Hari indwara zimwe na zimwe zivukana
Niyo mpamvu ari ingenzi cyane kubaho ubuzima bwiza, kwirinda kunywa itabi n'inzoga. Ibi bintu binafasha mu kurinda ADN yacu. Niba ufite impungenge kuri ibi, ntutinye kuvugana na muganga wawe .
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- ADN ni urutonde rwuzuye rw'amabwiriza, igishushanyo mbonera, gikenewe kugira ngo umubiri wawe wubake kandi ukore.
- Igice cya ADN yawe ugikura kuri nyoko, ikindi gice ugikura kuri so.
- Inshingano nyamukuru ya ADN ni ugutanga amabwiriza yo gukora poroteyine z'ingenzi ku mubiri.
- Imiterere ya ADN imeze nk'ingazi izunguruka (double helix).
- Amakosa cyangwa kwangirika kwa ADN bishobora gutera indwara zitandukanye, nka kanseri.
- Ubuzima bwiza bufasha kurinda ADN yawe kwangirika.
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