Twese turagwa ibintu bivuye ku babyeyi bacu, sibyo? Ibintu nk'ibara ry'uruhu, imiterere y'umusatsi, ibara ry'amaso. Ibi ni ibintu dukura mu turemangingo tw'ababyeyi bacu. Ariko hamwe n'ibi bintu byiza, hari indwara zimwe na zimwe zishobora kuragwa n'abazadukomokaho. Indwara nk'izo tuzita gusa 'Indwara z'ibisekuru'. Ni ingenzi cyane kubimenya, kuko bizadufasha gufata ibyemezo bireba twe ubwacu n'iby'ejo hazaza h'abana bacu.
Mu by'ukuri indwara y'uturemangingo ni iki?
Kugira ngo tubisobanukirwe, reka tubanze tuvuge gato ku byerekeye imiterere y’uturemangingo (genes) na ADN. Tekereza ko umubiri wacu ari inyubako nini. Hari igishushanyo mbonera cyuzuye cyo kubaka iyo nyubako, igitabo kinini kirimo buri kantu gato. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, muri buri karemangingo mu mubiri wacu, hari amabwiriza arimo amakuru yerekeye uko ako karemangingo kagomba gukora, uko tumeze, n'imiterere yacu yose. Aya mabwiriza ni icyo twita ADN (aside Deoxyribonucleic) .
Tuyita 'genes' ibice by'uru ruhererekane rurerure rwa ADN bitanga amabwiriza yihariye. Urugero, hari gene igena ibara ry'amaso yawe, gene igena imiterere y'umusatsi wawe, n'ibindi.
None se, bigenda bite iyo habayeho impinduka, kwangirika, cyangwa ikosa mu mabwiriza ari muri izi gene? Hanyuma bigira ingaruka ku mikorere isanzwe y'umubiri. Impinduka nk'iyo mbi muri gene yitwa mutation . Tuyita indwara ziterwa n'iyo mutation cyangwa impinduka mu bunini bw'imiterere (chromosomes) irimo gene zacu 'indwara z'uruhererekane'.
Kimwe cya kabiri cy’uturemangingo twacu tugikura kuri mama wacu, ikindi gice kikagikura kuri data. Bityo dushobora kuragwa ubusembwa bw’uturemangingo buturutse kuri mama wacu cyangwa kuri data wacu, cyangwa se kuri bombi.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ingenzi bw'indwara ziterwa n'uturemangingo?
Indwara z’uturemangingo zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu bw’ingenzi. Izi nzego zishingiye ku buryo zibaho.
| Ubwoko bw'indwara | Ibisobanuro byoroshye |
|---|---|
| Indwara za chromosome | Utunyangingo twacu (DNA) dupfunyitse mu miterere yitwa chromosomes. Izi ndwara ziterwa no kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka k'umubare wa chromosomes mu turemangingo, cyangwa kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka k'igice cya chromosomes. |
| Indwara zigoye / z’ibintu byinshi | Ibi biterwa n'uruvange rw'impinduka zimwe cyangwa nyinshi mu ngirabuzimafatizo hamwe n'imibereho yacu n'ibidukikije (imirire, imyitozo ngororamubiri, kunywa itabi, imiti). |
| Indwara ziterwa n'ubusembwa muri gene imwe (Single-gene / Monogenic Disorders) | Izi ndwara ziterwa n'impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo imwe. Zigaragara ko zihererekanywa kuva ku gisekuru kijya ku kindi mu buryo busobanutse neza. |
Ni izihe ndwara zikunze kugaragara mu maraso?
Hari indwara ibihumbi n'ibihumbi ziterwa n'uturemangingo. Zimwe zirakunze kugaragara, izindi ni nke cyane. Reka turebe zimwe mu ndwara zikunze kugaragara zikubiye mu byiciro bitatu twavuzeho mbere.
| Ubwoko bw'indwara | Ingero |
|---|---|
| Indwara za chromosome | |
| Indwara ya Down (Down syndrome - Trisomie 21) | Indwara ya Fragile X |
| Indwara ya Klinefelter | Indwara ya Turner |
| Trisomie 18 na Trisomie 13 | Indwara ya Triple-X |
| Indwara z'ibintu byinshi | |
| Diyabete | Indwara y'imitsi itera umutima |
| Kanseri (ubwoko bwinshi) | Rubagimpande |
| Indwara ya Autism (ikunze kugaragara cyane) | Umutwe uterwa na Migraine |
| Indwara za Monogenic | |
| Indwara ya cystic fibrosis | Indwara y'uturemangingo tw'umutsi |
| Kurwara imitsi ya Duchenne | Indwara ya Tay-Sachs |
| Hemochromatosis (ubwiyongere bw'icyuma mu mubiri) | Indwara ya hypercholesterolemia yo mu muryango |
Ni izihe mpamvu zitera indwara ziterwa n'uturemangingo?
Nkuko twabiganiriyeho mbere, impamvu nyamukuru ni impinduka mu miterere y’uturemangingo. Reka tubisobanukirwe mu buryo bworoshye.
Ingirabuzimafatizo zacu ni nk'amabwiriza yo gutuma poroteyine umubiri wacu ukeneye. Izi poroteyine zigenzura hafi buri gikorwa cyose mu mibiri yacu. Iyo gene ifite impinduka, aya mabwiriza agenda nabi. Hanyuma ibintu bibiri bishobora kubaho:
1. Poroteyine zikenewe ntizikorwa na gato.
2. Cyangwa hari inenge muri poroteyine zikorwa, bityo ntizikore neza.
Ibi bintu byombi bibangamira imikorere isanzwe y'umubiri kandi bigatera indwara. Impinduka zimwe na zimwe zivuka mu bisekuruza bitandukanye. Ariko rimwe na rimwe, nta mateka y'umuryango, umuntu ashobora kugira impinduka nshya mu ngirabuzimafatizo mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwe. Hari ibintu byinshi bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije (mutagens) bigira ingaruka kuri ibi.
- Guhura n'imiti: Ibintu nk'imiti yica udukoko n'imiti iva mu nganda.
- Guhura n'imirasire: Guhura n'imirasire myinshi nka X-rays.
- Kunywa itabi: Ibinyabutabire biri mu itabi bishobora kwangiza ADN.
- Imirasire mibi ya ultraviolet ituruka ku zuba (kwibasirwa na UV): Iyi ishobora gutera indwara nka kanseri y'uruhu.
Ni ibihe bimenyetso by'izi ndwara?
Ibimenyetso by'indwara y'uturemangingo biratandukanye cyane. Biterwa n'uturemangingo twafashwe, igice cy'umubiri cyafashwe, n'uburemere bw'indwara. Ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bigaragara mu gihe cyo kuvuka. Ibindi bishobora kugaragara mu bwana, mu gihe cy'ingimbi cyangwa mu gihe cy'ubukure.
Ibi ni bimwe mu bimenyetso bisanzwe:
- Impinduka mu myitwarire cyangwa ibibazo.
- Kugorwa no guhumeka.
- Kubura ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, nko kudashobora k'ubwonko gutunganya amakuru neza.
- Ibibazo by'iterambere, nko gutinda mu kuvuga cyangwa ubuhanga bwo kubana n'abandi.
- Kugorwa no kumira ibiryo cyangwa kudashobora kwinjiza intungamubiri neza.
- Utumenyetso twose tw’ingingo cyangwa mu maso, nko kubura intoki cyangwa iminwa n’amagayane.
- Kugorwa no kwimuka bitewe no gukomera kw'imitsi cyangwa intege nke.
- Ingorane z'imitsi nko gucika intege cyangwa gucika imitsi.
- Kugabanuka k'umubyimba w'umubiri cyangwa kuba mugufi.
- Ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa kumva neza.
Wamenya ute ko ufite indwara y’uturemangingo?
Niba hari umuntu wo mu muryango wawe ufite indwara y’uturemangingo kandi ukaba ukeka ko uyirwaye, ni byiza kujya kwa muganga no gushaka inama ku bijyanye n’uturemangingo . Gupima uturemangingo akenshi bishobora kwemeza niba ufite ihinduka ry’uturemangingo rijyanye n’indwara runaka.
Igikuru ni uko kuba umuntu afite imiterere y’uturemangingo ku ndwara, bitavuze ko buri wese azarwara iyo ndwara. Umujyanama mu by’uturemangingo ashobora gusobanura ibyago byawe n’icyo wakora kugira ngo wirinde.
Hari ibizamini byinshi bishobora gukorwa n'umuntu utangiye umuryango, cyangwa umubyeyi utwite.
Isuzuma ry'umukozi utwara imizigo
Iki ni ikizamini cy'amaraso. Gishobora kumenya niba wowe cyangwa umukunzi wawe mufite gene ifite inenge y'indwara y'uruhererekane rw'amaraso mu buryo butagaragaza ibimenyetso (ni abayanduye). Iki kizamini ni amahitamo meza ku muntu wese uteganya kubyara, nubwo nta muryango ufite iyi ndwara.
Gusuzuma mbere yo kubyara
Iki kizamini gishobora kugaragaza ibyago byo kuba umwana uri mu nda yagira indwara isanzwe ya chromosome nka Down syndrome binyuze mu gusuzuma amaraso yafashwe n'umubyeyi utwite.
Gupima indwara mbere yo kubyara
Ibi bishobora gufasha kumenya neza niba umwana afite indwara ya genetiki. Kuri ibi, hafatwa amazi make ya amniotic hanyuma hagapimwa. Iki kizamini cyitwa amniocentesis .
Gusuzuma abana bavutse
Iki kizamini gikorerwa ku maraso mato yakuwe ku gatsinsino k'umwana wese uvutse. Kinakorerwa mu bitaro byo muri Sri Lanka buri gihe. Ibi bituma hamenyekana hakiri kare indwara zimwe na zimwe zishobora kuvurwa kandi bigatuma umwana abona ubuvuzi bukenewe vuba bishoboka.
Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kuvura indwara ziterwa n'uturemangingo?
Ibi ni byo twese twifuza kumenya. Ariko ukuri ni uko indwara nyinshi ziterwa n’uturemangingo zidashobora gukira burundu. Ariko, ntugahangayike. Nubwo indwara idashobora gukira burundu, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura bushobora gufasha mu kugenzura ibimenyetso, gukumira indwara gukomeza kwiyongera, no koroshya ubuzima.
Ubwoko bw'ubuvuzi ukeneye buzaterwa n'imiterere n'uburemere bw'indwara.
- Uburyo bwo kuvura indwara ya chimiotherapie , nk'imiti igabanya ibimenyetso cyangwa igabanya gukura kudasanzwe kw'uturemangingo mu ndwara nka kanseri.
- Ubujyanama ku mirire cyangwa inyongeramusaruro kugira ngo bifashe umubiri wawe kubona intungamubiri ukeneye.
- Ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, ubuvuzi bw'akazi, cyangwa ubuvuzi bwo kuvuga bushobora gukenerwa kugira ngo ukomeze kugira ubushobozi bwiza.
- Gutera amaraso kugira ngo uturemangingo tw’amaraso tugarure ubuzima bwiza.
- Kubagwa kugira ngo hakosorwe imiterere idasanzwe cyangwa kuvura ibibazo.
- Uburyo bwihariye bwo kuvura kanseri nko gukoresha imirasire .
- Gutera ingingo : Gusimbuza ingingo idakora neza n'iy'ubuzima.
Ese ahazaza h'umuntu ubana n'ubu bwoko bw'indwara hameze hate?
Biragoye gutanga igisubizo kimwe kuri iki kibazo, kuko gitandukanye cyane bitewe n'indwara. Umwana ufite indwara zimwe na zimwe zidasanzwe kandi zikomeye avukana, nka anencephaly, ashobora kubaho iminsi mike gusa.
Ariko indwara nk'umunwa upfutse mu kanwa ntabwo igira ingaruka ku mibereho y'umuntu. Ariko, bashobora gukenera ubuvuzi n'ubuvuzi bw'inzobere buri gihe kugira ngo babeho ubuzima busanzwe. Icy'ingenzi ni uko, iyo habayeho inama n'imicungire myiza y'abaganga, abantu benshi barwaye indwara z'uturemangingo bashobora kubaho ubuzima bufite intego kandi bwiza.
Ese indwara y’uturemangingo ishobora kwirindwa?
Hari ibintu bike cyane dushobora gukora kugira ngo twirinde indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo, kuko ziri muri ADN yacu. Ariko, binyuze mu bujyanama no gupima ngirabuzimafatizo, ushobora kumenya ibyago byawe. Ushobora kandi kumenya uburyo abana bawe bashobora kurwara indwara zimwe na zimwe. Ubu bumenyi bushobora kugufasha gufata ibyemezo by'ingenzi, nko gutegura umuryango.
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- Indwara za genetiki ni indwara ziterwa n'ubusembwa muri gene cyangwa chromosomes zacu.
- Bimwe muri ibi bigaragara igihe cyo kuvuka, mu gihe ibindi bishobora kugaragara uko igihe kigenda gihita.
- Niba hari umuntu wo mu muryango wawe ufite indwara y’uturemangingo, ni ngombwa cyane kuvugana na muganga wawe no kwiga ibijyanye n’ubujyanama ku ngirabuzimafatizo mbere yo gutangiza umuryango.
- Nubwo indwara nyinshi zidashobora gukira burundu, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura bushobora gufasha mu kugenzura ibimenyetso no kubaho neza.
- Mu gihe ubana n'ikibazo nk'iki, ni ngombwa cyane gukomeza gushaka abaganga b'inzobere no gushaka ubufasha mu matsinda y'abaterankunga.
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