Ushobora kuba uzi ko imibiri yacu ifite ubwirinzi butangaje, nk'ingabo, bwo kurwanya indwara. Ibi tubyita ubwirinzi bw'umubiri. Hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'abasirikare muri iyi ngabo. Bamwe ni abatasi, abandi ni abakora intwaro, abandi ni abajya mu ntambara. Uyu munsi tugiye kuvuga ku itsinda ryihariye cyane, ritandukanye gato, kandi rifite ubuhanga muri iyi ngabo. Abo ni 'uturemangingo tw'abicanyi karemano' cyangwa nkuko twese tubizi, uturemangingo tw'abicanyi karemano (NK Seli) . Izina risa n'aho riteye ubwoba gato, si byo se? Ariko mu by'ukuri aba ni bamwe mu nshuti zacu magara mu mibiri yacu.
Izi selile zica karemano (NK cells) ni bande?
Mu magambo make, uturemangingo tw’umwicanyi karemano (NK cells) ni ubwoko bw’uturemangingo tw’amaraso twera mu mubiri wacu. Mu by’ukuri, turi mu itsinda ry’uturemangingo twitwa lymphocytes, ari na two tugize ubwoko bw’uturemangingo twinshi mu budahangarwa bw’umubiri. Ushobora kuba warumvise uturemangingo twa B na T. Ibyo ni byo uturemangingo twa NK dukora.
Ariko hari impamvu bitwa abicanyi "basanzwe". Izindi selile z'intambara mu budahangarwa bwacu bw'umubiri, nka selile T-toxic, zigomba kumenya neza umwanzi (nk'agakoko cyangwa bagiteri) kugira ngo ziwurimbure. Ibyo bivuze ko zigomba kugira imyitozo no kwibuka uwo mwanzi.
Ariko ibyuma byacu, `uturemangingo twa NK`, ntibikeneye imyitozo cyangwa kumenya mbere. Bishobora gusenya utwo turemangingo twose dushobora kubateza akaga bakimara kubibona, nta bunararibonye babanje kugira. Bameze nk'imbwa y'umurinzi y'ubwenge imenya umujura mu buryo busanzwe ikamusimbukiraho iyo umujura yinjiye mu nzu.
Ni iki gikunze kubaho kuri izi selile za NK?
Inshingano nyamukuru y'uturemangingo twa `NK` ni ugusenya uturemangingo twari dufite ubuzima bwiza ariko ubu tukaba tubangamiye umubiri wacu. Ibi bikubiyemo cyane cyane:
- Uturemangingo twandujwe na virusi: Iyo virusi yinjiye mu mubiri, yinjira mu turemangingo twacu tuzima ikatuyobora. Uturemangingo twa `NK` dushobora kumenya utwo turemangingo tw’udukoko no kutwangiza mbere yuko virusi ikwirakwira cyane.
- Uturemangingo twa kanseri: Uturemangingo twa NK dufite ubushobozi butangaje bwo kumenya no gusenya uturemangingo twa kanseri dukura mu mibiri yacu hakiri kare. Kubwibyo, utwo turemangingo bigira uruhare runini mu gukumira ikwirakwira rya kanseri.
Izi selile za `NK` ni igice cy'ingenzi cyane cy'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wacu. Ubu budahangarwa bw'umubiri wacu ni bwo buryo bwa mbere bwo kwirinda. Tekereza umubiri wacu nk'igihome. Inkuta z'icyo gihome (uruhu rwacu) n'imiyoboro y'amazi (ururenda) ni byo bintu bya mbere bibuza mikorobe kwinjira. Ariko niba umwanzi arenze izo mbogamizi akinjira, umutwe wa mbere w'ingabo ujya ku rugamba ni ubu budahangarwa bw'umubiri bw'umubiri bw'umuntu. Abasirikare beza muri iryo tsinda ni selile za `NK`.
Nubwo akazi kabo nyamukuru ari ukwica, uturemangingo twa NK dufite akandi kazi k'ingenzi. Ni ukuvugana. Basohora poroteyine zidasanzwe zitwa cytokines. Izi ni nk'ubutumwa. Ubu butumwa bubwira utundi turemangingo turi mu budahangarwa bw'umubiri buti "Hari umwanzi hano, ngwino ufashe."
None se izi selile za NK zikora zite?
Iyi ni inzira ishimishije cyane. Uturemangingo twa `NK` duhora tugenzura imibiri yacu. Uko tubikora, "dusuzuma" buri turemangingo duhura natwo, tukibaza tuti: "Ese iyi ni selile yacu nzima cyangwa se ni selile iteje akaga?" Icyemezo cyo kumenya niba selile ya `NK` izasenya selile cyangwa ntizayisenye giterwa n'ibimenyetso yakira cyangwa itakira bivuye ku turemangingo irimo gusuzuma (reka tuyite 'selile y'ingenzi').
Hari uduce twinshi tw’ingirabuzimafatizo ku buso bwa selile ya NK dushobora gukora no gukumira isenyuka ry’isenyuka ry’isenyuka.
Ni gute twamenya uturemangingo tuzima kandi tukirinda kwangiza? (Kubuza)
Hafi buri selile nzima mu mubiri wacu ifite ikarita ndangamuntu hejuru yayo ivuga ngo "Ndi selile nzima ibereye muri uyu mubiri." Ibi byitwa MHC-1 . Iyo selile ya NK igiye ku irondo, iyo ihuye n'iselile, ireba iyi karita ndangamuntu ya MHC-1.
Iyo indangamuntu ari yo, bivuze ko ingirabuzimafatizo ari nzima, MHC-1 ifatana na receptor ibuza kuri selile ya NK. Ni nk'umurinzi ureba indangamuntu maze akavuga ati "Sawa, urashobora kugenda." Muri icyo gihe, inzira yo kwica selile ya NK irazimira. Bityo selile ya NK ijya kugenzura ingirabuzimafatizo ikurikiraho nta kwangiza selile nzima.
Ni gute wafata icyemezo cyo gusenya uturemangingo twangiza? (Gukoresha)
Akaremangingo ka `NK` kinjira mu mirwano mu bihe nk'ibi:
- Iyo ikarita y'indangamuntu (MHC-1) ibuze: Uturemangingo twanduye virusi hamwe n'uturemangingo twa kanseri duhisha iyi karita y'indangamuntu yitwa `MHC-1`. Ibyo ni ukugira ngo birinde ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri. Ariko uturemangingo twa `NK` turakorana amayeri menshi. Iyo babonye ingirabuzimafatizo idafite indangamuntu, bafata icyemezo cy'uko iteye amakenga maze bakayitera.
- Iyo ikarita ndangamuntu (MHC-1) igabanutse: Hari igihe `MHC-1` y'akagari itaba itakaye burundu, ariko umubare wayo uragabanuka. Ibyo kandi ni ikimenyetso cy'umuburo ku turemangingo twa `NK`.
- Mu gihe wakira ibimenyetso bikoresha:Uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe twanduye n’uturemangingo twa kanseri dutanga ibindi bimenyetso byihariye ku buso bwatwo bivuga ngo "Ndi mubi." Iyo ibyo bimenyetso bifashwe na 'activating receptors' ku turemangingo twa NK, inzira yo kwica iratangira.
Nyuma yo gufata icyemezo cyo gusenya akaremangingo, akaremangingo ka NK gakoresha intwaro ebyiri zikomeye cyane za chimique.
1. Perforin: Ibi bitera umwobo inyuma y'akaremangingo kagenewe.
2. Granzymes: Izi enzymes zitwa `granzymes` zoherezwa mu mwobo wakozwe. Iyo izimaze kwinjira, ingirabuzimafatizo irimburwa imbere.
Nyuma yo kurangiza iki gikorwa, cell ya NK yohereza ubutumwa (binyuze kuri cytokines) ku bandi kugira ngo baze gusukura barebe niba hari abandi banzi.
Utu tunyangingo twa NK tuba turi he mu mubiri wacu?
Uturemangingo twa NK dutangira gukura mu musokoro w'amagufwa yacu. Icyo ni igice cy'umusemburo kiri mu magufwa yacu manini. Nyuma yo gukuramo, uturemangingo twa NK tuguma mu musokoro w'amagufwa. Utundi tugenda tujya mu ngingo zitandukanye zifitanye isano n'urusobe rwacu rwa limfu. Urugero:
- Uduce tw'umurabyo (lymph nodes)
- Umugongo
- Amagufwa yo mu nda
- Thymus
Iyo izi selile zimaze gukura zigashyirwa mu turemangingo twa NK, zirekurwa zijya mu maraso. Niyo mpamvu hari utu turemangingo twinshi mu maraso yacu. Byongeye kandi, izi selile za NK zishobora no kuboneka mu ngingo nk'umwijima n'ibihaha. Ubusanzwe, hari selile za NK zirenga miliyari 2 mu mubiri w'umuntu mukuru igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Ariko, igihe cyo kubaho kwazo ni gito, hafi ibyumweru bibiri.
Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’uturemangingo twa NK na selile za T zitera uburozi?
Nubwo izi selile zombi ari uturemangingo twica mu budahangarwa bw'umubiri, imikorere yazo n'imikorere yazo biratandukanye. Kugira ngo wumve neza iri tandukaniro, reba imbonerahamwe iri hepfo.
| Ikiranga | Utunyangingo tw’umubiri twica karemano (NK) | Seli T zitera uburozi |
|---|---|---|
| Ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwite | Ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri karemano - itsinda rya mbere rishinzwe guhangana n'ibibazo byihuse. | Ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bushobora kwihuza n'ibindi bintu -Ikipe yatojwe ku bw'abanzi runaka. |
| Kumenya abanzi | Nta bunararibonye busabwa mbere kugira ngo urimbure umwanzi. Agatsiko kose gakekwa kazaterwa. | Umubiri utera gusa umwanzi wihariye wamenyekanye mbere. |
| Umuvuduko wo gusubiza | Ni vuba cyane. Ikora mu minsi 3 uhereye igihe yanduriye. | Bigenda buhoro. Bifata icyumweru kimwe kugira ngo umenye umwanzi kandi ukore uturemangingo twa T twihariye. |
| Imiterere y'igitero | Nk'uko bigenda ku irondo risanzwe. Guhura n'ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose . | Igitero cyibasiwe. Gitera umwanzi uzwi gusa. |
Ni izihe ndwara ziterwa n'ibibazo bya selile za NK?
Kutagira uturemangingo twa NK mu mibiri yacu, cyangwa kugira uturemangingo tudakora neza, ni ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima bwacu, kuko bigabanya ubushobozi bwacu bwo kurwanya indwara zandura na kanseri.
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko impinduka mu mikorere y'uturemangingo twa NK zishobora gutera indwara zitandukanye.
- Indwara ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri: Muri izi ndwara, ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bwacu bwibasira uturemangingo twacu twiza. Bikekwa ko kudakora neza kw’uturemangingo twa `NK` bishobora kugira uruhare muri iki kibazo.
- Asima: Uturemangingo twa NK tugira uruhare mu kugenzura cyangwa kongera ububyimbirwe mu nzira z'ubuhumekero muri asima.
- Indwara y'amara abyimba (IBD): Uturemangingo twa NK tugira uruhare mu kubyimba k'umubiri ku ndwara zandurira mu gifu.
Byongeye kandi, hari inenge ebyiri z’uturemangingo tuvukana zihariye ku turemangingo twa NK.
1. Ubukene bw'uturemangingo tw’umubiri twica karemano (NKD): Abantu bafite iyi ndwara baba bafite uturemangingo duke cyane twa NK mu maraso yabo cyangwa ntatwo bafite.
2. Ubukene bw'uturemangingo tw’umubiri twica karemano (NKD):Nubwo hari uturemangingo twa `NK` duhagije hano, imikorere y’utwo turemangingo, ni ukuvuga ubushobozi bwatwo bwo gusenya uturemangingo, ni mike cyane.
Abantu bafite ibyo bibazo byombi bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura indwara nyinshi, cyane cyane virusi. Urugero, HPV, herpes, cytomegalovirus (CMV), na virusi itera inkoko bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye.
Igikuru ni uko niba ufite gushidikanya ku bijyanye n'uko ufite indwara nk'izo zidasanzwe, muganga wawe ni we ugomba gufata icyemezo. Niba ukunda guhura n'indwara zidasanzwe, ni byiza kubibwira muganga.
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- Uturemangingo tw’umwicanyi karemano (NK) ni itsinda ry’abakomando badasanzwe mu budahangarwa bwacu bw’umubiri barwanya uturemangingo twa kanseri n’uturemangingo twandujwe na virusi.
- Izi ni zo ngingo z'ingenzi z'umubiri wacu, ari na zo zituma ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri buvukanwa.
- Bitandukanye n'izindi selile z'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, selile za NK ntizikenera uburambe bwa mbere kugira ngo zisenye umwanzi, bityo zishobora gukora vuba cyane.
- Kugira uturemangingo twa NK dufite ubuzima bwiza kandi dukora neza mu mubiri ni ingenzi cyane mu kurinda indwara zikomeye.
- Niba umuntu afite indwara zidakira kandi zikomeye cyane, ni ngombwa kubimenyesha umuganga kugira ngo umuganga arebe imikorere y’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, bibaye ngombwa.
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