Reka twige gusa ku ntumwa nto mu mubiri wacu: (Abatumanaho utuntu tw'ubwonko)?

Umeze ute? Hari igihe wumva wishimye cyane, ubundi ukumva ubabaye cyangwa urakaye, sibyo? Cyangwa wigeze usigara wiheba nyuma yo kwibagirwa ikintu wize cyane mu kizamini? Ibi byose biterwa n'intumwa nto ariko z'ingenzi cyane zikorera mu mibiri yacu. Tugiye kubiganiraho uyu munsi.

Ibi (Neurotransmitters) ni ibihe?

Mu magambo make, utunyangingo tw’imitsi ni ubwoko bw’ubutumwa bw’imiti umubiri wacu ukeneye . Bameze nk’abana bato bakora mu biro by’iposita by’umubiri wacu. Akazi kabo ni ugutwara ibimenyetso bya shimi, cyangwa ubutumwa, kuva mu ngirabuzimafatizo imwe y’imitsi (neuron) ukajya mu yindi ngirabuzimafatizo. Iyi ngirabuzimafatizo ishobora kuba indi ngirabuzimafatizo y’imitsi, cyangwa se ikaba ingirabuzimafatizo y’imitsi cyangwa ingirabuzimafatizo.

Imibiri yacu itwikiriwe n'urusobe rw'imitsi. Ibi tubyita sisitemu y'imitsi . Ni nk'urusobe rw'insinga z'amashanyarazi zinyura mu gihugu. Iyi sisitemu y'imitsi yohereza kandi ikakira ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi kuri buri gice cy'umubiri wacu. Ntigenzura gusa icyo utekereza, uko wumva, uko imitsi yawe igenda, ahubwo inagenzura uko ingingo zawe zakora. Mu yandi magambo, iyi mitsi igira uruhare mu byo ukora byose, utekereza, n'uko wumva. Uturemangingo tw'imitsi yacu twakira kandi twohereza amakuru aturutse impande zose z'umubiri. Uku guhanahana amakuru buri gihe ni byo bifasha umubiri gukomeza gukora neza.

Ni iki imitsi n'udukoko two mu bwonko bigenzura mu mibiri yacu?

Noneho reba ibintu byinshi aba batumwa bato bakora:

• Igenzura umuvuduko w'umutima wawe n'umuvuduko w'amaraso .
• Bigufasha guhumeka .
• Nanone kandi, bakora imitsi neza.
• Bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bitekerezo byawe, kwibuka kwawe, kwiga kwawe, n'amarangamutima yawe . Tekereza nawe, rimwe na rimwe twumva twishimye cyane, ubundi tukumva tubabaye, dufite ubwoba. Bagira uruhare muri ibi byose.
• Igenzura kandi inzira zo gusinzira, gukira kw'ibikomere, no gusaza .
• Nibo bagena uko umuntu abyitwaramo mu gihe afite ubwoba cyangwa impungenge.
• Igenzura imisemburo .
• Igenzura igogora, inzara n'inyota .
• Ni bo basubiza ku byumviro byacu bitanu (kubona, kumva, kumva, gukorakora, no gusogongera).

Ni gute ibyuma bivura indwara zo mu bwonko bikora?

Hari uturemangingo tw’imitsi tubarirwa muri za miriyari mu mibiri yacu. Biratangaje, si byo se? Iyo ufashe uturemangingo tw’imitsi, dufite ibice bitatu by’ingenzi:

• Umubiri w'uturemangingo: Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu gukora imiyoboro y'ubwonko no mu mikorere myiza y'uturemangingo tw'imitsi.
• Axon: Igice kirekire cy'umurizo w'ubwonko gitwara ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi ku mukondo w'ubwonko kijya ku gice cy'umukondo w'ubwonko.
• Aho Axon ihagarara:Aha niho ubwo butumwa bw'amashanyarazi buhinduka ubutumwa bwa shimi. Ibi bifashwa na (Neurotransmitters). Ubwo butumwa bwa shimi bwoherezwa ku ngirabuzimafatizo z'imitsi, mu turemangingo tw'imitsi, cyangwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo.

Utunyangingo tw’imitsi tuba ku mpera y’utunyangingo tw’imitsi. Tubikwa mu dusakoshi duto dufite inkuta ntoya twitwa synaptic vesicles . Agasakoshi kamwe gashobora kuba karimo udusakoshi ibihumbi by’imiti itera imikorere y’ubwonko. Tekereza nk’udupaki duto.

Noneho, iyo ubutumwa cyangwa ikimenyetso binyura mu karemangingo k'imitsi, ingufu z'amashanyarazi muri icyo kimenyetso zituma neurotransmitter ifatana n'akaremangingo k'imitsi, ku mpera y'akaremangingo. Hanyuma, neurotransmitters ubu zirimo gutanga ubutumwa zirekurwa zivuye mu gice cya axon. Ibi birekurwa mu mwanya muto wuzuyemo amazi hagati y'akaremangingo k'imitsi kamwe n'akaremangingo gakurikira (kashobora kuba akandi karemangingo k'imitsi, akaremangingo k'imitsi, cyangwa imvubura). Uyu mwanya ni muto cyane, munsi ya nanometero 40 (nm). Iyo utekereje uburyo uyu mwanya ari muto, umugozi w'umusatsi wawe ufite ubugari bwa nanometero 75.000.

Aka gace gato kitwa aho urusobe rw'amajwi ruhurira. Aha niho utwo tunyangingo tw'amajwi dutwara ubutumwa. Buri bwoko bwa neurotransmitter bufatana n'agace runaka kari ku karemangingo k'amajwi. Nk'uko urufunguzo rushobora gufungurwa gusa iyo rushyizwe mu mwobo runaka. Iyo rumaze guhambira, iyo neurotransmitter itera impinduka cyangwa igikorwa mu karemangingo k'amajwi. Urugero, ishobora gutuma akandi karemangingo k'imitsi gatera ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi, imitsi igacika, cyangwa imisemburo igasohora imisemburo.

Ni ubuhe butumwa bwo mu bwoko bwa neurotransmitters bwohereza ku ngirabuzimafatizo?

Izi ntumwa, cyangwa se neurotransmitters, zigira kimwe mu bikorwa bitatu by'ingenzi hamwe n'ubutumwa bwazo, bitewe n'ubwoko bwa neurotransmitters zirimo.

• Ubutumwa butera imbaraga: Ubwo bwoko bwa neurotransmitters "butera imbaraga" uturemangingo tw'imitsi maze " bugatanga ubutumwa ." Ni ukuvuga ko ubutumwa bujya mu tundi tunyangingo. Ingero zirimo Glutamate , Epinephrine, na Norepinephrine .
• Ubutumwa bubuza umuntu kugira icyo avuga: Ubu butumwa bukoreshwa mu guhagarika cyangwa kubuza ubutumwa bw’imiti gukomeza. Ingero z’ubu buryo bwo kuvura indwara zirimo aside gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) , glycine, na serotonin.
• Ubutumwa buhindura imikorere: Izi (neurotransmitters) zigira ingaruka ku ngaruka z'izindi misemburo za shimi. Nk' "kuzihindura gato." Ni ukuvuga ko zigira impinduka nto ku buryo ingirabuzimafatizo zivugana kuri sinapse. Nanone, zigira ingaruka ku mubare munini w'ingirabuzimafatizo z'imitsi icyarimwe.

Ni iki kibaho ku mashini zikora neurotransmitters nyuma y'uko ubutumwa butanzwe?

Noneho, ubu ibyuma bitanga ubutumwa byatanze ubutumwa bwabyo. Ni iki gikurikiraho? Izi molecule zigomba kuva muri iyo synaptic cleft (umwanya uri hagati y'ingirabuzimafatizo imwe y'imitsi n'ingirabuzimafatizo yayo ikurikira). Bitabaye ibyo, zizakomeza kohereza ubutumwa gusa, sibyo? Ibi bibaho mu buryo butatu bw'ingenzi:

• Zigenda zishira buhoro buhoro (zikwirakwira) .
• Bisubizwamo kandi bigakoreshwa n'ingirabuzimafatizo imwe yabirekuye (reuptake) , nk'aho birimo kongera gukoreshwa.
• Enzymes ziri muri sinapse zirayisenya (igabanuka) , bigatuma idashobora kongera kwihambira ku ngirabuzimafatizo za receptor.

Hari ubwoko bungana iki bwa neurotransmitters?

Abahanga mu bya siyansi ubu bamaze kuvumbura nibura ubwoko 100 bw'imiti itera indwara z'ubwonko. Kandi bikekwa ko hari n'indi myinshi ishobora kuvumburwa. Ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere yayo ya shimi. Reka turebe bimwe mu byiciro by'ingenzi dukunze kumva, ingero z'imiti itera indwara z'ubwonko ikoreshwa muri yo, n'imikorere yayo.

Aside amine (Neurotransmitters)

Izi (neurotransmitters) zigira uruhare mu mikorere myinshi y'imitsi yacu.

• Glutamate: Iyi ni yo ngirabuzimafatizo nyamukuru mu mitsi yacu. Iboneka cyane cyane mu bwonko. Ni ingenzi ku mikorere y'ingenzi y'ubwonko nko gutekereza, kwiga no kwibuka. Kutagera ku rugero rwa glutamate byagaragaye ko bifitanye isano n'indwara ya Alzheimer , dementia , indwara ya Parkinson, n'igicuri .
• Aside ya Gamma-Aminobutyric (GABA): GABA ni yo ngirabuzimafatizo nyamukuru ibuza umuntu kugira icyo akora mu bwonko, cyane cyane mu bwonko. Igenzura imikorere y'ubwonko kandi ikarinda ibibazo nko guhangayika , kurakara, kugorwa no kwibanda ku bintu, kudasinzira neza, igicuri, no kwiheba .
• Glycine: Glycine ni yo mashini igabanya ububabare mu ruti rw'umugongo rwacu. Glycine igira uruhare mu gutunganya amakuru y'amatwi, kohereza ububabare, no kugenzura imikorere y'umubiri.

Monoamines (Utunyangingo tw'imitsi)

Izi (Neurotransmitters) zigira imirimo myinshi itandukanye mu mikorere y'ubwonko bwacu, cyane cyane mu bwonko. Zigenga ubwenge, uburyo bwo kubona ibintu, kwita ku bintu, n'amarangamutima. Indwara nyinshi mu mikorere y'ubwonko zifitanye isano n'ibidasanzwe muri izi monoamines (Neurotransmitters). Nanone, imiti myinshi dukunze gukoresha igira ingaruka kuri izi (Neurotransmitters).

• Serotonin: Serotonin ni urwego rw'imitsi. Serotonin ifasha mu kugenga amarangamutima yacu, uburyo bwo gusinzira, imibonano mpuzabitsina, imihangayiko, ubushake bwo kurya, n'ububabare. Indwara zijyana no kudahuza kwa serotonin zirimo:Indwara y’ibihe by’ihungabana, imihangayiko, kwiheba, fibromyalgia, n’ububabare budakira. Imiti ivura izi ndwara igenzura serotonin yitwa SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) na SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) .
• Histamine: Histamine igenzura ibintu nko kuba maso, imyitwarire yo kurya, n'ubushake mu mubiri. Histamine igira uruhare mu ndwara nka asima , bronchospasm, edema mucosal, na multiple sclerosis .
• Dopamine: Dopamine igira uruhare mu "buryo bw'umubiri wacu bwo gutanga umusaruro." Ibi bivuze kumva wishimye, ushishikajwe cyane, no kwiga. Dopamine ifasha kandi mu kwita ku bintu, kwibuka, gusinzira, kwiyumva mu mutima, no kugira ishyaka. Indwara zijyana no kudakora neza mu buryo bwa dopamine zirimo indwara ya Parkinson , schizophrenia , indwara ya bipolar , restless legs syndrome , na attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Ibiyobyabwenge byinshi biyobya ubwenge (nka kokayine, methamphetamine, na amfetamine) bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwa dopamine.
• Epinephrine: Epinephrine (yitwa kandi adrenaline) na norepinephrine (ibikurikira kuri ibi biri hepfo) ni byo bituma umubiri wacu " uhangana cyangwa uhunga " n'ubwoba n'imihangayiko. Izi neurotransmitters zongerera umuvuduko w'umutima wacu, guhumeka, umuvuduko w'amaraso, isukari mu maraso, amaraso atembera mu mitsi, ndetse n'ubushobozi bwacu bwo kwibanda no gukora ibintu bitandukanye biduhangayikisha. Epinephrine nyinshi ishobora gutera ibibazo by'ubuzima nk'umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, diyabete, n'indwara z'umutima. Nk'umuti, epinephrine ikoreshwa mu kuvura anaphylaxis (ingaruka zikomeye z'ubwivumbure), indwara za asima, indwara z'umutima, n'indwara zikomeye.
• Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine (izwi kandi nka norepinephrine) yongera umuvuduko w'amaraso n'umuvuduko w'umutima. Izwiho ingaruka zayo ku kuba maso, gukanguka, gufata ibyemezo, kwita ku bintu no kwibanda ku byo umuntu akora. Imiti myinshi (ituma umuntu arushaho kwitwara neza n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara) ikora mu kongera urugero rwa norepinephrine kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo kwita ku bintu mu gihe umuntu arwaye indwara nka ADHD, cyangwa mu guhindura norepinephrine kugira ngo igabanye ibimenyetso by'ihungabana.

Peptides (Neurotransmitters)

Peptide ni ubwoko bwa polymer, cyangwa urunigi, rwa aside amine.

• Endorphins:Endorphins ni imiti igabanya ububabare karemano mu mubiri wacu. Igira ingaruka ku buryo twumva ububabare. Iyo endorphins zirekuwe, zigabanya ububabare kandi zigatuma twumva tumeze neza. Urugero ruto rwa endorphins rushobora kuba rufitanye isano na fibromyalgia na bumwe mu bwoko bw'umutwe.

Asetilikolini

Iyi neurotransmitter ikora akazi kenshi mu mitsi yacu yo hagati (CNS - ubwonko n'umugongo) no mu mitsi yo mu gice cy'inyuma (imitsi iva mu mitsi yo hagati). Asetylcholine irekurwa mu mitsi myinshi yo mu mitsi yacu yo mu buryo bw'inyuma, igenzura umuvuduko w'umutima, umuvuduko w'amaraso, n'imyakura. Asetylcholine igira uruhare mu gutuma imitsi ikora neza, kwibuka, gushishikarira, kwifuza imibonano mpuzabitsina, gusinzira no kwiga. Kudahuza kw'urugero rwa asetylcholine bifitanye isano n'ibibazo by'ubuzima nka indwara ya Alzheimer , igicuri, no kubabara kw'imitsi.

Ni izihe mpamvu zituma icyuma kivura indwara kidakora neza?

Ibintu byinshi bishobora kugenda nabi bigatuma insinga zikora neza. Ubusanzwe, hari ibibazo bike nk'ibi:

• Ikorwa ry'imiti imwe cyangwa nyinshi zikora cyangwa zisohora neurotransmitters nyinshi cyane cyangwa nke cyane .
• Receptor iri mu ngirabuzimafatizo (imitsi, imitsi, cyangwa ingirabuzimafatizo) yakira ubutumwa ntabwo ikora neza . Hanyuma, ndetse n'ingirabuzimafatizo zisanzwe zikora ntizishobora gutanga amakuru ku ngirabuzimafatizo ikurikira.
• Kubyimba no kwangirika kwa synaptic cleft bibuza receptors z'uturemangingo kwakira neurotransmitters zihagije (urugero: indwara yitwa myasthenia gravis ).
• (Abahindura imikorere y'ubwonko) Gusubiza mu buryo bwihuse .
• Enzymes zigabanya ingano y'uturemangingo tw'ubwonko , bigabanya inzira twayo ijya mu turemangingo twibasiwe.

Udukoresho two kohereza amakuru mu bwonko dushobora kugira ingaruka ku bibazo biri mu bindi bice by'imitsi, indwara zisanzweho, cyangwa imiti ufata. Nanone, iyo utundi dukoresho two kohereza amakuru mu bwonko tudakora neza, indwara zishobora kuvuka. Urugero:

• Acetylcholine idahagije ishobora gutera ikibazo cyo kwibagirwa kigaragara mu ndwara ya Alzheimer .
• Urugero rukabije rwa serotonin rushobora kuba rufitanye isano n'indwara zo mu mutwe ziterwa n'ubwoba bwo mu mutwe .
• Ubwiyongere bw'ibikorwa bya glutamate cyangwa kugabanuka kw'ibikorwa bya GABA bishobora gutera imikorere itunguranye y'imitsi mu bwonko, bigatera indwara yo gucika intege .
• Ubwiyongere bw'imikorere ya norepinephrine na dopamine hamwe n'ibidasanzwe mu kwanduzanya kwa glutamate bitera mania.Bigira uruhare muri iki kibazo.

Ni gute imiti igira ingaruka ku mikorere y'imiti itera indwara zo mu bwonko?

Abahanga mu bya siyansi bemeye akamaro n'uruhare rw'imiti itera indwara mu bwonko bwacu. Banabonye akamaro ko gukora imiti ishobora kugira ingaruka kuri izi miti zituma umuntu avura indwara nyinshi z'ubuzima. Imiti myinshi, cyane cyane iyo ivura indwara zo mu bwonko, ikora mu kugira ingaruka ku miti itera indwara mu buryo butandukanye.

Tekereza nawe, ibiyobyabwenge bimwe na bimwe ni nk'abapolisi bo mu muhanda. Hari igihe bafunga imihanda kugira ngo bagabanye imodoka, hari n'igihe bareka imodoka zigaca. Ibiyobyabwenge bikora kimwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu bwonko.

Imiti ishobora:

• Kubuza enzyme isenya imikorere y'ubwonko, bigatuma ubwonko bwinshi bugera kuri receptor z'imitsi.
• Urugero: Donepezil, Galantamine, na Rivastigmine bibuza enzyme acetylcholinesterase, isenya acetylcholine y’imitsi. Iyi miti ikoreshwa mu gutuza no kunoza imikorere y’ubwonko n’ubwonko ku bantu barwaye indwara ya Alzheimer n’izindi ndwara zitera kwangirika kw’ubwonko.

• Kubuza neurotransmitter kugera aho ikorera.
• Urugero: SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) ni ubwoko bw'imiti ibuza serotonin kongera kwinjira mu turemangingo tw'imitsi. Iyi miti ishobora gufasha kuvura ihungabana, imihangayiko, n'izindi ndwara zo mu mutwe.

• Kubuza irekurwa ry'imitsi ikora mu bwonko.
• Urugero: Lithium, umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara y’ubwivumbure, ukora mu kubuza irekurwa rya norepinephrine, ku rugero runaka. Ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara y’ubwivumbure bw’umura .

Ikintu cy'ingenzi ugomba kwibuka (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

Rero, ushobora kuba usobanukiwe ko utunyangingo tw’imitsi ari intumwa nto z’ingenzi zigira uruhare mu mikorere hafi ya yose mu mubiri wacu. Muri make, ni intumwa z’ibinyabutabire zitwara ubutumwa bw’imitsi kuva ku ngirabuzimafatizo imwe ujya ku yindi. Tudafite utunyangingo tw’imitsi, umubiri wacu ntushobora gukora.

Ubwinshi cyangwa bike cyane bya neurotransmitter runaka bishobora gutera ibibazo bitandukanye by'ubuzima. Imiti myinshi dufata ituma twongera cyangwa tugabanya ingano cyangwa imikorere y'iyi neurotransmitter.

Niba rero ufite ikibazo cyo mu mutwe, ibibazo byo kwibuka, kudasinzira neza, cyangwa niba ubonye impinduka mu myitwarire yawe, ntutindiganye kuvugana na muganga. Bishobora kuba biterwa n'impinduka mu mikorere y'izi (neurotransmitters). Hariho uburyo bukwiye bwo kuvura.

Ndizera ko kumenya izi ntumwa zitangaje z'imiti mu mubiri wawe bizagufasha gusobanukirwa neza ubuzima bwawe!

` Ibikoresho byo kohereza utwonko, ubwonko, uturemangingo tw'imitsi, intumwa za chimique, ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, amarangamutima