'Ikintu cy'umukara' cy'ubwonko (Substantia Nigra) - Reka twige ku ntwari nto igenzura ingendo zacu

Ni ibintu bingahe dukora ku munsi? Turagenda, twiruka, dufata ikintu n'amaboko yacu, dufata igikombe, twandika, tureba hirya no hino... Ibi byose tubikora nta ngorane, nta no gutekereza. Ariko se wigeze utekereza uburyo izi ngendo zose zigomba kugenzurwa mu buryo bwitondewe kandi bunoze? Inyuma y'ibi byose hari ubwonko bwacu. Igice gito cyane, ariko gifite imbaraga nyinshi cy'ubwonko kidufasha gutuma izi ngendo zose zigenda neza kandi zisobanutse neza. Uyu munsi tugiye kuvuga kuri iyo ntwari nto. Uwo ni Substantia Nigra.

None se ni iki kirimo kuba kuri Substantia Nigra mu by'ukuri?

Mu magambo make, Substantia Nigra (SN) ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'ubwonko bwacu gifasha kugenzura ingendo zacu. Ni igice cy'uburyo bwitwa "basal ganglia", bugizwe n'ibindi bice by'ubwonko. Ni nk'ishami ry'ingenzi mu kigo kinini. Iki gice ni ingenzi kubera ingaruka zacyo ku ngendo zacu n'uruhare rwacyo mu mikorere y'ibinyabutabire mu bwonko.

Tekereza utwaye imodoka. Ugomba gukoresha accelerator kugira ngo wongere umuvuduko, feri igabanye umuvuduko cyangwa igahagarara, n'umuyoboro w'imodoka ugahindukira. Iyo ibi byose bihujwe ni bwo ushobora kugenzura imodoka neza. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ubwonko bufite uburyo busa bwo kugenzura imigendere y'umubiri wacu. Imwe mu nshingano z'ingenzi za substantia nigra ni ugukora ikinyabutabire cyitwa dopamine . Iyi dopamine ni intumwa y'ingenzi cyane igenzura imigendere yacu n'imikorere y'imitsi.

Hari ibice bibiri by'ingenzi muri substantia nigra. Imikorere ya byombi itandukanye gato.

1. SN pars reticulata: Iki gice kigira uruhare runini mu mikorere y'amaso yacu, ubushobozi bwo kwiga no gutekereza. Uturemangingo turi muri iki gice tugizwe n'ibinyabutabire byitwa aside gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) . Iki kinyabutabire kigenzura imikorere y'uturemangingo tw'ubwonko ku rugero runaka, nk'iferi . Iyo ubwonko bufashe icyemezo cy'uko ikimenyetso runaka kitari cyiza ngo kijye mu mitsi, iyi 'GABA' ishobora gukoreshwa mu guhagarika icyo kimenyetso kidakenewe cyangwa kugisubiza inyuma. Niyo mpamvu ingendo zacu ziba nziza, nta mpamvu zikenewe.

2. SN pars compacta: Iki gice ni ingenzi cyane. Kubera ko uturemangingo tw’imitsi (neurons) hano dukora dopamine y’ikinyabutabire twavuze mbere. Dopamine ntabwo ifitanye isano gusa no kugenda, ahubwo inafitanye isano n’ibintu byinshi nk’amarangamutima yacu, ubushobozi bwo kwiga, ibihembo, kwishyira mu kaga, no gushishikarira. Iyo dukora ikintu gishimishije, twumva tumeze neza kandi twifuza kongera kugikora kubera iyi dopamine.

Ibi biri he mu bwonko?

Indwara ya substantia nigra iherereye hagati mu bwonko bwacu, ubwonko bwo hagati. Nk'uko izina ribigaragaza, iherereye hagati mu bwonko. Iherereye hejuru gato y'ubwonko, aho uruti rw'umugongo rwacu ruhurira n'agahanga mu nsi y'ijosi.

Nubwo tuvuga ku "substantia nigra," mu by'ukuri hari ibice bibiri by'ubwonko bwacu nk'ibi. Kimwe kiri iburyo bw'umurongo wo hagati w'ubwonko, ikindi kiri ibumoso. Ibi byombi bikora kimwe.

Igaragara gute, ibara ryayo, n'ingano yayo?

Izina rikomoka mu Kilatini. "Substantia nigra" bisobanura "ikintu cy'umukara." Impamvu y'ibi ni uko nubwo ibice byinshi by'ubwonko bwacu bifite ibara ryoroheje ry'umutuku-imvi, iki gice kigaragara nk'umukanda wijimye, w'umukara kurusha ibindi bice by'umubiri.

Impamvu ni uko uturemangingo tw’imitsi muri iki gice tuba dufite ibara ryitwa melanin . Melanin ni ikinyabutabire kiboneka no mu turemangingo tw’uruhu rwacu. Iyo tugiye ku zuba, uruhu rwacu ruhinduka umukara n’umukara bitewe n’iyi melanin. Iryo bara ni ryo rituma iki gice cy’ubwonko kiba ibara ryihariye ry’umukara.

Mu bunini, iki ni igice gito cyane. Bivugwa ko ibice bigera kuri 25 by'iyi nigra bishobora gushyirwa mu mupira usanzwe wa golf. Noneho urashobora gusobanukirwa uburyo akazi kangana, nubwo ari gato cyane.

Iki gice gito gikozwe n'iki?

Kimwe n'ibindi bice by'ubwonko, substantia nigra igizwe n'ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'uturemangingo.

1. Uturemangingo tw'imitsi (Neurone):

Aba ni bo bakomeye mu bwonko bwacu no mu mitsi. Ni nk'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amakuru kuri telefoni bujyana amakuru hirya no hino mu gihugu cyacu. Utu tunyangingo twohereza amakuru mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi n'ibimenyetso bya shimi. Hari ibice byinshi by'ingenzi bigize utwo tunyangingo:

• Umubiri w'akaremangingo: Iki ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cy'akaremangingo, kimwe n'ikigo cy'ubuyobozi.
• Axon: Igice kirekire, gisa n'ukuboko gisohoka mu mubiri w'ingirabuzimafatizo. Kimeze nk'insinga ndende. Ibimenyetso biragendanwa.
• Synapses: Imiterere isa n'intoki ku mpera ya axon. Aha niho ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi gihindurwamo ikimenyetso cya shimi hanyuma kigashyirwa mu mitsi ikurikira.
• Dendrites: Uduce duto, tumeze nk'amashami ku mubiri w'ingirabuzimafatizo dukora nk'antene zo kwakira ibimenyetso bya shimi bivuye ku tundi tunyangingo tw'imitsi.
• Myelini:Agakoresho ko kurinda gakingiye insinga nyinshi. Ibi bifasha ibimenyetso kugenda vuba kandi nta gusohoka kw'amazi.

2. Uturemangingo twa Glial:

Izi ni uturemangingo dushyigikira dufasha uturemangingo tw’imitsi. Ni nk’icyuma gishyigikira gishyiraho urwego rw’ingenzi kandi kikabafasha. Nubwo utwo turemangingo tudatanga ibimenyetso, duha uturemangingo tw’imitsi intungamubiri dukeneye, tukaturinda, tugafasha kurinda uturemangingo tw’imitsi kwandura, kandi utwo turemangingo tw’imyakura ni two dukora sheath ya myelin. Hari uturemangingo tw’imyakura twikubye inshuro icumi ugereranije n’uturemangingo tw’imitsi mu turemangingo tw’imitsi.

Ni ibihe bibazo bigira ingaruka kuri Substantia Nigra?

Iyo aka gace gato kangiritse cyangwa imikorere yako ikangirika, hashobora kubaho ibibazo bikomeye. Dore zimwe mu ndwara z'ingenzi zigira ingaruka kuri ibi:

• Indwara ya Parkinson - Iyi ni yo ndwara nyamukuru kandi izwi cyane.
• Indwara ya Alzheimer
• Ibibyimba byo mu bwonko
• Ibikomere byo mu mutwe, cyane cyane indwara zo mu bwonko n'ibindi bikomere bikomeye byo mu bwonko
• Ibintu by'uburozi, urugero nk'imiti nka trikloroethylene (TCE).
• Indwara zandurira mu bwonko (cyane cyane indwara zigira ingaruka ku bwonko, nka encephalite)
• Indwara ziterwa n'ibibazo by'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, urugero nka lupus
• Indwara zarazwe, nk'indwara ya Huntington.
• Lewy body dementia
• Igisebe cy'imitsi

Ni ibihe bimenyetso bisanzwe by'iyi ndwara?

Ibimenyetso by'indwara yibasira substantia nigra bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'indwara. Ariko, imbonerahamwe iri hepfo igaragaza ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bisanzwe.

Ni ibihe bizamini bikorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ibibazo nk'ibyo?

Muganga wawe azasuzuma ibimenyetso byawe witonze, kandi nibiba ngombwa, ashobora gutegeka ibizamini bitandukanye kugira ngo arebe imikorere y'ubwonko.

• Ibipimo by'amaraso: Ibi bishobora kugaragaza ibintu byinshi, nk'ibibazo by'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri n'uburozi mu mubiri (cyane cyane ibyuma nka umuringa na mercure).
• Gupima CT (Isuzuma rya tomography ryakoreshejwe kuri mudasobwa): Amashusho y'ubwonko ashobora gufatwa kugira ngo harebwe niba hari ikibazo.
• MRI scan (Magnetic resonance imaging): Ibi bishobora gutanga amashusho asobanutse neza kandi arambuye y’ingingo z’ubwonko.
• Gupima PET (Positron emission tomography scan): Iki kizamini gifasha kureba uko imikorere y'ibinyabutabire mu bwonko igenda.
• Gupima imiterere y'uturemangingo: Ibi bizamini bishobora gukorwa niba hari gushidikanya ko iyi ndwara ari umurage.

Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kuvura izi ndwara?

Uburyo bwo kuvura bushingira gusa ku ndwara ufite. Hari indwara zimwe na zimwe zishobora kugenzurwa n'imiti. Urugero, mu ndwara ya Parkinson, hatangwa imiti yongera urugero rwa dopamine. Mu bindi bihe, kubagwa bishobora kuba ngombwa.

Nubwo indwara zimwe na zimwe zishobora gukira, inyinshi muri zo ni indwara zidakira. Muri ibyo bihe, intego nyamukuru yo kuvura ni ukugenzura ibimenyetso no gufasha umurwayi kubaho ubuzima busanzwe uko bishoboka kose. Niba wowe cyangwa undi muntu uzi afite ibyo bimenyetso, ikintu cyiza ni ukubona muganga wujuje ibisabwa vuba kugira ngo aguhe inama.

Ibintu dushobora gukora kugira ngo ubwonko bwacu bukomeze kugira ubuzima bwiza

Ntidushobora gukumira zimwe mu ndwara, nka Parkinson, zigira ingaruka ku ndwara ya substantia nigra. Zishobora kubaho mu buryo butunguranye. Ariko, hari byinshi dushobora gukora kugira ngo tugabanye ibyago byo kurwara indwara nyinshi zigira ingaruka ku bwonko, cyane cyane ibintu nka stroke. Ibi bintu ni ingenzi cyane mu kurinda ubuzima bw'ubwonko bwacu.

• Kurya indyo yuzuye: Ibyokurya turya bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere y'amaraso n'uburemere bw'umubiri. Ibi byombi ni ingenzi cyane ku buzima bw'ubwonko.
• Gira imyitozo ngororamubiri: Gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri buri munsi no kugira ibiro byiza ku mubiri wawe bishobora gufasha cyane mu kurinda ubwonko bwawe indwara nk'umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso na stroke.
• Ambara ibikoresho byo kwirinda: Ni ngombwa kwambara ibikoresho byo kwirinda nk'ingofero mu gihe ukora ahantu hari ibikomere ku mutwe, cyane cyane iyo utwaye igare cyangwa urimo gukora imirimo y'ubwubatsi. Ibikomere byo ku mutwe bishobora kwangiza ubwonko burundu.
• Gucunga indwara zawe zidakira: Niba ufite indwara zidakira nka diyabete, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, cyangwa cholesterol, zicunge nk'uko muganga yabigutegetse. Iyo izi ndwara zidacunzwe, hari amahirwe menshi yo kwangirika k'ubwonko.

Substantia nigra ni agace gato cyane k'ubwonko bwacu, ariko ubu urashobora gusobanukirwa uruhare runini rufite. Aka gace gato ni ingenzi mu kugenzura ingendo zacu, kureba, n'amarangamutima yacu. Bitewe n'iterambere rya siyansi y'ubuvuzi, turimo kwiga byinshi kuri byo. Ubwo bumenyi buzadufasha kubona uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura indwara zifitanye isano na byo mu gihe kizaza.