Reka twige ku mikurire n'umutekano by'umwana wawe w'uruhinja. (Intambwe z'iterambere n'umutekano by'umwana w'uruhinja)

Umwana wawe muto agenda akura buhoro buhoro, si byo se? Arimo kwiga ibintu bishya buri munsi, kandi birashimishije cyane kubibona. Hari intambwe zikomeye mu mikurire ye muri iki gihe. Kandi tugomba kwitondera cyane umutekano we. Uyu munsi, turaganira kuri ibi byose mu buryo bworoshye, mu buryo ushobora gusobanukirwa.

Umwana muto ni nde?

Iyo wumvise ijambo "umwana muto," ushobora gutekereza ku myaka umwana afite. Akenshi twita abana bari hagati y'imyaka 1 na 3 "abana bato." Muri iki gihe, uzabona umwana wawe atangira gukora ibintu ku giti cye buhoro buhoro. Azatangira kugaragaza ubwigenge. Muri iki gihe cy'umwana muto, umwana wawe aziga:

• Kurya wenyine.
• Genda nta muntu ugufasha.
• Koresha amagambo mashya, subiramo amagambo wumvise, kandi uvuge amazina n'izina byayo.
• Sobanukirwa amabwiriza yoroshye nka "oya" na "hagarika".
• Ambara nta bufasha bwinshi.
• Sangiza abandi ibikinisho kandi ubareke basimburane mu gukina.

Ariko ibuka ko buri mwana akura kandi akiga ku muvuduko we . Hari abana bashobora kuba bataramenya neza ibi bintu bageze ku myaka 3. Ntabwo ari irushanwa.

Ni ryari umwana wanjye akeneye kwisuzumisha kwa muganga?

Mu mwaka wa mbere w'umwana wawe, muganga wawe ashobora kujya asuzuma buri gihe kugira ngo arebe neza ko umwana wawe akura neza kandi yujuje ibisabwa mu mwaka wa mbere. Uko umwana wawe agenda akura, ubwo bushakashatsi bukunze kugaragara kenshi. Ushobora kuvugana na muganga w'umwana wawe kugira ngo akore gahunda yo gusuzuma umwana wawe hagati y'imyaka 1 na 3. Ubusanzwe, gusuzuma umwana biteganyijwe muri ibi bihe:

• Ku mwaka umwe.
• Ku mezi 15 na 18.
• Ku myaka 2.
• Ku mezi 30.
• Ku myaka 3.

Ni iki wakwitega mu gihe cyo gupimwa kwa muganga?

Kimwe no gusuzumwa kwa muganga mu gihe cy'ubuto, gusuzumwa kw'umwana umeze neza byibanda ku mikurire y'umwana wawe. Ibi bizamini bishobora kuba birimo:

• Gupima ibiro by'umwana wawe, uburebure bwe, n'umuzenguruko w'umutwe we . Hamwe no gusuzuma umubiri we wose, harimo amaso, amatwi, amenyo, umutima n'ibihaha.
• Gutanga inkingo zikenewe.
• Kugenzura intambwe z'iterambere .
• Gusubiza ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose cyangwa impungenge ushobora kuba ufite ku mwana wawe urimo gukura.
• Kuvuga ku ntambwe zikurikiraho mu iterambere ryabo.
• Niba bibaye ngombwa, tegeka ko amaraso apimwa kugira ngo harebwe niba hemoglobine iri hasi (anemia) ndetse n'uburozi bwa lisansi .

Ni ibihe bikorwa by'ingenzi by'iterambere ry'abana bato?

Intambwe z'iterambere ry'umwana wawe ni ibintu umwana wawe ashobora gukora mu myaka runaka. Izi ntambwe z'ingenzi ni uburyo tubona uko umwana wawe ameze:

• Ni iki kigenda?(Imyitozo minini n'imitsi mito - `Ubuhanga bwose n'ubuhanga bwo gukora imitsi`).
• Kuvuga (Ubuhanga mu Guteza Imbere Ururimi).
• Kwiga (Ubuhanga bwo gutekereza).
• Gukina (Ubuhanga mu mibanire n'abandi no mu byiyumvo).

Wibuke ko buri mwana akura ku muvuduko we . Iri si irushanwa, ahubwo ni ikizamini cy'uburyo umwana wawe ageraho vuba muri izi ntambwe. Hari abana bagera kuri izi ntambwe mbere y'abandi. Niba ubona ko umwana wawe yatinze kugera kuri izi ntambwe, menya neza ko uganira na muganga wawe . Muri ubwo buryo, ushobora kumenya ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose no kugikemura.

Imikurire n'umutekano by'abana bato bafite amezi 15-18

Hagati y'amezi 15 na 18, umwana wawe aba arimo kwiga kugaragaza amarangamutima ye akoresheje ubuhanga bwe bushya bwo kuvuga. Gutera uburakari ni kimwe mu bintu bisanzwe mu iterambere ry'abana bari muri iki kigero. Ni uburyo bwo kukubwira ko batishimye iyo batabonye icyo bashaka. Ushobora gufasha umwana wawe gutuza umurangaza ukoresheje ibikinisho n'imikino. Urugero, niba umwana wawe ari kurira mu iduka ashaka igikinisho, ushobora kumurangaza ubereka ikintu cyiza cyangwa uririmba indirimbo akunda.

Muri iki kigero, umwana wawe agomba kuba arya ku meza hamwe n'abandi bagize umuryango. Ari kwiga gukoresha ibikoresho nk'ikiyiko n'ikanya, no kureka kunywa icupa no kunywa mu gikombe.

Ibimenyetso by'iterambere bigaragara kuri iyi myaka:

• Kugaragaza amarangamutima atandukanye , kuva ku gukora ibintu mu buryo butunguranye kugeza ku kugaragariza urukundo abo muzi.
• Gusobanura ibitekerezo mu magambo yoroshye kandi amwe (urugero: mama, papa, umwana, ibiryo).
• Asobanukiwe amabwiriza yoroshye, y'intambwe imwe nka "kwicara."
• Gutangira kugenda no kwiruka .
• Kunywa ku gikombe no kurya ku kiyiko .

Ni gute warinda umwana uri muri iki kigero?

Kora ibi bintu kugira ngo urinde umwana wawe uri hagati y'amezi 15 na 18:

• Funga ingazi ukoresheje amarembo , bitabaye ibyo umwana muto ashobora kugwa.
• Mu gihe uri mu rugendo mu modoka, shyira umwana mu mwanya werekeza inyuma .
• Inzu yawe itagira uburozi . Witondere cyane cyane utubati turi hejuru bihagije ku buryo abana bato bashobora kugeramo. Ntuzigere ubika uburozi mu bikoresho bisa n'amacupa y'ibiryo cyangwa ibinyobwa cyangwa amacupa ya jam . Niba umwana wawe anyoye ikintu cy'uburozi, fata icupa ujye ku bitaro biri hafi yawe ako kanya cyangwa uhamagare 1990 Ambulance Service .
• Ntugahe ibiryo bishobora kubyimba, nka karoti mbisi, pome zidatobowe, imizabibu, ubunyobwa, sosiso, popcorn, na bombo zikomeye.Ibintu nka avoka zeze, ibirayi bitose, imboga zitetse, inyanya, n'imbuto zitose cyangwa zitetse ni byiza. Buri gihe gabanya ibiryo bizengurutse cyangwa bifite ishusho y'igiceri mo uduce duto kugira ngo wirinde kubyimba.

Imikurire n'umutekano by'umwana w'imyaka ibiri

Abana b'imyaka ibiri buzuye amarangamutima kandi bifuza kwereka abandi amarangamutima yabo. Bagaragaza urukundo, ibyishimo, uburakari, no kwigaragambya.

Uburyo umwana wawe yumva amategeko bushobora kuba butandukanye cyane n'ibyo witeze. Muri iki gihe, shyiraho imipaka ihamye kandi ihoraho ku myitwarire . Abana benshi b'imyaka ibiri baba bashaka gushimisha ababyeyi babo. Rero, menya neza ko ushimira umwana wawe iyo yitwaye neza cyangwa yize ikintu gishya.

Ushobora gusanga umwana wawe akunda kuvuga cyane, akunda kumenya byinshi, kandi akunda gukora cyane. Muri iki gihe, amagambo ye arimo kwiyongera cyane . Gusomera umwana wawe ibitabo bishobora kumufasha kwagura amagambo ye, kunoza imvugo ye, no guteza imbere ubuhanga bwe bwo gutega amatwi.

Nubwo abana b'imyaka ibiri bakunda kuba bari kumwe n'abandi bana, akenshi bakina bonyine . Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kwiga muri iki gihe ni ukwigana .

Umwana wawe ashobora gutangira kugaragaza ibimenyetso byerekana ko yiteguye kwitoza mu byumba byo mu rugo . Ashobora kumara igihe kinini yumye ku manywa, cyangwa akaba afite igihe cyagenwe cyo kwimenyereza mu rugo. Ashobora kandi kuba afite amatsiko ku bwiherero no kumenya imikorere y'umubiri we. Abana bakunze kwiga gukoresha ubwiherero iyo bumaze kwitegura. Tera inkunga umwana wawe kandi umufashe igihe bikenewe . Ni ibisanzwe ko abana bamenya kwitoza mu byumba byo mu rugo mu ntambwe nto.

Ibimenyetso by'iterambere bigaragara kuri iyi myaka:

• Kwigana abandi, cyane cyane abantu bakuru n'abana bakuru .
• Kwicara no gukina hafi y'abandi bana, buhoro buhoro bagatangira gushyira abandi mu mukino wabo.
• Avuga mu nteruro zoroheje z'amagambo abiri kugeza kuri ane . (urugero: "Umwana arashaka amata", "Mpa umupira")
• Kumenya imiterere n'amabara .
• Ukurikije amabwiriza y'intambwe ebyiri , nko "fata ibikinisho byawe ubishyire mu gasanduku."
• Kuzamuka no kumanuka intebe n'ameza.
• Guhagarara ku mano .

Ni gute warinda umwana uri muri iki kigero?

Kurikiza izi nama kugira ngo urinde umwana wawe w'imyaka ibiri:

• Kugira ngo wirinde gushya , ubushyuhe bw'amazi ashyushye bugomba kuba buri munsi ya dogere selisiyusi 49 (120°F) .
• Shyira ibikoresho bipima umwotsi na monoxide ya karubone kuri buri gorofa ry'inzu yawe, muri buri cyumba cyo kuraramo. Gerageza ibikoresho bipima umwotsi rimwe mu kwezi, kandi uhindure bateri buri mezi atandatu.
• Imbunda zakorewe mu rugoNiba ugomba kubagumana, bakomeze bafunze, nta masasu .
• Rinda insinga z'amashanyarazi uzihambire hasi kandi upfuke aho zisohokera amashanyarazi . Ibi ni ingenzi cyane kuko abana bato bazagerageza gushyiramo intoki zabo cyangwa ibindi bintu.
• Ntugasige umwana wawe wenyine mu bwogero, mu bwogero, muri pisine, cyangwa ahandi hantu hose hari amazi . Witondere cyane niba hari indobo z'amazi mu bwogero.
• Ntugasige umwana wawe wenyine hanze . Buri gihe gira umuntu mukuru umukurikiranira hafi mu gihe yambuka umuhanda cyangwa akina mu busitani.

Imikurire n'umutekano by'umwana w'imyaka 3

Umwana wawe w'imyaka itatu arimo kuba umuntu usanzwe usabana n'abandi muri iki gihe, aho ubuhanga bwe bwo kuvuga no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri bukura vuba. Umwana wawe aba afite amatsiko, akenshi abaza ati "kuki?" rimwe na rimwe akabaza ikintu kimwe inshuro nyinshi.

Abana b'imyaka itatu barimo kwiyumvamo cyane . Umwana wawe arimo kumenya itandukaniro riri hagati y'abahungu n'abakobwa, kandi arimo kwigana icyitegererezo cyabo cy'abantu bakuru. Iyo akina, umwana wawe arimo arushaho kuganira na bagenzi be. Amagambo ye arimo kwiyongera kugeza ku magambo amagana. Nubwo imivugire ye idatunganye, abandi bashobora kumva hafi 75% by'ibyo umwana wawe avuga.

Ubuhanga mu mikorere y'umubiri bugaragaza guhuza neza . Umwana wawe ashobora gukunda gutema akoresheje imikasi, gushyira ibintu hejuru y'ibindi, no gushushanya uruziga.

Ibimenyetso by'iterambere bigaragara kuri iyi myaka:

• Kwemerera guhindukira mu gihe ukina.
• Kumenya ibintu bamenyereye bibakikije.
• Kuvuga neza bihagije kugira ngo abandi babyumve no gukoresha interuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu mu kiganiro .
• Gukoresha neza ubushobozi bwo gutekereza . Ashobora guhimba inkuru no kuzivuga, agatuma ibikinisho bibaho kandi akabivugira.
• Kuba ushobora kuzamuka no kumanuka ingazi ufite ikirenge kimwe kuri buri ntambwe .
• Kuba ushobora kwiruka no kuzamuka .

Ni gute warinda umwana uri muri iki kigero?

Kora ibi bintu kugira ngo urinde umwana wawe w'imyaka itatu:

• Itoze icyo wakora mu gihe habaye inkongi y'umuriro mu rugo (Fire Drills) .
• Imenyere kwambara ingofero iyo utwaye igare.
• Vugana uburyo bwo kwirinda abantu utazi (Stranger Safety) .
• Mu gihe uteka, zunguza imigeri y'inkono n'amasafuriya kugira ngo bitagaragara imbere y'iziko , kugira ngo umwana muto atabishobora.
• Wigishe umwana wawe amazina ye, aderesi ye, na nimero ye ya terefone . Ni byiza kandi kumwigisha uburyo bwo guhamagara 119 (polisi) cyangwa 1990 (ambulance) mu gihe cy'impanuka.

Ni ibihe bintu umwana agomba kumenya mbere yo kujya mu ishuri ry'incuke?

Gutangira ishuri ry’incuke ni ikindi kintu gikomeye mu buzima bw’umwana wawe. Ibi bishobora kuba amarangamutima avanze kuri wowe no ku mwana wawe. Ariko kwemeza ko umwana wawe yiteguye bishobora kugufasha koroshya ihinduka. Dore ibintu bimwe na bimwe ugomba gusobanukirwa mbere yuko umwana wawe atangira ishuri ry’incuke:

• Gusangiza abandi .
• Kuba bashobora kuvuga ku byo bakeneye n'ibyo bifuza .
• Ubushobozi bwo gutega amatwi no kwita ku bandi nta kintu kibabaza.
• Ubushobozi bwo kumenya inyuguti n'imibare bimwe na bimwe .
• Gukoresha imyitwarire myiza nka "ndakwinginze" na "urakoze".

Umwana wawe aziga byinshi mu ishuri, kandi ubu buhanga bwose si ngombwa ko buba butunganye mbere y'umunsi wa mbere. Uburyo bw'ingenzi ushobora gutegura umwana wawe ni ukumwigisha gucunga amarangamutima ye mu ishuri . Ibi bivuze ko agomba kuba ashobora kuvuga ati "Nzagaruka vuba" igihe uzaba uvuye mu ishuri, no kuvugana n'umwarimu niba akeneye ubufasha.

Ni ibikinisho ibihe bifasha mu iterambere ry'ubwonko mu bana?

Indi ntambwe y'ingenzi tureba uko umwana wawe akura ni iterambere ry'ubwenge . Iterambere ry'ubwenge ni uburyo umwana wawe akoresha ubwonko bwe kugira ngo yige ku isi imukikije. Hagati y'imyaka 1 na 3, umwana wawe akura ubuhanga bushya bwo gutekereza, nko gutekereza ku giti cye, gusobanukirwa amategeko, kuvugana n'abandi, no gukoresha ubwenge bwe. Dore imikino n'ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe bishobora gufasha umwana wawe guteza imbere ubuhanga bwe bwo gutekereza:

• Gukoresha ibitekerezo binyuze mu kuvuga inkuru no gukina.
• Gukina n'ibipupe, inyamaswa zuzuye ibintu, n'ibikinisho .
• Gukina na puzzles zifite ibice bitatu cyangwa bine.
• Gushushanya hakoreshejwe amakaramu y'amabara .
• Kubaka umunara ukoresheje amatafari .
• Gukoresha ibikinisho bifite ibice bigenda nk'amabuto n'udupira.
• Gukina ubwihisho n'ubushaka .
• Gutondekanya ibicuruzwa hakurikijwe ingano n'amabara .
• Kuririmba indirimbo n'imivugo .

Ni ibihe bibazo by'ubuzima bikwiye kwitabwaho mu mikurire y'abana?

Bivugwa ko abana bagera kuri 17% muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bafite ikibazo cy'iterambere cyangwa ubumuga. Ibi bintu nk'ibyo biragaragara no muri Sri Lanka. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kubimenya.

• Indwara ya Autism Spectrum Disorder: Autism ni indwara iterwa n'iterambere ry'imitsi.Ibi bigira ingaruka ku buryo abantu baganira, uko bitwara mu mibanire n'abandi, ndetse n'imyitwarire yabo. Ibiranga autism mu bana birimo: ibibazo mu mibanire n'abandi, gutinda mu iterambere ry'ururimi no gukemura ibibazo, ibibazo mu mikorere myiza y'umubiri no guhuza ibikorwa, ndetse no kubura ubushobozi bwo kwita ku bintu.
• Ubumuga bwo mu mutwe: Ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bugabanya ubushobozi bw'umwana bwo kwiga no gukora ku muvuduko umwe na bagenzi be. Ibimenyetso by'ubumuga bwo mu mutwe ku bana birimo: kudashobora kugaragaza ibyo bakeneye, kugorwa no kwibuka ibintu, gukemura ibibazo, no kunanirwa gusobanukirwa amategeko agenga imibereho. Ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bushobora kugaragara ku ndwara nka Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, na Fragile X syndrome .
• Gutinda mu Mikurire: Gutinda mu Mikurire ni igihe umwana wawe afata igihe kirekire kugira ngo agere ku ntambwe runaka y'imikurire. Izi ntambwe zikoreshwa mu kugena uko umwana wawe akina, yiga, avuga, agenda, kandi yitwara. Ingero zirimo gutinda mu mikurire, gutinda mu mikurire, gutinda mu mikurire cyangwa mu byumvo, cyangwa gutinda mu mikurire .

Iyo hagaragaye ko umwana atinze mu mikurire, kuvurwa hakiri kare ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kugarura umwana mu murongo mwiza. Iyo habayeho gutinda hadagaragaye ko umwana wawe atangiye ishuri, ashobora kugorwa no kwiga. Niba utekereza ko umwana wawe afite gutinda mu mikurire, menya neza ko wagiye kwa muganga .

Ni ryari ngomba kujya kwa muganga?

Uzi umwana wawe neza. Niba ukeka ko hari ikibazo mu myitwarire ye cyangwa uburyo yiga, vugana na muganga ako kanya .

Ibi ni ibimenyetso byerekana ko umwana wawe ashobora kugira ikibazo cyo gukura:

• Arimo gutakaza ubushobozi bwe bwa mbere . Urugero, yakundaga kuvuga amagambo make, ariko ubu ntanayavuga.
• Kudakoresha interuro z'amagambo abiri (nk'"kunywa amata") nubwo haba nyuma y'imyaka 2.
• Kudasobanukirwa uburyo bwo gukoresha ibintu bisanzwe nk'ikiyiko n'ikanya.
• Kudakurikiza amabwiriza yoroshye nka "oya" cyangwa "guhagarika."
• Kudahagarara neza iyo ugenda .
• Kugorwa no kubana n'abandi bantu bakuru cyangwa abana cyangwa kutareba neza mu maso .

Niba ukeka ko umwana wawe afite ikibazo cyo kudakura neza , ni ngombwa kugira icyo ukora vuba . Ibi bituma muganga wawe ashobora gusuzuma umwana wawe no kuvura indwara iyo ari yo yose imubaho.

Ibibazo byo kubaza muganga

Iyo ugiye kwa muganga, ushobora kubaza ibibazo nk'ibi:

• Ese umwana wanjye akura neza akurikije imyaka ye?
• Nkwiye gukora iki mu gihe umwana wanjye abuze intambwe zimwe na zimwe z'iterambere?

Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo

Umwana wawe muto arimo gukura vuba cyane, kandi agenda arushaho kwiyumvanamo n'isi imukikije. Reba intambwe ze z'iterambere hagati y'imyaka 1 na 3. Niba ubona ko umwana wawe yatinze kugera ku ntambwe ze z'iterambere, ntutinye kuvugana na muganga wawe . Buri mwana aratandukanye, ariko kumuha ubufasha akeneye mu gihe gikwiye bizamuha imbaraga zikomeye ku hazaza he. Urukundo rwawe, ubwitonzi bwawe, n'inkunga yawe ni byo bintu by'agaciro cyane ashobora kugira!

` Iterambere ry'abana bato, intambwe z'iterambere mu mikurire, umutekano w'umwana, amezi 15-18, imyaka 2, imyaka 3, kwitegura ishuri ry'incuke