Twese dufite amakuru yacu ya genetiki abitswe mu turemangingo tw'imibiri yacu. Ni nk'ibitabo biri mu isomero rinini. Ibi bitabo tubyita chromosomes. Dukurana igice kimwe cya mama n'ikindi cya data. Ariko tekereza, rimwe na rimwe impapuro ebyiri z'ibi bitabo ziracika, hanyuma urupapuro rumwe rw'igitabo kimwe rugafatana n'urundi, n'urundi rupapuro rumwe rw'igitabo rufatana n'urundi. Uko ni ko twita translocation mu buvuzi iyo ibice bya chromosomes ebyiri bicitse bigahinduka. Ntugatinye iyo wumvise iri zina. Abantu benshi bashobora kugira iri zina, kandi bashobora no kutabimenya. Reka turebe icyo ari cyo mu by'ukuri.
Iyi mpinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo yitwa Translocation ni iyihe?
Mu magambo make, kwimura chromosomes ni impinduka mu miterere ya chromosomes. Ibi bibaho iyo igice cya chromosome imwe gicitse kigafata kuri chromosome yindi. Hari igihe igice cya chromosome ya kabiri cyacitse gishobora no gufata iya mbere.
Mu mutima w’uturemangingo twacu, harimo chromosomes 23. Ibyo byose hamwe ni chromosomes 46. Muri izi, chromosomes 22 zigenzura ibindi biranga umubiri (autosomes), mu gihe chromosomes za nyuma zigena igitsina cyacu (chromosomes X na Y).
Guhindura imiterere y'umubiri bishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi:
1. Guhinduranya ibice bya chromosomes ebyiri zitandukanye: Ibi ni igihe ibice bya chromosomes ebyiri zitandukanye bihinduranywa. Tekereza igice cya chromosome 7 cyimurirwa kuri chromosome 21, n'igice cya chromosome 21 cyimurirwa kuri chromosome 7.
2. Guhindura Robertsonian: Ibi bibaho iyo chromosome imwe yifatanye burundu n'indi chromosome.
Noneho hari ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi. Iyo ibi bice bihinduwe, ariko nta makuru ya genetiki yatakaye cyangwa yabonetse, tuyita Balanced Translocation . Umuntu ufite ibi akenshi nta kibazo cy'ubuzima agira. Ariko, iyo amakuru amwe na amwe ya genetiki yatakaye cyangwa yabonetse kubera uku guhinduranya, tuyita Unbalanced Translocation . Ni bwo ibibazo bitandukanye by'ubuzima bitangira kuvuka.
Ese ni translocation gusa? Izindi mpinduka zishobora kubaho muri chromosomes
Uretse kwimura imiterere y’uturemangingo, hari izindi mpinduka nyinshi zishobora kubaho mu miterere ya chromosomes. Izi zishobora kandi kubangamira inzira yo gukora poroteyine mu mubiri wacu no kugira ingaruka ku mikorere y’uturemangingo n’uturemangingo. Reka turebere hamwe ibyo ari byo.
| Ubwoko bw'impinduka | Ni iki kibaho gusa |
|---|---|
| Gusiba | Igice cya chromosome kiracika kikavanwaho. Ibi bishobora gutuma habura gene nyinshi cyangwa amagana z'ingenzi mu mubiri. |
| Gukoporora | Igice cya chromosome gikopororwa kabiri mu buryo budasanzwe, bigatanga amakuru menshi yerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo. |
| Guhindura (guhindura igice mu kindi) | Chromosome iracika ahantu habiri, hanyuma igice kigahindukira kikongera gufatanya. |
| Izindi mpinduka zikomeye | Impinduka zikomeye zishobora kubaho, nka isochromosomes (chromosomes zifite amaboko abiri asa) na chromosomes z'impeta (chromosomes zifite ishusho nk'impeta). |
Ni ryari uku kwimuka biba ingenzi?
Hariho uturemangingo tubarirwa muri za miriyoni mu mubiri wacu. Iyo kamwe muri utwo turemangingo gahuye n'impinduka nk'izi, nta ngaruka nyinshi kazagira. Utwo turemangingo dushobora gupfa nyuma y'igihe runaka.
Ariko, uku kwimura intanga ni ingenzi cyane iyo bigaragaye mu gi rya nyina (intanga ngore), mu ntanga ya se (intanga ngore), cyangwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo ya mbere yakozwe n'ihurizo ry'ibyo byombi (zygote).
Tekereza, ako karemangingo kamwe karacikamo kabiri kagakora umwana wuzuye. Ibyo bivuze ko buri karemangingo ko mu mubiri w'umwana gafite iyo mpinduka. Ni bwo indwara zitandukanye zibaho bitewe n'ubwiyongere cyangwa igabanuka ry'amakuru yerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo.
Hari igihe iyi mpinduka iba nyuma yuko umwana asamwe. Hanyuma hari uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe two mu mubiri dushobora kuba dusanzwe kandi hari uturemangingo dushobora kuba dufite aho tujya. Ibi tubyita Mosaicism .
Reka turebe urugero rw'ibyabaye mu buzima busanzwe.
Kugira ngo tubisobanukirwe neza, reka dufate urugero. Tekereza ko hari umuntu, reka tumwite Sunil. Sunil nta ndwara afite, ni muzima. Ariko iyo tugenzuye imiterere y'uturemangingo (genes) twe, afite uburyo bwo guhinduranya imiterere y'uturemangingo hagati ya chromosomes ye ya 7 na 21. Ibyo bivuze ko ibice byasimbuwe, ariko afite amakuru yose akenewe mu mubiri we. Kubwibyo, nta kibazo afite.
Ikibazo kibaho iyo umwana akozwe. Iyo intanga ngabo zikozwe mu mubiri wa Sunil, chromosome ziratandukana. Aha, ikibabaje ni uko intanga zimwe zishobora gutwara chromosome ya 7 hamwe n'igice cya 21 gifatanye aho kuba chromosome ya 7 isanzwe. Muri icyo gihe, chromosome ya 21 isanzwe ishobora no kujya kuri iyo ntanga ngabo.
None se, bigenda bite iyo intanga ngabo zihuye n'igi rizima maze umwana akavuka? Nyina ahabwa chromosome imwe ya 21. Se (Sunil) ahabwa chromosome isanzwe ya 21 n'igice cya chromosome ya 21 gifatanye na chromosome ya 7. Hanyuma, uturemangingo tw'umwana tuba dufite amakuru atatu yerekeye imiterere ya chromosome ya 21. Ibyo ni byo twita Down syndrome .
None se usobanukiwe uburyo umuntu ufite translocation ingana ashobora kubyara umwana ufite translocation ingana, nubwo nta bimenyetso afite?
Indwara zishobora guterwa no kwimura umuntu
Hari indwara nyinshi z’ingenzi zishobora guterwa no kwimura umwana.
| Indwara | Chromosomes zikunze kujyana n'ibisobanuro byazo |
|---|---|
| Indwara ya Down | Iyi ndwara ikunze guterwa no kuba hari kopi eshatu za chromosome 21 aho kuba ebyiri (Trisomie 21). Ariko, umubare muto w'abandura uterwa no kwimura chromosome. Ikunze kugaragara ni uguhinduranya chromosomes 14 na 21. Aba bana bashobora kugira ibibazo mu mutima, mu nzira y'igogora, no mu mugongo. |
| Leukemia idakira ya myelogenous (CML) | Iyi ni ubwoko bwa kanseri y'amaraso. Iterwa no kwimuka hagati ya chromosomes 9 na 22. Chromosome nshya ya 22 ivuka kubera iyo mpamvu yitwa chromosome ya Philadelphia.Ibi bituma habaho enzyme idasanzwe, bigatuma uturemangingo twa kanseri dukura mu buryo butunguranye. |
| Lymphoma n'ubundi bwoko bwa leukemia | Guhinduranya izindi chromosomes, nka chromosomes ya 8 na 11, bishobora gutera ubwoko butandukanye bwa leukemia na lymphoma. |
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- Kwimura umwana bishobora kuba nta kibazo (kuringaniye), cyangwa bigatera indwara zikomeye (zitaringaniye).
- Iyo ufite uburyo bwo kwimura abana mu buryo buboneye, ushobora kubaho ubuzima bwiza. Ibibazo byonyine ushobora kugira ni iyo ufite abana.
- Iyi ndwara ishobora kuragwa n'ababyeyi, cyangwa ikaba yavuka mu gihe cyo gusama.
- Nta "muti" uhari wo kwimura umuntu, kuko uba uri muri buri selile mu mubiri. Ariko, indwara zikomoka kuri byo zishobora kuvurwa.
- Iyi si indwara yandura. Ushobora gusabana n'abandi, gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina, no gutanga amaraso nta bwoba.
- Niba hari umuntu wo mu muryango wawe ufite indwara iterwa n’uturemangingo, cyangwa niba ufite gushidikanya cyangwa ibibazo kuri ibi, ikintu cyiza wakora ni ukubonana na muganga wawe cyangwa umuganga wawe mukabiganiraho.
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