Icyo ukeneye kumenya by'ukuri ku bijyanye n'ibizamini by'ubwenge (IQ Tests)

Twese twumvise "IQ," si byo se? Iyo tuvuga ubwenge bw'umuntu , twumvise abantu bavuga bati "IQ ye iri hejuru cyane." Hari igihe bamwe bagerageza kubimenya bafata udupapuro duto two kuri interineti maze bakabaza bati "IQ yanjye ni iyihe?" Ariko se iki kizamini cy'IQ ni iki? Ese koko gishobora gupima ubwenge bwacu? Uyu munsi, turaganira byimbitse, kandi mu buryo bworoshye, ku nkuru iri inyuma yabyo n'impaka zibikikije.

Iyi IQ ni iki?

Mu magambo make, IQ ni incamake y'amagambo y'Icyongereza 'Intelligence Quotient'. Ipima uburyo umuntu ashobora gutekereza neza, gukoresha amakuru, no gushyira mu bikorwa ibitekerezo ugereranije n'abandi mu kigero cye.

Yatangiye gutegurwa mu 1904 n'umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze y'abantu witwaga Alfred Binet. Yizeraga ko ubwenge, nubwo busanzwe, atari ikintu kimwe, ahubwo ari uruvange rw'ubushobozi butandukanye kandi ahanini bugengwa n'ibidukikije. Yabanje gutegura iki kizamini kugira ngo apime ubwenge bw'abanyeshuri bo mu Bufaransa no gufasha abarimu guhindura uburyo bwabo bwo kwigisha kugira ngo bafashe abo bana. Reba ukuntu ari byiza!

Uruhande rwijimye rw'ibizamini by'ubwenge (IQ)

Ariko igihe igitekerezo cyo gupima ubwenge (IQ) cyageraga muri Amerika, inkuru yahindutse burundu. Abashakashatsi bamwe, nka Binay, bibwiraga ko ubwenge ari ikintu twize kandi tukagikura mu bidukikije. Ariko abandi bati: "Oya, ubwenge ni ikintu gituruka mu turemangingo twacu, ni ukuvuga ko ari ubushobozi bwo kuragwa."

Abizeraga ibi ni bo bakoze ibi bizamini by’ubwenge (IQ) kandi babikoresha mu gushyigikira ingengabitekerezo iteje akaga cyane icyo gihe yitwaga 'eugenics' . Ni ukuvuga kugumana gusa abafite "uturemangingo twiza" muri sosiyete no gukuraho abo bibwiraga ko bafite "uturemangingo twiza". Kubera iyi ngengabitekerezo, abantu ibihumbi mu bitaro byo mu mutwe, mu bigo by’imfungwa, no muri gereza bakorewe ibikorwa byo gufunga urubyaro batabishaka. Mu by’ukuri ni ahantu habi cyane mu mateka y’ibi bizamini. Ibi bintu byakorwaga ku mpamvu z’ivanguramoko, ndetse no ku zindi mpamvu z’imibereho.

Ese amanota y'ubwenge (IQ) yiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita? (Ingaruka za Flynn)

Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, uko ubushakashatsi kuri IQ bwagendaga butera imbere, siyansi yatangiye kongera kwemeranya n'igitekerezo cya Binet cy'umwimerere: ni ukuvugaUbwenge si ikintu gituruka mu ngirabuzimafatizo gusa, ni ikintu twiga kandi duhujwe n’ibintu byinshi.

Mu 1984, umushakashatsi witwa James Flynn yakoze ubushakashatsi butangaje. Ni ukuvuga ko amanota y’abahanga mu by’ubwenge ku isi yose yagiye yiyongera mu myaka mike ishize. Ibi byitwa 'Ingaruka za Flynn'. Yavuze ko hari impamvu nyinshi zibitera:

• Kubona uburezi bwiza: Kubona uburyo bwiza bwo kwigisha n'amahirwe kurusha mbere.
• Kubona amakuru byoroshye: Kubera ibintu nka interineti , amakuru yose ashobora kuboneka ako kanya.
• Kora imirimo itera gutekereza buri gihe: Ubwonko bwacu buhora bushishikajwe no gukemura ibibazo bigoye muri sosiyete ya none.
• Ubuzima bwiza n'imirire myiza: Imirire myiza n'ubuvuzi bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikurire y'ubwonko.

Ibi bidufasha kumva ko ubwenge bwacu atari ikintu gihagarara, ahubwo ari ikintu gitera imbere mu mibereho yacu, uburezi, n'imirire.

Ese ubwenge ni ikintu kimwe gusa?

Oya. Muri iki gihe, abahanga mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu bemera ko ubwenge ari ikintu gifite impande nyinshi zitandukanye.

Tekereza, hari abantu bafite ubuhanga butangaje mu mibare. Undi muntu afite ubushobozi butangaje bwo gucuranga igikoresho cya muzika. Undi muntu ni umuhanga cyane mu mikino. Undi muntu afite ubushobozi butangaje bwo gusobanukirwa ibitekerezo by'abandi no kubafata. Ibi byose ni ibintu bitandukanye by'ubwenge.

• Inzobere mu by’imitekerereze ya muntu Howard Gardner yavuze ko uretse ubushobozi bwo kuvuga indimi n’imibare, hari n’ubundi bwoko bugera ku 8 bw’ubwenge, nko mu muziki, mu buryo bw’umubiri no mu mibanire.
• Inzobere mu by’imitekerereze ya muntu Robert Sternberg yavuze ko ubwenge bushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: isesengura, guhanga udushya, n’imikorere. Nk’uko abivuga, ubu bwenge bufatika, cyangwa "ubumenyi bw’isi" cyangwa "ubwenge busanzwe," ntibushobora gupimwa neza hakoreshejwe ikizamini gisanzwe cya IQ. Ariko, ubu bwenge bufatika ni ingenzi cyane kuruta amanota asanzwe ya IQ mu gupima intsinzi y’umuntu mu kazi.

Ubwoko bw'ibizamini by'ubwenge n'uburyo bwo kubikora

Hari ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye bw'ibizamini by'ubwenge. Ikizamini ukora gishobora gutandukana bitewe n'imyaka yawe, umuco wawe, n'intego y'ikizamini. Bimwe byagenewe abana, ibindi ni iby'abantu bakuru. Hari n'aho bakorera ibizamini nk'ibyo kugira ngo basobanukirwe uko abakozi batekereza.

Mu by’ukuri, ibi bizamini bipima ibice bibiri by’ubwenge. Reka tubisobanukirwe n’imbonerahamwe.

Niba ushaka gukora ikizamini cy’ubwenge, ushobora kubikora uyobowe n’umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze y’abantu. Ibizamini byo kuri interineti akenshi biba ari ibyo kwishimisha gusa kandi ntibitanga ibisubizo nyabyo bya siyansi. Garuka neza nijoro kandi urye ifunguro rya mu gitondo ryiza mbere yo gukora ikizamini. Uretse ibyo, nta byinshi byo gutegura.

Ese koko ibi bizamini by'ubwenge bifite ishingiro ringana iki?

Hashize imyaka irenga 100 kuva ikizamini cya mbere cy’ubwenge gikozwe, ariko haracyari impaka nyinshi ku bijyanye n’ukuri kwacyo n’akamaro kacyo. Birumvikana ko cyabanje gukorwa nk’imfashanyigisho yo kwigisha abana, ariko nyuma kikaza gukoreshwa mu kumenyekanisha abantu.

Ndetse na Flynn yasoje agira ati: “Ibipimo by’ubwenge ntibipima ubwenge ubwabwo, ahubwo ni ikintu gifitanye isano idakomeye n’ubwenge.” Tekereza, niba ubwenge ari uruvange rw’ibintu byinshi, nko muzika, siporo, guhanga udushya, no gusobanukirwa ibindi, ni gute ikizamini kimwe cyapima ubwo bwenge bwose?

Urugero, niba umwana afite ubumuga bwo kutamenya kwiga, ikizamini nk'iki gishobora gukorwa na muganga cyangwa inzobere mu by'imitekerereze kugira ngo hamenyekane impamvu.Ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n'ubuyobozi. Intego si ukugaragaza umwana izina, ahubwo ni ukumenya imbaraga n'intege nke z'umwana no kumufasha.