'Nyaya nhema' yeuropi (Substantia Nigra) - Ngatidzidzei nezvegamba diki rinodzora mafambiro edu

Zvinhu zvingani zvatinoita pazuva? Tinofamba, tinomhanya, tinotora chimwe chinhu nemaoko edu, tinotora kapu, tinonyora, tinotarira-tarira... Tinoita zvese izvi pasina dambudziko, tisina kana kumbofunga. Asi wakambofunga here kuti mafambiro ese aya anofanira kudzorwa zvine hungwaru uye nemazvo? Seri kwezvose izvi pane uropi hwedu. Chikamu chidiki kwazvo, asi chine simba guru cheuropi chinotibatsira kuita mafambiro ese aya zvakanaka uye zvakajeka. Nhasi tichataura nezvegamba diki iroro. Ndiye Substantia Nigra.

Saka chii chiri kuitika chaizvo neSubstantia Nigra?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, Substantia Nigra (SN) chikamu chakakosha cheuropi hwedu chinobatsira kudzora mafambiro edu. Chikamu chehurongwa hunonzi ``basal ganglia'', hunoumbwa nezvimwe zvikamu zveuropi. Hunoita sedhipatimendi rakakosha mukambani hombe. Chikamu ichi chakakosha nekuda kwepesvedzero yaro pamafambiro edu uye mupiro waro kumakemikoro ari muuropi.

Fungidzira uri kutyaira mota. Unofanira kushandisa accelerator kuwedzera kumhanya, bhureki kuderedza kumhanya kana kumira, uye chidhiraivho kuti chitenderere. Kana zvese izvi zvakabatana chete ndipo paunokwanisa kudzora mota nemazvo. Saizvozvowo, uropi hunewo sisitimu yakafanana yekudzora mafambiro emuviri wedu. Rimwe remabasa makuru e substantia nigra kugadzira kemikari inonzi dopamine . Iyi dopamine inhume inokosha kwazvo inodzora mafambiro edu uye mashandiro emhasuru.

Kune zvikamu zviviri zvikuru mukati me substantia nigra. Mabasa ezvose zvakasiyana zvishoma.

1. SN pars reticulata: Chikamu ichi chinonyanya kushanda mukufamba kwemaziso edu, kugona kudzidza uye kugona kufunga. Masero ari muchikamu ichi ane kemikari inonzi gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . Kemikari iyi inodzora mashandiro emasero europi kusvika pamwero wakati, sebhureki . Kana uropi hukasarudza kuti chiratidzo chakati hachina kunaka kuenda kune tsandanyama, iyi 'GABA' inogona kushandiswa kumisa chiratidzo ichocho chisingadiwe kana kuchitungamira. Ndokusaka mafambiro edu akatsetseka, pasina kuve asina basa.

2. SN pars compacta: Chikamu ichi chakakosha zvikuru. Nekuti masero etsinga (neurons) pano anogadzira kemikari dopamine yatakambotaura nezvayo. Dopamine haina chekuita nekufamba chete, asiwo nezvinhu zvakawanda zvakaita semanzwiro edu, kugona kudzidza, mubairo, kutora njodzi, uye kukurudzira. Patinoita chimwe chinhu chinonakidza, tinonzwa zvakanaka uye tinoda kuchiita zvakare nekuda kwedopamine iyi.

Izvi zviri kupi chaizvo muuropi?

Substantia nigra iri pakati peuropi hwedu, midbrain. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, iri pakati peuropi. Iri pamusoro petsinde reuropi, uko musana wedu unobatanidza nedehenya riri pasi pemutsipa.

Kunyangwe tichitaura nezve "substantia nigra," pane zvikamu zviviri zvehuropi hwedu zvakaita seizvi. Chimwe chiri kurudyi rwepakati pehuropi, uye chimwe kuruboshwe. Zvose izvi zvinoshanda zvakafanana.

Chitarisiko chayo, ruvara rwayo, uye saizi yayo yakaita sei?

Zita iri rinobva muchiLatin. "Substantia nigra" zvinoreva "chinhu chitema." Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti nepo zvikamu zvakawanda zveuropi hwedu zvine ruvara rwepingi-grey, chikamu ichi chinoonekwa sebhandi rakasviba, dema kupfuura zvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri.

Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti masero etsinga ari muchikamu ichi ane pigment inonzi melanin . Melanin ikemikari inowanikwawo mumasero eganda redu. Patinobuda muzuva, ganda redu rinoshanduka kuita brown uye tant nekuda kwe melanin iyi. Pigment imwe chete iyoyo ndiyo inopa chikamu ichi cheuropi ruvara rwacho rutema.

Panyaya yehukuru, ichi chikamu chidiki kwazvo. Zvinonzi zvikamu zvinosvika makumi maviri nezvishanu zveiyi substantia nigra zvinogona kuiswa mubhora regorofu renguva dzose. Iye zvino unogona kunzwisisa kuti basa racho rakakura sei, kunyangwe riri diki kudaro.

Chikamu chidiki ichi chakagadzirwa nei?

Kufanana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeuropi, substantia nigra inoumbwa nemarudzi maviri makuru emasero.

1. Masero etsinga (Neurons):

Ava ndivo vanonyanya kukosha muuropi hwedu netsinga dzedu. Zvakafanana nehurongwa hwekubatanidza waya dzefoni hunotakura ruzivo munyika medu. Masero aya anotumira ruzivo muchimiro chemagetsi nemakemikari. Kune zvikamu zvikuru zvakati wandei zvemasero etsinga:

• Muviri wesero: Ichi ndicho chikamu chikuru chesero, senzvimbo yekudzora.
• Axon: Chikamu chakareba, chakaita seruoko chinotambanuka kubva mumuviri wesero. Chakaita sewaya refu. Zviratidzo zvinotakurwa pamwe chete neizvi.
• Synapses: Zvimiro zvakaita seminwe pamagumo e axon. Apa ndipo panoshandurwa chiratidzo chemagetsi kuita chiratidzo chemakemikari uye chinopfuudzwa kune neuron inotevera.
• Dendrites: Zvimiro zvidiki, zvakaita semapazi mumuviri wesero zvinoshanda semaantenna ekugamuchira zviratidzo zvemakemikari kubva kune mamwe masero etsinga.
• Myelin:Chivharo chekudzivirira chakakomberedza waya dzakawanda. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti zviratidzo zvifambe nekukurumidza uye pasina kubuda kwemvura.

2. Masero eGlial:

Aya ndiwo masero anotsigira anobatsira masero etsinga. Zvakafanana nesimbi inotsigira inogadzirira nzvimbo yevatambi vakuru uye inovabatsira. Kunyangwe masero aya asingatumire zviratidzo, anopa masero etsinga zvinovaka muviri zvavanoda, anovadzivirira, anobatsira kudzivirira tsinga kubva kuzvirwere, uye ndiwo masero aya eglial anogadzira myelin sheath. Kune masero eglial akawanda kanenge kagumi kupfuura masero etsinga mutsinga dzedu.

Ndezvipi zvirwere zvinokanganisa Substantia Nigra?

Kana chikamu chidiki ichi chikakuvara kana kuti mashandiro acho akakanganisika, matambudziko akakomba anogona kuitika. Heano mamwe ematambudziko makuru ehutano anokanganisa izvi:

• Chirwere cheParkinson - Ichi ndicho chirwere chikuru uye chinozivikanwa zvikuru.
• Chirwere cheAlzheimer
• Matumbu europi
• Kukuvara mumusoro, kunyanya kubatwa nemusoro uye mamwe kukuvara kwakakomba kweuropi
• Zvinhu zvine chepfu, semuenzaniso makemikari akaita se trichloroethylene (TCE).
• Utachiona (kunyanya hutachiona hunokanganisa uropi, hwakadai se encephalitis)
• Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nematambudziko emuviri wemuviri, semuenzaniso lupus
• Zvirwere zvakagara nhaka, zvakaita sechirwere chaHuntington.
• Lewy body dementia
• Kurohwa

Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvinowanzoonekwa zvechirwere ichi?

Zviratidzo zvechirwere chinokanganisa substantia nigra zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nechirwere chacho. Zvisinei, tafura iri pazasi inoratidza zvimwe zviratidzo zvakajairika.

Ndedzipi bvunzo dzinoitwa kuti paonekwe matambudziko akadaro?

Chiremba wako achanyatsoongorora zviratidzo zvako uye, kana zvichidikanwa, anogona kuraira bvunzo dzakasiyana-siyana kuti aongorore mashandiro ehuropi.

• Kuongororwa kweropa: Izvi zvinogona kuona zvinhu zvakawanda, zvakaita sematambudziko ekudzivirira muviri uye chepfu mumuviri (kunyanya simbi dzakadai semhangura nemercury).
• CT scan (computerized tomography scan): Mifananidzo yehuropi inogona kutorwa kuti ionekwe kana paine dambudziko.
• MRI scan (Magnetic resonance imaging): Izvi zvinogona kuburitsa mifananidzo yakajeka uye yakadzama yenhengo dzehuropi.
• Kuongororwa kwePET (Positron emission tomography scan): Kuongororwa uku kunobatsira kuona kuti mashandiro emakemikari muuropi anoitika sei.
• Kuongororwa kwemajini: Kuongororwa uku kunogona kuitwa kana paine kusava nechokwadi chekuti chirwere ichi chinogara nhaka.

Ndezvipi zvinorapwa zvezvirwere izvi?

Nzira dzekurapa dzinoenderana chete nechirwere chaunacho. Mamwe matambudziko anogona kudzorwa nemishonga. Semuenzaniso, muchirwere cheParkinson, mishonga inopihwa inowedzera mazinga edopamine. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuvhiyiwa kunogona kudiwa.

Kunyange hazvo zvimwe zvirwere zvichigona kurapwa, zvizhinji zvacho zvirwere zvisingaperi. Muzviitiko izvozvo, chinangwa chikuru chekurapa ndechekudzora zviratidzo uye kubatsira murwere kurarama hupenyu hwakajairika sezvinobvira. Kana iwe kana mumwe munhu waunoziva ari kusangana nezviratidzo izvi, chinhu chakanakisa chekuita ndechekuona chiremba ane hunyanzvi nekukasika kuti akupe mazano.

Zvinhu zvatinogona kuita kuti pfungwa dzedu dzirambe dzakagwinya

Hatigoni kudzivirira zvimwe zvirwere, zvakaita seParkinson's, zvinokanganisa substantia nigra. Zvinogona kuitika tisingatarisiri. Zvisinei, pane zvakawanda zvatinogona kuita kuderedza njodzi yedu yezvirwere zvakawanda zvinokanganisa uropi, kunyanya zvinhu zvakaita sestroke. Zvinhu izvi zvakakosha zvikuru kuchengetedza hutano hwehuropi hwedu.

• Idya chikafu chakakwana: Chikafu chatinodya chinokanganisa zvakananga kufamba kweropa mumuviri wedu uye huremu hwemuviri. Zvese izvi zvakakosha zvikuru pahutano hwepfungwa.
• Iva nemuviri unoshanda: Kurovedza muviri zuva nezuva uye kuchengetedza huremu hwakanaka hwemuviri wako kunogona kubatsira zvikuru mukudzivirira uropi hwako kubva kuzvirwere zvakaita seBP nestroke.
• Pfekai zvinhu zvekuchengetedza: Zvakakosha kupfeka zvinhu zvekuchengetedza zvakaita sengowani paunenge uchishanda munzvimbo dzine kukuvara mumusoro, kunyanya kana uchitasva bhasikoro kana kuita basa rekuvaka. Kukuvara mumusoro kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwehuropi zvachose.
• Gadzirisa zvirwere zvako zvisingaperi: Kana uine zvirwere zvisingaperi zvakaita sechirwere cheshuga, BP, kana cholesterol, zvirape sezvakarairwa nachiremba wako. Kana izvi zvikasadzorwa, pane mukana mukuru wekukuvara kweuropi.

Substantia nigra chikamu chidiki kwazvo cheuropi hwedu, asi ikozvino wava kunzwisisa kuti chinoita basa rakakura sei. Chikamu chidiki ichi chakakosha pakudzora mafambiro edu, kuona, uye manzwiro edu. Nekufambira mberi kwesainzi yezvekurapa, tiri kudzidza zvakawanda nezvayo. Ruzivo irworwo ruchatibatsira kuwana mishonga iri nani yezvirwere zvine chekuita nazvo mune ramangwana.