Yintoni iCytology? Masifunde yonke into ngayo!

Ngaba wakha weva ngovavanyo lwe-'Cytology'? Mhlawumbi ugqirha ukucelile ukuba wenze uvavanyo olunjalo. Olu vavanyo lubaluleke kakhulu. Lujonga iiseli ezincinci emzimbeni wethu kwaye lunceda ekufumaneni izifo ezithile kwangethuba, ingakumbi umhlaza. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngale sayensi ye-cytology ngendlela elula onokuyiqonda.

Yintoni iCytology? Ngamafutshane...

Cinga nje, imizimba yethu yenziwe ngeebhiliyoni zeeseli ezincinci. Ngoko ke le cytology, ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba yi 'cytopathology', ibandakanya ukuthatha iiseli ezimbalwa kwizicubu zomzimba wakho okanye ulwelo (umzekelo, umchamo, i-mucus) uze uzihlole ukuze ubone ukuba kukho into eyahlukileyo okanye engaqhelekanga kuzo.

Njengomcuphi, ugqirha oyingcali, simbiza ngokuba 'yingcali yezifo' , nguye ojonga ezi seli ngononophelo phantsi kwemicroscope aze afumanise ukuba, 'Owu... kukho ingxaki apha' okanye 'Hayi, yonke into ilungile'. Oku akufuni nxalenye inkulu yethishu, isampuli encinci kakhulu yeseli yanele. Yiyo loo nto olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu kwiimeko ezininzi.

Nangona oogqirha besebenzisa olu vavanyo lwe-cytology kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, lusetyenziswa kakhulu ekuxilongeni umhlaza okanye ekuhloleni ukuba ukhona na umhlaza.

Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili ze-cytology?

Ngoku masibone, kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili kwi-cytology. Makhe sithethe ngazo.

1. I-Exfoliative Cytology

Eli gama lisenokuvakala liyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, kodwa eneneni lilula kakhulu. I-exfoliative cytology yinkqubo yokuhlola iiseli ezikhutshwa emizimbeni yethu (njengeeseli zolusu olufileyo) okanye ezikhuhlwe kancinci kumphezulu, njengebrashi encinci.

Makhe sijonge eminye imizekelo yoku.

• Iisampuli zezifo zabasetyhini: Uninzi lwabasetyhini luqhelene nale nto. Uhlobo lovavanyo oludumileyo yi -Pap smear , olubandakanya ukuthatha isampuli encinci yeeseli ezivela emlonyeni wesibeleko ngebrashi encinci uze uzivavanye.
• Iisampulu zendlela yokugaya: Ngamanye amaxesha, xa ugqirha esenza i-endoscopy (ejonga ngaphakathi ngekhamera), banokukrwela ezinye iiseli ngaphakathi emathunjini baze bazithumele kuvavanyo lwe-cytology.
• Iisampulu zesikhumba okanye ze-mucus: Ezi zinokuvavanywa ngokukrwela iiseli eluswini lwakho, ngaphakathi kwempumlo yakho, okanye ngaphakathi emlonyeni wakho.

Enye indlela kukuqokelela iiseli kwizinto ezikhutshwa nje emzimbeni. Cinga ngale nto:

• Iisampuli zokuphefumla:Ungayivavanya i-phlegm okanye i-sputum ephumayo xa ukhohlela ukuze ubone iiseli ezikuyo.
• Iisampulu zomchamo: Ezinye izifo zinokufunyaniswa ngokuthatha isampulu yomchamo wakho (umchamo) uze uhlole iiseli ezikuwo.
• Iisampuli zokukhupha okanye ukukhupha okungaqhelekanga: Ukuba kukho ukukhupha okungaqhelekanga, okufana nokuphuma emehlweni, kwilungu lobufazi, okanye emabeleni, isampuli ingathathwa kwaye kwenziwe uvavanyo lwe-cytology.

2. I-Interventional Cytology

Kule meko, njengoko igama lisitsho, ugqirha kufuneka enze umngxuma omncinci phezu kolusu lwakho aze athathe isampuli yeeseli ngaphakathi. Oku kuthetha ukuba isampuli ingafuneka ithathwe ngokugqobhoza ulusu.

Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo kolu hlobo lubizwa ngokuba yi-fine-needle aspiration (FNA) .

• Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa inaliti ebhityileyo kakhulu ukuyifaka kwindawo eza kuhlolwa (umz., iqhuma) kunye nokutsala isampuli yolwelo okanye iiseli apho. Emva koko ingcali yezifo ijonga iiseli nge-microscope.

Kukho iindawo ezininzi apho i-FNA inokwenziwa khona:

• IiCysts ziingqumba ezinamanzi phantsi kolusu.
• Amaqhuqhuva okanye iziqwenga phantsi kwesikhumba.
• Ii-lymph nodes zakho.
• Ulwelo lwentliziyo oluhamba ngeenyawo .
• Ulwelo lwe-Pleural lulwelo olufumaneka kwindawo ye-pleural (phakathi kwemiphunga kunye nolwelo lwangaphakathi lwesifuba).

Luqhutywa nini uvavanyo lwe-cytology?

Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, oku kudla ngokusetyenziselwa ukubona umhlaza okanye ukuvavanya umhlaza kwangethuba.

• Uvavanyo lokuxilonga luvavanyo olwenziwa xa uneempawu (umz., ukukhwehlela okungapheliyo, iintlungu zesisu, iqhuma emzimbeni wakho) ukuze kufunyanwe ukuba yintoni ingxaki. I-Cytology inokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kukho iiseli ezingaqhelekanga kwaye, ukuba kunjalo, loluphi uhlobo lwesifo.
• Uvavanyo lokuhlola luvavanyo olujonga ukuba usemngciphekweni wokufumana izifo ezithile (ingakumbi umhlaza), nokuba awunazo iimpawu. I-Pap smear lolunye lovavanyo abantu abaninzi abaluqhelileyo.

Ukongeza koku, i-cytology inceda kwezinye izinto:

• Chonga izifo ezisulelayo.
• Fumanisa iimeko zokudumba.
• Jonga ukuba azikho izilonda ze-thyroid.
• Chonga izifo ezinxulumene nemingxunya ethile yomzimba (umz., ulwelo olwenzeka phakathi kwee-membrane ezigubungela imiphunga).

Ngubani owenza olu vavanyo lwe-cytology?

Lo ngumbuzo olungileyo. Xa usenza uvavanyo lwe-cytology,Kudla ngokubakho abantu ababini: lowo uqokelela isampuli kunye nalowo uyivavanyayo.

• Indlela yokuqokelela isampuli iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lovavanyo. Umzekelo, ugqirha wezifo zabesifazane unokuqokelela isampuli yeseli ukuze kwenziwe i-Pap smear. Kwi-FNA, ugqirha oqeqeshiweyo uya kuyenza loo nto.
• Emva koko, le sampuli ithunyelwa kwilebhu.
• Apho, ingcali yezifo okanye ingcali ye-cytopathologist ihlola ezi seli nge-microscope ize yenze uxilongo. Ziingcali kweli candelo.

Uvavanyo lweCytology lwenziwa njani? Inyathelo ngenyathelo

Kulungile, ngoku masibone ngqo indlela olu vavanyo lwe-cytology oluqhutywa ngayo. Ngokubanzi kukho amanyathelo amane aphambili oku.

1. Ukuqokelela iiseli zesampulu

Eli linyathelo lokuqala. Ugqirha wakho uza kuthatha isampuli yeeseli emzimbeni wakho ukuze avavanye. Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, isenokuba:

• Susa ngokukhuhla okanye ukuxukuxa umphezulu.
• Iqokelelwa njengolwelo (njengomchamo, i-mucus).
• Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ithathwe kusetyenziswa indlela ethi 'fine needle aspiration ' (FNA).

2. Ukucubungula iiseli zesampulu

Xa isampulu ifika elebhu, kufuneka ilungiselelwe ukuze kube lula ukuyivavanya.

• Kwiisampuli ezithile zethishu, ugqirha okanye umntu oselebhu uza kuzithambisa kwisilayidi seglasi esincinci. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba yi -'smears' .
• Ukuba yisampulu yolwelo, kusenokungabi lula ukwenza i-smear ngqo ngenxa yenani eliphantsi leeseli kuyo. Emva koko ifakwa kwisikhongozeli esincinci ize ithunyelwe kwilabhoratri.
• Xa sele ekwilebhu, ingcali yezifo okanye ingcali yelebhu iya kuzifaka ezi smears, okanye iiseli ezilungisiweyo, kwiidayi ezikhethekileyo (amabala). Olu daya lwenza kube lula ukubona iindawo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ngokucacileyo phantsi kwemakroskopu. Njengokuba ukufaka imibala kumfanekiso kwenza kube lula ukubona iinkcukacha.
• Ukuba isampuli ilulwelo, umatshini obizwa ngokuba yi-centrifuge ngamanye amaxesha usetyenziselwa ukwahlula iiseli kulwelo. Lo matshini ujikeleza isampuli ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye wahlula iiseli ngobunzima. Iiseli ezahlulweyo emva koko zifakwa kwisilayidi kwaye zidaywe ukuba kuyimfuneko.

3. Ukuhlola iiseli zesampulu

Isampulu yeseli elungisiweyo nenemibala emva koko ihlolwa ngononophelo yingcali yezifo phantsi kwemakroskopu. Uza kujonga oku kulandelayo:

• Ngaba iiseli ziqhelekile?
• Ngaba kukho iiseli ezingaqhelekanga?
• Ngaba kukho naziphi na iimpawu zosulelo?
• Ngaba ubona izinto ezifana neeseli zomhlaza?

Ukuba ufumana iiseli ezingaqhelekanga, uziphawula kwisilayidi ngepeni ekhethekileyo. Emva koko, ngokusekelwe koko akubonayo, wenza uxilongo aze enze ingxelo eneenkcukacha.

4. Ukwabelana ngeziphumo

Okokugqibela, ingcali yezifo iza kuthumela ingxelo kugqirha wakho (ugqirha okuthumelele uvavanyo). Ugqirha wakho uza kukuchazela iziphumo aze axoxe nawe ngento omawuyenze ngokulandelayo (umz., iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo, amayeza).

Ndingazilungiselela njani uvavanyo lwe-cytology?

Le yingxaki abantu abaninzi abanayo. Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba uninzi lovavanyo lwe-cytology lulula kakhulu kwaye alubuhlungu kakhulu. Ngoko ke akufuneki wenze nantoni na ekhethekileyo ukuze uzilungiselele.

Nangona kunjalo, ugqirha wakho uza kuchaza iinkcukacha zovavanyo oza kulwenza. Uza kuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba kukho nantoni na ekufuneka uyenze ngaphambi kolo vavanyo (njengokungatyi iiyure ezimbalwa, ukuyeka amayeza athile). Ngoko ke landela loo miyalelo ngononophelo.

Yintoni onokuyilindela emva kovavanyo?

Emva kovavanyo, isampuli yeeseli ezithathwe kuwe ithunyelwa kwilebhu, apho ingcali yezifo iyihlola ize ithumele ingxelo kugqirha wakho. Ugqirha uza kukuxelela iziphumo. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokubakho ukungakhululeki okanye ukukrweleka apho isampuli ithathwe khona kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa oku kudla ngokunyamalala ngokukhawuleza.

Ngaba kukho iingozi kunye neengxaki kwezi mvavanyo?

Njengakwiimviwo zonyango zonke, kukho iingxaki ezinokubakho. Nangona kunjalo, iingxaki ezinkulu ezivela kuvavanyo lwe-cytology azixhaphakanga. Nangona kunjalo, zihlala zincinci (umz., ukopha kancinci okanye ukukrweleka kwindawo ye-FNA).

• Ngamanye amaxesha, iziphumo 'ezilungileyo' okanye 'ezingalunganga' zinokwenzeka. I-'false positive' ithetha ukuba iziphumo zibonisa ukuba isifo asikho, kwaye i-'false negative' ithetha ukuba iziphumo zibonisa ukuba isifo asikho. Kodwa oku kwenzeka rhoqo, kwaye iingcali zezifo zixhalabile kakhulu ngale nto.
• Kwezinye iimeko, i-biopsy (uvavanyo oluthatha isiqwenga sethishu) inokubonelela ngolwazi olungaphezulu kunovavanyo lwe-cytology, kwaye ke ngoko inokuba ichaneke ngakumbi.

Ngoko ke zithini iingenelo zovavanyo lwe-cytology?

Kukho iingenelo kunye neengxaki. Ngenxa yokuba ifuna isampulu encinci yeeseli, uvavanyo lwe-cytology luneengenelo ezininzi ngaphezu kwe-biopsy:

• Ayingeni kakhulu. Oko kuthetha ukuba akukho zigcawu zinkulu.
• Ukungonwabi neentlungu zincinci kakhulu. Ezinye azinazo neentlungu.
• Amathuba okuba neengxaki aphantsi.
• Ixabiso liphantsi kakhulu.
• Ingenziwa ngokukhawuleza.

Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-cytology?

Iziphumo ozifumanayo zinokwahluka kancinci ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni loluphi uvavanyo olwenziweyo, kwaye isampuli ithathwe phi. Ngokwesiqhelo, ingxelo yengcali yezifo ingaquka oku kulandelayo:

• Inkcazo yesampulu (umz. apho ithathwe khona, indlela ethathwe ngayo).
• Nokuba kufunyenwe iiseli ezingaqhelekanga okanye akunjalo.
• Ukuba kufunyenwe iiseli ezingaqhelekanga, loluphi uhlobo lwesifo, usulelo, okanye umhlaza?
• Ukuba ngumhlaza, lithini 'inqanaba' lomhlaza? Oku kukuxelela indlela iiseli zomhlaza ezifana okanye ezahluke ngayo kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo, kwaye zinokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.
• Nokuba ngaba kufuneka ezinye iimvavanyo, ezifana ne-biopsy, okanye akunjalo.
• Mhlawumbi, ukuxilongwa okuqinisekileyo okanye ukuqikelela okumbalwa.

Kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba ndizazi iziphumo?

Oku kuyinto abantu abaninzi abayibuzayo. Ixesha elithathayo ukwazi iziphumo lixhomekeke kwinto nganye.

• Iziphumo zovavanyo oluqhelekileyo (njenge-Pap smear) zingathatha iintsuku ezimbalwa (mhlawumbi usuku okanye ezimbini).
• Ezinye iimvavanyo ezinzima ngakumbi zingathatha iveki okanye ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu.

Izinto ezichaphazela oku zezi:

• Umthwalo womsebenzi kwilebhu.
• Kufuneka ubone iiseli okanye izicubu ezingaphezulu.
• Kunokufuneka amabala akhethekileyo okanye uvavanyo olongezelelweyo.
• Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka uluvo lwesibini oluvela komnye ugqirha.
• Ixesha lokucubungula lixesha elithathwayo ukuze isampulu iye kwilebhu, ilungiselelwe, ivavanywe, ingxelo ibhalwe, ize ihanjiswe kugqirha wakho.

Ugqirha wakho uya kukwazi ukukunika umbono wokuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani.

Yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-cytology kunye ne-pathology?

Musa ukubhidanisa ezi zinto zimbini. I-Cytology, okanye esiyibiza ngokuba yi-'Cytopathology', lisebe lePathology, oko kukuthi, icandelo elikhethekileyo.

Kwizonyango, i-pathology yintsimi yezonyango ejongene novavanyo lwelabhoratri lweeseli kunye nezicubu ezivela kwizicubu zomzimba okanye kwiisampuli zolwelo ngenjongo yokufumanisa isifo. Ngoko ke, i-cytology yinxalenye enye nje yentsimi enkulu.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweCytology kunye neHistology?

I-Cytology kunye ne-Histology ngamanye amasebe amabini e-Pathology. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi zimbini koko kuhlolwayo.

• I-Cytology ijonga ikakhulu iiseli nganye nganye okanye amaqela eeseli. Ezi zinokuba ziiseli ezifunyenweyo okanye iiseli ezithathwe kwi-FNA.
• I-Histology ijonga lonke icandelo lezicubu.Isampuli yezicubu iyahlolwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba zingaphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezikhoyo, indlela ezidibene ngayo, kunye nolwakhiwo lwezicubu. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa ngokuthatha isampuli yezicubu nge-biopsy.

Ngamafutshane, isayensi yeseli ifana nokuthatha igqabi emthini ulijonge, ngelixa isayensi yezicubu ifana nokuthatha isebe emthini.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kovavanyo lwe-cytology kunye ne-biopsy?

Injongo yazo zombini kukufumanisa isifo, kodwa kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwezi zimbini.

• Ubungakanani besampulu:
• Kwi-cytology, isampuli encinci kakhulu yeeseli ihlolwa phantsi kwe-microscope.
• I-biopsy idla ngokubandakanya ukuthatha isiqwenga esikhulu sethishu kunesampuli ye-cytology.

• Indlela yokwenza oku:
• Ukuthatha isampuli ye-cytology (umz., i-Pap smear, i-swab) kudla ngokuba lula, kungabi buhlungu, kwaye kusenokungafuneki i-anesthesia.
• Uvavanyo lwe-biopsy ludla ngokuba lolona luchaphazela kakhulu umzimba kune-cytology. Lusenokufuna i-local anesthesia okanye i-general anesthesia.

• Yintoni ejongiweyo:
• I-Cytology ijonga iiseli okanye amaqela eeseli nganye nganye .
• Kwi-biopsy, ingcali yezifo ayihloli nje kuphela iiseli, kodwa nayo yonke i-tissue design .

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Ngoko ke, ndiyathemba ukuba ngoku unembono entle ngeCytology. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba uvavanyo lweCytology luyindlela eqhelekileyo nekhuselekileyo edla ngokungabangeli ntlungu kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuxilonga izifo kunye nokufumanisa izinto ezifana nomhlaza kwangethuba.

Ukulinda iziphumo zovavanyo kunokuba nzima kwaye kube nzima. Yinto eqhelekileyo leyo. Kodwa khumbula, iqela lakho lezonyango lihlala likhona ukukunceda nokukunyamekela, nokuba zithini na iziphumo. Ukuba unemibuzo malunga novavanyo lwakho, iziphumo zakho, okanye into omawuyenze ngokulandelayo, ungoyiki ukubuza ugqirha wakho. Unelungelo lokuviwa nokuqondwa. Uyayazi?

I- Cytology, i-Cytology, Uvavanyo lweeSeli, Ukufunyanwa koMhlaza, Uvavanyo lwePap, i-Pap Smear, i-FNA, Uxilongo, iPathology