Abakhuseli Bomzimba: Masifunde ngee-Antibodies ngendlela elula!

Ngaba wakha wacinga ngabalindi abancinci ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu? Kufana nomkhosi wethu omncinci. Xa sigula okanye into efana netyhefu ingena emizimbeni yethu, aba ngabo beza ngaphambili baze balwe ukuze basisindise. La maqhawe amancinci yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba zii-antibodies , okanye ``ii-Antibodies'' ngesiNgesi. Elinye igama lale nto yi-``Immunoglobulin''.

Zithini ii-antigens kunye nee-antibodies? Ziqala njani ukulwa?

Ngamafutshane, ' i -Antigen' yiyo nayiphi na into eyingozi emizimbeni yethu, evela ngaphandle. Khawuthelekelele isela lingena endlwini yakho. Elo sela 'yi-Antigen'. La masela anokuza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• Iintsholongwane
• Iintsholongwane
• Iifungi
• Ii-allergens
• Ityhefu evela kwizilwanyana
• Ezinye iintlobo ngeentlobo zeetyhefu

Ngoku, xa lo mhlaseli we-`(Antigen)` engena emzimbeni, inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba iyaziqonda ngoko nangoko. Inkqubo yethu iyaqonda, "Owu... nanku umntu esingamaziyo, kwaye lo mntu akangomnye wethu." Kulapho ke umkhosi wethu, i- `Antibody`` , ubiza khona. Ii-antibodies ziiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe yinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba. Ezi zihamba ziye kubamba loo `(Antigen)`, ziyitshabalalise, kwaye ziyincede iphume emzimbeni. Kufana nokubamba elo sela uze ulinikele emapoliseni.

Ziveliswa phi ezi antibodies? Zifumaneka phi emzimbeni?

Ii-antibodies zenziwa luhlobo oluthile lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi emzimbeni wethu. Zibizwa ngokuba ziiseli ze-B . Xa "i-antigen" ifika ize ibethe iseli ye-B, loo seli ye-B iyahlukana ize yenze iiseli ezininzi. Kufana "nokufotokopa". Ezi seli zintsha sizibiza ngokuba "ziiseli zeplasma ". Kukwezo seli zeplasma apho izigidi zee-antibodies ziveliswa kwaye zikhutshwe khona kwigazi lethu nakwinkqubo ye-lymph.

Ii-antibodies eziveliswa ngale ndlela azikho kwindawo enye kuphela emzimbeni wethu.

• Elusu lwethu
• Emiphungeni
• Ndineenyembezi
• Ematheni
• Xa umama encancisa umntwana wakhe, ingakumbi kwiintsuku zokuqala, ubisi olujiyileyo, olubizwa ngokuba yi-colostrum , luqulathe la ma-antibodies amaninzi. Yiyo loo nto ukuncancisa kwandisa amandla omntwana okuxhathisa izifo . Oko kuthetha ukuba umntwana ufumana ukhuseleko kumama.

Zithini ezi monoclonal antibodies esizivileyo ngazo?

Enye yezinto oogqirha abathetha ngazo kule mihla zii -antibodies ze-monoclonal . Ezi azizo ii-antibodies ezenzeka ngokwemvelo emizimbeni yethu. Ziluhlobo lwe-antibody eyenziwa kwilebhu. Zenzelwe ukwenza into efanayo neyee-antibodies zethu. Zenzelwe ukuhlasela i-antigen ethile kuphela. Le ndlela yonyangoIkwabizwa ngokuba yi-'Immunotherapy'.

Zeziphi izifo ezinokunyangwa ngee-antibodies ze-monoclonal?

Olu hlobo lwe-antibody eyenziwe ngokwenziwa ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Monoclonal Antibodies" isetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo. Kuba i-"Monoclonal Antibody" nganye yenzelwe ukujolisa kwi-"Antigen" ethile. Nazi imizekelo embalwa:

• Iintlobo zoMhlaza
• Izifo zamalungu ezifana ne-rheumatoid arthritis
• Ezinye izifo zentliziyo
• I-Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• I-ulcerative colitis (izilonda zamathumbu)
• I-Lupus
• Isifo sikaCrohn
• I-Psoriasis, isifo solusu
• Yeka ukwala ukufakelwa amalungu omzimba

Ngaba kukho iintlobo zee-antibodies? Zithini?

Ewe, ii-antibodies azifani zonke. Zahlulwe zaba ziintlobo ezi-5 eziphambili ngokusekwe kwindawo yazo kunye nomsebenzi wazo. Uhlobo ngalunye lubizwa ngegama lenobumba yesiNgesi. Igama elithi `Immunoglobulin` lifinyeziwe kwaye `Ig` yongezwa phambi kwale nobumba.

1. IgG: Olu lolona hlobo lwe-antibody luninzi egazini lethu nakwezinye izinto eziphuma emzimbeni. Zezi ezisikhusela kakhulu kwiintsholongwane ezifana neebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ezi antibodies ze-'IgG' zinokunqumla i-placenta kamama kwaye zikhusele umntwana osesibelekweni.

2. IgA: Ezi zifumaneka ikakhulu kulwelo lwenkqubo yethu yokuphefumla (impumlo, umphimbo, imiphunga) kunye nenkqubo yokugaya ukutya (amathumbu). Zikwafumaneka kumathe, iinyembezi, kunye nobisi lwebele. Zinceda ekuthinteleni iintsholongwane ukuba zingangeni emzimbeni.

3. IgM: Xa usulelo lungena emzimbeni, la ma-antibodies e-`IgM` ngawona alwa kuqala . Afumaneka egazini nakwi-lymph fluid.

4. IgE: Olu hlobo lwe-antibody lubandakanyeka kakhulu kwi-allergies . Amanqanaba e-IgE ayanda xa umzimba usabela kwizinto ezifana ne-pollen kunye nothuli. Zikwalwa ne-parasites.

5. IgD: Kusafundwa okuninzi malunga nezi antibodies, kodwa okwangoku kukholelwa ukuba zinceda ekusebenzeni kweeseli ze-B. Zifumaneka ngobuninzi obuncinci egazini.

Zenziwe ngantoni ezi antibodies? Zijongeka njani?

Ii-antibodies luhlobo lweproteni . I-antibody nganye yenziwe ngee -polypeptides ezine. Ii-polypeptides zii-chain ze-amino acids ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Ezimbini kwezi khonkco zibizwa ngokuba "zii-heavy chain" kwaye ezinye ezimbini zibizwa ngokuba "zii-light chain."

Ezi ntambo zine ziyadibana ukuze zenze imo yonobumba wesiNgesi u-'Y'.Yindlela eyenziwa ngayo i-antibody. Khawuthelekelele ukuba iziphelo ezimbini zamasebe aphezulu onobumba u-'Y' zahlukile, kwaye ulandelelwano lwe-amino acid kwezo ndawo lwahlukile kuhlobo ngalunye lwe-antibody. Loo mahluko yingakho i-antibody nganye inokubona kuphela i-`(Antigen)` ethile ize ihlasele leyo kuphela. Njengokuba isitshixo ngasinye singena kwi-keyhole nganye.

Makhe sithethe kancinci ngee-antibodies ze-COVID, akunjalo?

Ewe, ii-antibodies ze-COVID ziyinto ethethwa ngumntu wonke kule mihla. Ii-antibodies ezichasene nentsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19 zinokufumaneka egazini labantu abaphulukene nesifo, okanye egazini labantu abafumene ugonyo lwe-COVID-19. Nokuba ukhe waba ne-COVID ngaphambili, ukufumana ugonyo kuya kwandisa impendulo yomzimba wakho kwii-antibodies kwaye kwandise amandla akho okuzikhusela kwintsholongwane.

Ndingazi njani ukuba ndinee-antibodies ze-Covid?

Ungafumanisa ukuba unazo na ii-antibodies ze-COVID ngokuthatha uvavanyo lwe-antibody . Ezi mvavanyo ziyafumaneka kwiilabhoratri, kwezinye iikhemesti, kwaye ugqirha wakho angakuxelela ngazo.

Ii-antibodies ze-Covid zihlala ixesha elingakanani emzimbeni?

Uphando lusaqhubeka, kodwa uphando lubonise ukuba abantu abaphulukene ne-COVID-19 banee-antibodies ezihlala ubuncinane iinyanga ezintlanu ukuya kwezintandathu . Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba abantu abaphulukene ne-COVID banee-"memory B cells" ezinokuhlala iminyaka, kwaye ezi cells zememori zinokujongana ne-virus ngokukhawuleza ukuba ibuya.

Zeziphi iintlobo zee-antibodies ze-thyroglobulin ezi?

Ii-antibodies ze-Thyroglobulin zihlala zifumaneka kubantu abaneengxaki ze-thyroid, njengabo bane-hyperthyroidism (i-thyroid hormone eninzi kakhulu) okanye i-hypothyroidism (i-thyroid hormone encinci kakhulu). Ezi antibodies zihlasela iproteni ebizwa ngokuba yi-thyroglobulin (eyandulela i-thyroid hormone). Oku kungonakalisa i-thyroid gland.

Yintoni i-Antithyroglobulin Antibody Test?

Ukuba ugqirha wakho ukrokrela ukuba kukho ingxaki kwi-thyroid gland yakho, unokuyalela olu vavanyo lwe-anti-thyroglobulin antibody . Olu vavanyo lukwasetyenziselwa ukujonga inkqubela phambili yomhlaza we-thyroid emva konyango.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ndifunyenwe ndinayo intsholongwane?

Ukuba olu vavanyo lufumanisa ukuba une-thyroglobulin antibodies egazini lakho, oko kuthetha ukuba usenokuba unesifo se-thyroid. Ezinye zezi meko ziquka:

• I-Hyperthyroidism
• I-Hypothyroidism
• Isifo sikaHashimoto
• Isifo samangcwaba
• I-Subacute thyroiditis
• I-Lupus
• Uhlobo loku-1 lweswekile

Ngoko ke zithini ezi autoantibodies?

Ezi zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). Ii-Autoantibodies luhlobo lwe-antibody oluhlasela iiproteni eziqhelekileyo kwi-nuclei yeeseli eziphilileyo emizimbeni yethu. Cinga ngayo njengokuzikhusela kwethu okuhlasela ezethu. Ezi autoantibodies zijonga iiproteni ezisempilweni emzimbeni njengeziyingozi kwaye azibalulekanga. Ngenxa yoko, imizimba yethu iqala ukuhlasela yona. Uninzi lwabantu lunenani elincinci kakhulu lezi autoantibodies. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba zikhona ngobuninzi, ngokuqhelekileyo kubonisa isifo sokuzikhusela komzimba .

Zivavanywa njani ii-antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)?

Uvavanyo lwegazi oluphambili olusetyenziswayo ukujonga ezi `ANAs` luvavanyo lwe-`fluorescent antinuclear antibody` . Kolu vavanyo, oogqirha bajonga ii-antibodies ezibhalwe nge-fluorescent phantsi kwe-microscope baze bafumanise ubunzulu kunye nepatheni ye-fluorescence. Olu vavanyo ludla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ubukho bezifo ezifana ne-lupus.

Kuthetha ukuthini uvavanyo lwe-ANA olubonisa ukuba une-HIV?

Iziphumo ``ezilungileyo`` ezivela kuvavanyo lwe-ANA akuthethi ukuba unesifo sokuzikhusela komzimba, kodwa kuthetha ukuba ugqirha wakho unokufuna ukuphanda ngakumbi. Ukuba ufumana iziphumo ``ezilungileyo``, ugqirha wakho usenokucebisa uvavanyo olongezelelweyo.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ii-antibodies yindlela amasosha omzimba wethu asikhusela ngayo kwiintsholongwane, izinto ezibangela i-allergens, kunye neetyhefu. Imizimba yethu yenza ezi proteni ngokwendalo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ii-antibodies ze-monoclonal ezenziwe kwiilabhoratri zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iingxaki ezithile zempilo, ezinje ngomhlaza, isifo sentliziyo, kunye ne-rheumatoid arthritis.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, masishwankathele ezinye zezinto esithethe ngazo ekufuneka uzikhumbule:

• Ii-antibodies zikhusela imizimba yethu. Zisinceda ekusikhuseleni ngokulwa neentsholongwane zangaphandle kunye neetyhefu (ii-antigens).
• Ezi zenziwa ziiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba ziiseli ze-B .
• Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD), nganye kuzo inomsebenzi othile.
• Ii-antibodies ze-monoclonal luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-antibody eyenziwe kwilebhu. Zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka nomhlaza.
• Sifumana ii-antibodies ze-COVID kwisifo kunye nokugonywa.
• Ngamanye amaxesha ii-antibodies zethu zinokusebenza nxamnye nemizimba yethu. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-autoantibodies . Ezi zinokubangela izifo ezibangelwa kukuzikhusela komzimba.

Ngoko ke, ungabona indlela ezi ngqwayingqwayi ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba zii-antibodies ezixabiseke ngayo emizimbeni yethu. Zizo ezisikhusela kwizifo ezininzi. Ukuba unemibuzo engaphezulu malunga noku, ungathandabuzi ukubuza ugqirha wakho.

Ii - antibodies, ii-antibodies, i-Immunoglobulin, i-Antigen, inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, ii-B cells, ii-Monoclonal Antibodies, ii-COVID Antibodies, ii-Thyroglobulin Antibodies, ii-Autoantibodies, uvavanyo lwe-ANA