Masifunde ngakumbi nge-macula, esinceda sibone ngokucacileyo.

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba sizifunda njani iileta encwadini ngokucacileyo, okanye simazi njani umhlobo osesitalatweni, okanye sinandipha iinkcukacha ezintle zentyatyambo enemibala emihle? Konke oku kuncediswa yinxalenye encinci kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu emehlweni ethu. Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yi-'macula' . Usenokuba ukhe weva ngeli gama okanye awuzange ulive. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngokuba yintoni le macula, ukuba ibaluleke kangakanani embonweni wethu, kunye nendlela yokuyigcina isempilweni.

Yintoni i-macula? Yintoni kanye kanye eyenzayo?

Ngamafutshane, i-macula yindawo encinci, engqukuva ngaphakathi kweliso lakho, ngakumbi embindini we-retina - umaleko omncinci, onovakalelo lokukhanya ngasemva kweliso. Cinga ngayo le retina ikwidonga elingasemva lebhola yeliso lakho. Phakathi kwayo kukho i-macula. Abanye abantu bayibiza ngokuba yi-'macula lutea' kuba inombala otyheli kancinci.

Ngoku, khangela, umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukukunceda ubone izinto ozibonayo ngqo phambili, umbono wakho ophakathi , ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo. Xa ufunda incwadi, unokubona oonobumba ngokucacileyo, xa ubukele iTV, unokubona ngokucacileyo ubuso babalinganiswa, xa uqhuba imoto, unokubona ngokucacileyo indlela engaphambili, kwaye izinto ezinjalo azinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-macula.

Xa ukukhanya kungena elisweni, kudlula kwilensi engaphambili kweliso kuze kufike kwi-retina. I-retina ineeseli ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-photoreceptors . Ezi seli ziguqula amandla okukhanya abe ziimpawu zombane. Olu phawu luthunyelwa ebuchotsheni nge- optic nerve . Ingqondo ihlalutya olu phawu ize iluguqule lube ngumfanekiso esiwubonayo. Ngoko ke, i-macula ibamba iinkcukacha ezilungileyo zento oyibonayo ngqo phambi kwakho ize izithumele ebuchotsheni. Oko kukuthi:

• Kuyanceda ukufunda oonobumba kwincwadi okanye kwiphephandaba ngokucacileyo .
• Kuyanceda ukuqaphela ubuso babantu .
• Inceda ekubhaqeni iintshukumo ezincinci kakhulu .
• Inceda ukwahlula nokuchonga imibala eyahlukeneyo .

Kutheni le macula ibaluleke kangaka?

Mhlawumbi ungabona ukuba i-macula incinci kangakanani, kodwa yenza umsebenzi omhle kakhulu. Yiyo esinceda sibone iinkcukacha ezintle kakhulu kwaye sigxile kwiindawo ezithile zento esiyijongileyo. I-retina yonke ifumana ukukhanya ize ithumele ulwazi engqondweni. Kodwa i-macula ikhethekile.

Cinga ngale ndlela, njengokunkcenkceshela igadi ngepayipi, yonke i-retina iqokelela ulwazi. I-macula ifana nedropper encinci ewisa amayeza. Igxila kulwazi oluthile noluncinci (oko kukuthi, oko ukubonayo ngqo phambi kwakho kunye neenkcukacha ezincinci kakhulu) kwaye iluthumela engqondweni.

Ngaphandle kwe-macula, okanye ukuba i-macula yonakele, iliso lakho liya kuqhubeka lisebenza (oko kukuthi, liya kuvula ukukhanya), kodwa umbono wakho uya kuba mfiliba kwaye iinkcukacha ziya kulahleka . Kufana nekhamera engasebenzi kakuhle.

Ijongeka njani i-macula? Yenziwe ngantoni?

I-macula yindawo encinci, emthubi, emile okweqanda embindini we-retina. I-macula yabantu abaninzi imalunga neemilimitha ezi-5 ububanzi. Oko kungaphantsi kwekota ye-intshi! Akumangalisi na ukuba into encinci kangaka inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kangaka ekuboneni kwethu?

Ngoku makhe sijonge ukuba yenziwe ngantoni i-macula. I-macula (kunye ne-retina yonke) yenziwe ngeeseli ezibuthathaka ekukhanyeni esithethe ngazo ngaphambili ezibizwa ngokuba yi -'photoreceptors' . Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zezi seli:

• Iintonga: Ezi zinoxanduva lokubona ukukhanya okumnyama nokumhlophe. Zikwaziiseli ezisinceda sibone ebusuku nakwilanga eliphantsi.
• Iikhowuni: Ezi ziiseli ezisinceda sibone umbala. Zilawula uninzi lwembono yethu ecacileyo necacileyo emini.

Nantsi into ebalulekileyo: I-macula inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu leeseli zekhoni. Yiyo loo nto i-macula ikwazi ukubamba iinkcukacha kunye nemibala emihle kakhulu embonweni wethu ngokuchanekileyo.

Ziziphi iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazela i-macula?

Nasiphi na imeko eyonakalisa iliso inokuchaphazela i-macula. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko ezininzi ezichaphazela ngqo i-macula. Ezi ziquka:

• Ukonakala kweMacular okunxulumene nobudala (AMD): Le yeyona nto iphambili ebangela ukulahleka kombono ophakathi kubantu abadala.
• I-Macular Pucker: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-'Epiretinal Membrane', le yifilimu encinci eyenzeka phezu kwe-macula, enokuthi iphazamise umbono.
• Imingxunya yeMacular: Njengoko igama lisitsho, kwakheka umngxuma omncinci kwi-macula.
• I-Cystoid Macular Edema: Kule nto, ulwelo luyaqokelelana kwi-macula luze ludumbe, nto leyo ebangela ukubona okufipheleyo.

Ukongeza, ezinye iingxaki ezichaphazela i-retina yonke zingonakalisa i-macula. Umzekelo:

• Iimeko zemfuza ezifana neRetinitis Pigmentosa .
• Ukuphaphazela kwamehlo kunye nokuqaqamba kwawo – ngamanye amaxesha oku kunokuba luphawu lwengxaki enkulu.
• Ukuvalelwa kwemithambo ye-retinal.
• Ukususwa kweVitreous yangasemva: Kule nto, into efana nejeli engaphakathi kweliso iyahlukana ne-retina.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kweRetinal: Le yimeko engxamisekileyo.

Uyazi njani ukuba unengxaki nge-macula yakho? Zithini iimpawu?

Ukuba unenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu zilandelayo zamehlo, qiniseka ukuba ubona ugqirha. Ezi zinokuba ziimpawu zengxaki kwi-macula okanye kwenye indawo yeliso:

• Ukuziva ngathi umbono wakho uya ufiphala .
• Ukubona into enye njengezinto ezimbini kubizwa ngokuba yi-diplopia.
• Kubonakala ngathi imigca ethe tye idwetshiwe kwaye igobile.
• Uhlobo olutsha lwentlungu yamehlo engapheziyo kangangeentsuku ezininzi.
• Ukufinya amehlo de ungakwazi ukujonga ukukhanya kubizwa ngokuba yi-'Photophobia'.
• Kubonakala ngathi umbono wakho uya usiba mandundu kancinci kancinci .
• Ukubona indawo emnyama okanye engenanto embindini wembono .

Ukuba ubona into efana nale, ungoyiki, kodwa ungayityesheli. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukufuna ingcebiso kagqirha ngoko nangoko.

Ihlolwa njani i-macula?

Ugqirha wakho wamehlo uza kujonga i-macula yakho (isininzi se-macula yi-maculae) ngexesha lovavanyo lwamehlo oluqhelekileyo. Badla ngokusebenzisa isixhobo esikhethekileyo esibizwa ngokuba yi-ophthalmoscope ukujonga i-macula yakho. Oku kubavumela ukuba bajonge ngaphakathi kweliso lakho baze bahlole yonke indawo yalo, kuquka ne-macula.

Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba kukho ukurhanelwa kwengxaki kwi-macula, ugqirha unokufuna ukwenza uvavanyo olukhethekileyo ngakumbi. Umzekelo, iskeni ebizwa ngokuba yi-OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) . Oku kungathatha umfanekiso oneenkcukacha ze-macula, njenge-cross-section. Kwakhona, iimvavanyo ezifana ne-Fluorescein Angiography ngamanye amaxesha zenziwa.

Ndingayigcina njani i-macula yam isempilweni?

Kukho izinto ezininzi esinokuzenza ukukhusela i-macula yethu:

• Ukuba ubona naluphi na utshintsho embonweni wakho , xelela ugqirha wakho ngoko nangoko. Nokuba utshintsho oluncinci lunokuba lubalulekile.
• Ukuba unxiba iiglasi okanye iilensi zokunxibelelana, fumana uvavanyo lwamehlo rhoqo kwaye uhlaziye ummiselo wakho njengoko kufuneka.
• Kuphephe ukutshaya. Ukutshaya yeyona nto ibangela umonakalo kwi-macula, ingakumbi i-age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
• Nxiba izibuko zokukhusela amehlo xa udlala imidlalo okanye eminye imisebenzi enokuba yingozi emehlweni.
• Nxiba iiglasi zelanga ezilungileyo ezine-UV ekhuselekileyo xa uphuma elangeni. Imitha yelanga eyingozi inokonakalisa i-macula.
• Yitya ukutya okunesondlo nokulinganiselayo. Izinto ezifana nemifuno eluhlaza, iziqhamo, kunye neentlanzi ezityebileyo kwi-omega-3 oils zilungile kwimpilo yamehlo.
• Lumka impilo yakho iyonke. Lawula iimeko ezifana nesifo seswekile kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu. Ezi zinokuchaphazela namehlo akho.

Ngawaphi amaxesha afanelekileyo okubonana nogqirha?

Oku kulula kakhulu. Bonana nogqirha kwangoko nje ukuba ubona naluphi na utshintsho embonweni wakho. Kungaba yinto elula njengokudinga iiglasi ezintsha, okanye kungaba luphawu lokuqala lwemeko embi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, kungcono uhlole amehlo akho ngaphambi kokuba ulinde ukuba iimpawu zibe mandundu. Ukuba uyifumanisa kwangethuba, unganyanga iingxaki ezininzi kwaye ugcine umbono wakho uphilile.

Ukuba ngequbuliso ulahlekelwa ngumbono wakho, uneentlungu ezinkulu zamehlo, okanye ngequbuliso uqala ukubona ukukhanya okanye ukudada, yiya kwigumbi likaxakeka esibhedlele ngoko nangoko. Ezi zisenokuba ziimeko ezingxamisekileyo.

Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya

Kulungile, ngoko ke sithethe kakhulu nge-macula namhlanje, akunjalo?

• I-macula yinxalenye entle ngaphakathi kweliso, kodwa ifana neqhawe elisinceda sibone phambili ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo .
• I-macula ibalulekile ekufundeni oonobumba, ekuboneni ubuso, nasekuboneni imibala.
• Nokuba ucinga ngayo okanye awuyicingi, siyisebenzisa ngalo lonke ixesha.
• Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uhlolwe amehlo rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-macula yakho (kunye neliso lakho lonke) isempilweni.
• Bonana nogqirha ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba ubona naluphi na utshintsho oluncinci emehlweni akho, ingakumbi umbono wakho. Nokuba utshintsho oluncinci lunokuba luphawu lwento enkulu enokuchaphazela umbono wakho kamva.

Amehlo akho yeyona nto ixabisekileyo onayo. Ngoko ke, luxanduva lwakho ukuwanyamekela. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi malunga ne-macula luya kukunceda ngaloo nto!

I- Macula, i-retina, impilo yamehlo, umbono, izifo zamehlo, umbono ophakathi, uvavanyo lwamehlo