Yintoni iDSM-5? Le ncwadi ingakunceda njani ufunde ngempilo yakho yengqondo! (DSM-5)

Mhlawumbi ukhe weva ngeli gama ``(DSM-5)``. Mhlawumbi livela kugqirha, okanye kwenye indawo ethetha ngempilo yengqondo . Ngoko ke, nangona oku kungabonakala kunzima kancinci kubantu abaninzi, masithethe ngako ngendlela elula neyobuhlobo namhlanje. Njengokuba ubuya kuthetha nomhlobo, kulungile?

Yintoni kanye kanye iDSM-5, le ncwadi?

Ngamafutshane, iDSM-5 sisikhokelo esipheleleyo kwiingxaki zempilo yengqondo , kuquka izifo zengqondo kunye neemeko. Ibhaliwe, yahlelwa, kwaye yapapashwa yi-American Psychiatric Association (APA).

Usenokuba uzibuza ukuba kutheni kukho u-"5" egameni. Oko kuthetha ukuba le yinguqulelo yesihlanu yale ncwadi kwaye yeyona yakutshanje ekhoyo. I-DSM-5 yakhutshwa okokuqala ngoMeyi 2013. Emva koko, ngoMatshi 2022, i-APA yakhupha uhlelo oluhlaziyiweyo noluhlaziyiweyo lwe-DSM-5. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-DSM-5-TR™. I-TR imele uHlaziyo lweMibhalo, oko kuthetha ukuba "uhlaziyo lweMibhalo" lwenziwe.

Into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule: `(DSM-5)` ​​​​kunye `(DSM-5-TR)` ziincwadi ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ngabantu abanolwazi olukhethekileyo, njengoogqirha kunye neengcali zengqondo. Izinto ezikule ncwadi zinobuchwephesha kakhulu. Kunokuba nzima kumntu oqhelekileyo ukuqonda ukuba uyayifunda. Ke ngoko, ungaze uyifunde le ncwadi uze ucinge ukuba unesifo okanye awukwazi ukubona ugqirha. Oku kufana nencwadi ekufundisa indlela yokubhabha inqwelo moya. Singathanda ukuyifunda, kodwa ukufunda nje loo ncwadi akusenzi sibe ngumqhubi wenqwelo moya, akunjalo?

Ukongeza kwi-DSM-5-TR, i-APA ikwapapasha iincwadi ezincedisayo ezichaza ngakumbi ulwazi lwayo. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-DSM-5 Handbook of Differential Diagnosis (incwadi enceda ukwahlula phakathi kweengxaki ezifanayo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu) kunye ne-DSM-5 Clinical Cases (incwadi equka izifundo zezigulane ezahlukeneyo).

Iyintoni injongo yokwenyani yale ncwadi yeDSM-5?

Cinga ngako oku, ngaphambi kokuba unyange nasiphi na isifo, inyathelo lokuqala kukuchonga kanye kanye ukuba siyintoni na isifo. Oku kuqhelekile kwizifo zomzimba nezengqondo. Kulapho incwadi ethi ``(DSM-5)`` iluncedo khona.

Le ncwadi inika iinkcazo ezicacileyo nezineenkcukacha ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo zempilo yengqondo kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nobuchopho. Ikwachaza neempawu zezo zifo ngemizekelo.

Ukongeza ekuchazeni isifo, i-DSM-5 ikwabeka ezi meko ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku kwenza kube lula koogqirha kunye neengcali zempilo yengqondo ukufumanisa isifo ngokuchanekileyo baze basihlukanise kwezinye iimeko ezineempawu ezifanayo .

Yenziwa njani iDSM-5? Ngubani owayebandakanyekile kuyo?

Ukuze kwenziwe i-DSM-5, i-APA ihlanganise oogqirha bengqondo abangaphezu kwe-160, iingcali zengqondo, kunye nezinye iingcali ezivela kwihlabathi liphela. Amakhulu ezinye iingcali ancedise njengabacebisi kwimiba eyahlukeneyo. Ukudalwa kwe-DSM-5 kukwabandakanya uvavanyo olubanzi kunye nophando.

Ukuze kwenziwe i-DSM-5-TR, i-APA iphinde yabandakanya abantu abaninzi ababebandakanyekile kwi-DSM-5 yokuqala. Xa zizonke , iingcali ezingaphezu kwama-200 zinegalelo ngqo kwi-DSM-5-TR.

Imalunga nantoni iDSM-5?

I-DSM-5 igxile kakhulu kwiimeko zempilo yengqondo . Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba impilo yengqondo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo azizozinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, le ncwadi ikwagubungela iimeko kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nendlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo. Ikwabandakanya neekhowudi zokuxilonga . Ezi khowudi zenza kube lula kubaboneleli bezempilo ukuthelekisa ezi meko kunye ne -International Health Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) ye-World Health Organisation.

Incwadi ethi ``(DSM-5)`` inamacandelo amathathu aphambili:

Icandelo I: Iziseko zeDSM-5

Eli candelo lichaza indlela iingcali zonyango ezimele ziyisebenzise ngayo le ncwadi kumsebenzi wazo. Likwanika nesikhokelo sendlela yokusebenzisa iDSM-5 xa kujongwana nemiba yezomthetho, efana nemiba yempilo yengqondo, kunye namatyala enkundla.

Icandelo II: Iikhrayitheriya zokuxilonga kunye neeKhowudi

Eli lelona candelo likhulu kule ncwadi. Isahluko ngasinye kweli candelo sijongana nodidi oluthile lwesifo. Iimeko ezithile kuloo didi zichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zichazwe. Makhe sijonge ezinye zeentlobo zezifo kweli candelo kunye nezifo ezikuyo:

• Iingxaki zophuhliso lwe-Neurodevelopmental : Ezi ziingxaki ezinxulumene nophuhliso lwengqondo kunye nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo . Imizekelo:
• `( Isifo se-Autism Spectrum Disorder)` (Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze- autism )
• Ingxaki yokunqongophala kwengqalelo/yokuxakeka kakhulu ( ADHD )
• Ubunzima bokufunda (umz., i-Dyslexia - ubunzima bokufunda, i-Dyscalculia - ubunzima bezibalo)

I-Schizophrenia Spectrum kunye nezinye iingxaki zengqondo:Ezi ziimeko apho unxibelelwano nenyaniso luqhekekayo, kubakho imibono engekho ngqiqweni, kwaye kwakheka iinkolelo . Imizekelo: I-Schizophrenia-yeemvakalelo `(Schizophrenia)` Isifo seSchizoaffective
• Ingxaki Yokungazithembi

• I-Bipolar kunye neZifo ezinxulumene noko: Ezi ziimeko apho imo itshintsha ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwezinto ezigqithisileyo (amanqanaba aphezulu onwabe/uvuyo kunye namanqanaba aphantsi osizi/uxinzelelo). Imizekelo:
• `(Iingxaki zeBipolar I kunye neBipolar II)`
• Ingxaki yeCyclothymic

• Iingxaki zokudakumba: Iimeko ezibonakaliswa kukudakumba ixesha elide kunye nokulahlekelwa ngumdla. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki Enkulu Yokudakumba
• Isifo Soxinzelelo Esiqhubekayo (esasisaziwa ngokuba yiDysthymia)

• Iingxaki zokuxhalaba: Iimeko ezibangela uloyiko olugqithisileyo, ixhala, kunye nokungazinzi. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki yokuxhalaba ngokubanzi
• Ingxaki Yokuxhalaba Kwentlalo (Ukoyika iimeko zentlalo)
• Ingxaki Yokuxhalaba Ngokwahlukana
• Uhlaselo Loloyiko (Ingxaki Yovalo)
• Iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-phobias (ezifana nokoyika iindawo eziphakamileyo, ukoyika izilwanyana)

• Iingxaki zokuGxila-ukuQhekelela kunye neziNxulumeneyo: Iimeko ezinxulumene neengcinga ezibangela uxinzelelo, eziphindaphindayo (ukuzikhathaza) kunye nezenzo zokuzilawula (ukuzinyanzela). Imizekelo:
• Isifo Sokuxhalaba Okugqithisileyo (OCD)
• Ingxaki Yokugcina Izinto
• Ingxaki Yokungakwazi Umzimba
• Ingxaki Yokukha Ulusu kunye Nengxaki Yokutsala Iinwele

• Iingxaki ezinxulumene nokonzakala kunye noxinzelelo: Iingxaki zengqondo ezivela emva kokufumana isiganeko esibuhlungu. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki Yoxinzelelo Emva Kwengozi (PTSD)
• Ingxaki yoXinzelelo oluKhulu
• Ingxaki yoLungiso

• Iingxaki zokuzihlukanisa: Iimeko apho imvakalelo yomntu ngaye, iinkumbulo zakhe, okanye indawo akuyo iphazamiseka khona. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki yoBuntu obuDissociative (eyayisaziwa ngokuba yiMultiple Personality Disorder)
• Ukungakwazi Ukuqonda Izinto Ngokudibanisa I-Dissociative Amnesia
• Ingxaki yokungabi nabuntu/yokungakhathali

• Iimpawu zeSomatic kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nazo: Iimeko apho iimpawu zomzimba zivela khona ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwengqondo, ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo somzimba. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki yeSimpawu zeSomatic
• Isifo sokuxhalaba (uloyiko oluhlala luhleli lokugula)
• Ingxaki yeSimpawu zeNeurological Symptom (eyayisaziwa ngokuba yiConversion Disorder)

• Iingxaki zokutya kunye nokutya: Ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga kunye neengcinga ezinxulumene nokutya. Imizekelo:
• I-Anorexia Nervosa (ukuzama ukunciphisa umzimba ngaphandle kokutya)
• I-Bulimia Nervosa (ukutya kakhulu uze emva koko uhlambe okanye ezinye iindlela)
• Ingxaki Yokutya Ngokutya Kakhulu
• I-Pica (umnqweno wokutya izinto ezingatyiwayo - umz., uthuli, iintonga zetshokhwe)

• Iingxaki Zokuphelisa: Umzekelo, `(Enuresis)` (oku kuquka nezinto ezifana nokuchama ebhedini).

• Iingxaki zokulala nokuvuka: Iingxaki ezinxulumene nokulala. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki yokungalali
• I-Narcolepsy (ukulala ngequbuliso)
• Iingxaki ze-Apnea yokulala
• Ingxaki Yobusuku Obubi
• Isifo seMilenze eNgaphumliyo

• Iingxaki zesondo

• Ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha, ukulawula ingqondo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha: Ukuziphatha okuphazamisa abanye, okungekho kulawulo lokujonga, kunye nokwaphula imithetho. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki yokungavumi ukuchasana
• Ingxaki Yobuntu Engavisisaniyo Nentlalo-ntle
• I-Kleptomania (umnqweno ongalawulekiyo wokuba)
• I-Pyromania (umnqweno wokutshisa umlilo)

• Iingxaki ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye nokulutha: Iingxaki ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifana neziyobisi notywala. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki Yokusetyenziswa Kotywala
• Ingxaki Yokusebenzisa I-Inhalant
• Ingxaki Yokusetyenziswa Kwe-opioid
• Iimpawu ezinxulumene nokurhoxa

• Iingxaki ze-Neurocognitive: Iimeko ezichaphazela izinto ezifana nenkumbulo kunye nokucinga ngenxa yokusebenza kwengqondo okungasebenzi kakuhle. Imizekelo:
• Ukuphambana kwengqondo (ukudideka kwengqondo ngequbuliso)
• Isifo sika-Alzheimer
• Isifo sikaParkinson
• Isifo sikaHuntington
• Ukulimala Kwengqondo Okubuhlungu

• Iingxaki zoBuntu:Iindlela zokucinga, zokuvakalelwa, kunye nokuziphatha ezihlala ixesha elide ezenza kube nzima ukunxulumana nabanye abantu. Imizekelo:
• Ingxaki yoBuntu obuseMda (BPD)
• Ingxaki yoBuntu obuthanda ukuzithanda

• Iingxaki Zokuziphatha Ngokwesondo

• Ezinye Iingxaki Zengqondo kunye neeKhowudi Ezongezelelweyo: Iimeko ezingahambelani kakuhle nezinye iindlela zokuxilonga, kodwa ezinempembelelo enkulu kubomi bomntu.

• Iingxaki Zokuhamba Ezibangelwa Yimithi kunye Nezinye Iziphumo Ezimbi Zeyeza: Imizekelo:
• I-Tardive Dyskinesia
• Isifo se-Neuroleptic Malignant

• Ezinye Iimeko Ezinokuba Zizinto Eziphambili Kwingqwalaselo Yezonyango: Ezi azizozifo ngokwazo, kodwa zizinto ezichaphazela okanye ezenzeka kunye neemeko ezinokuxilongwa. Umzekelo, ukuzenzakalisa, iingcinga/ukuziphatha okuzibulala, imbali yalo naluphi na uhlobo lokuxhatshazwa, okanye ukungasebenzi.

Icandelo III: Amanyathelo Avelayo kunye neeModeli

Eli candelo lixoxa ngezixhobo ezithile zovavanyo ezisetyenziswa ngoogqirha ukuxilonga iimeko ezithile. Likwaxoxa ngendlela umahluko wenkcubeko onokuchaphazela ngayo ukuxilongwa, kunye neemeko ezinokubandakanywa kuhlelo lwexesha elizayo lwe-DSM kodwa ezifuna uphononongo olongezelelweyo ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe.

Iza kuphuma nini i-DSM elandelayo?

I-APA ayikhuphi iinguqulelo ezintsha ze-DSM ngeshedyuli emiselweyo. Endaweni yoko, i-DSM ihlaziywa njengoko kufuneka. Ngaphambi kohlelo lwesihlanu (olusebenzisa amanani esiRoma), iinguqulelo ze-DSM zakhutshwa kwiminyaka elandelayo:

• I-DSM-I®: 1952
• I-DSM-II®: 1968
• I-DSM-III®: 1980 (Inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo, i-DSM-III-R®, yakhutshwa ngo-1987)
• I-DSM-IV®: 1994 (Inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yale tekisi, i-DSM-IV-TR®, yakhutshwa ngo-2000)
• I-DSM-5®: 2013 (Le tekisi yinguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo, i-DSM-5-TR, ekhutshwe ngo-2022)

Ngaba singayifumana nencwadi ethi DSM-5? Singayifumana phi?

Ewe. I-DSM-5 iyafumaneka ukuze ithengwe kwiivenkile ezininzi zeencwadi nakwi-intanethi. Iilayibrari ezininzi zikawonke-wonke zinokuba nekopi yale ncwadi (nangona ilayibrari yakho yasekuhlaleni isenokungakuvumeli ukuba uyithathe uye nayo ekhaya, kodwa ukuze uyijonge kwilayibrari).

Nangona i-DSM-5 kunye ne-DSM-5-TR zifumaneka kuluntu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba le ncwadi ibhalelwe iingcali zonyango. Ngoko ke, izinto ezikule ncwadi zinobuchwephesha kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba kunokuba nzima kumntu oqhelekileyo ukuyiqonda le ncwadi.

WenaUngaze usebenzise incwadi ethi `(DSM-5)` ​​​​okanye `(DSM-5-TR)` okanye nayiphi na incwadi endaweni yokubona ugqirha okanye umcebisi wezempilo yengqondo . Oku kufana nokwenza utyando kuwe. Akuyonto ilungileyo ukwenza loo nto, akunjalo? Ke ngoko, kungcono ukufuna unyango kumcebisi wezempilo yengqondo oqeqeshiweyo nofanelekileyo.

Ingaba iDSM-5 isasetyenziswa? Yeyiphi inguqulelo yamva nje?

Ewe, isasetyenziswa. Kodwa ngoku kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini zale ncwadi. I-APA yakhupha i-DSM-5 ngo-2013. Ngo-2022, i-APA yakhupha inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-DSM-5-TR. Le nguqulelo intsha ibandakanya ngokupheleleyo zonke iinguqu ezintsha kunye nohlaziyo oluye lwenzeka kwicandelo lezempilo yengqondo ukusukela ngo-2013. Ke ngoko, i-DSM-5-TR okwangoku yeyona nguqulelo ifanelekileyo, ihlaziyiweyo, kwaye ichanekileyo.

Phakathi kwababoneleli ngempilo yengqondo, ingakumbi oogqirha bengqondo kunye neengcali zengqondo, iDSM-5-TR yeyona mithombo ibalulekileyo yokuxilonga impilo yengqondo kunye neengxaki zengqondo. Nangona ipapashwe liziko laseMelika, iDSM-5 sisixhobo esibalulekileyo koogqirha kwihlabathi liphela. Iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezingaphezu kwe-18.

Ngoko ke, into yokugqibela ekufuneka uyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, nazi izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule koko sithethe ngako:

• I-DSM-5 kunye nohlaziyo lwayo lwamva nje, i-DSM-5-TR, ziincwadi ezibalulekileyo kwiingcali zempilo yengqondo.
• Nangona ezi ncwadi zingathengwa okanye zifumaneke kwiilayibrari, zibhalelwe oogqirha kunye neengcali, ngoko ke ulwimi lwabo lunobuchwephesha kakhulu.
• Umntu oqhelekileyo angayithanda le ncwadi, kodwa ungaze uyisebenzisele ukuzixilonga.
• Ukuba ucinga ukuba wena okanye umntu omthandayo unokuba nengxaki yempilo yengqondo njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-(DSM-5), qiniseka ukuba ubona ugqirha okanye umcebisi wempilo yengqondo .

Kanye njengokuba ubungenakuya kugqirha ngaphandle kotyando ngokwakho, kusoloko kukhuselekile kwaye kufanelekile ukufuna uncedo kwingcali eqeqeshiweyo nefanelekileyo xa kufikwa kwimiba yempilo yengqondo. Uyifumene?

` I-DSM-5, impilo yengqondo, ukuxilongwa, isifo sengqondo, i-APA, i-DSM-5-TR, unyango lwengqondo