Ibali elibaliswa ligazi lakho: Masifunde ngovavanyo lwe-Complete Blood Count (CBC) ngokulula!

Xa ugqirha ekucela ukuba wenze "uvavanyo lwegazi olupheleleyo", okanye njengoko sonke sisazi, uvavanyo lwe-CBC , usenokuba uzibuza, "Ngaba siza kuphinda sivavanywe igazi? Yintoni le ifuna oku?" Olu luvavanyo oluqhelekileyo kakhulu, nolubaluleke kakhulu. Njengomcuphi omncinci ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, i-CBC inokutyhila okuninzi malunga nempilo yethu. Ngoko ke, masithethe ngale nto ngokweenkcukacha, ngokulula, akunjalo?

Yintoni uvavanyo lwe-CBC kwaye yintoni esinokuyifunda kulo?

Ngamafutshane, i-CBC (i-Complete Blood Count) luvavanyo olujonga iintlobo eziphambili zeeseli egazini lakho. Isampuli yegazi ithathwa emthanjeni wakho ize ithunyelwe kwilebhu. Kulapho zonke ezi zinto zibalwa khona, zijongwa khona, kwaye kwenziwa ingxelo.

Olu vavanyo lunokunceda ugqirha aqonde izinto ezininzi. Umzekelo:

• Nyamekela impilo yakho ngokubanzi.
• Ukuba usela amayeza esigulo esithile, ngaba uyazi ukuba amayeza asebenza kakuhle okanye ukuba aneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga?
• Fumana umbono ngempilo yenkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela .
• Ukufumanisa ukuba kukho izifo ezithile, umzekelo, umhlaza wegazi (ezifana ne-"Leukemia"), i-anemia (''Anemia'') , kunye nosulelo olwahlukeneyo (''Infections'') .

Izinto eziphambili esizijongayo kwilebhu zezi:

• Iiseli zegazi ezibomvu : Ezi ziiseli ezithwala ioksijini emzimbeni wonke.
• I-Hemoglobin : Yiproteni engaphakathi kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi ebopha ioksijini.
• Iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe : Njengomkhosi wemizimba yethu, iiseli ezilwa nezifo.
• Iiplatelets : Iziqwenga ezincinci zeeseli ezinceda ekuqhekekeni kwegazi.

Ukongeza ekubaleni ezi, ubungakanani bezi seli buyajongwa. Ngamanye amaxesha, ugqirha angayalela olunye uvavanyo olubizwa ngokuba yi-"Peripheral Blood Smear" kunye ne-CBC. Oku kuvumela ukuba isampuli yegazi ihlolwe phantsi kwe-microscope ukuze kufundwe ngakumbi ngendlela ezibukeka ngayo ezi seli.

Kuthetha ukuthini "umahluko" ngovavanyo lwe-CBC?

Ukuba ingxelo yakho ye-CBC ithi ``CBC with Differential'', oko kuthetha ukuba ilebhu ibale iiseli zakho ezimhlophe zegazi ngokwahlukeneyo . Ikwabala neeseli zegazi ezingavuthwanga. Oku kunika ugqirha ukuqonda okunzulu ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo iiseli ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela komzimba.

Lufuneka nini uvavanyo lwe-CBC?

Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba ugqirha angakucela ukuba wenze i-CBC:

• Njengenxalenye yovavanyo lwempilo oluqhelekileyo: Jonga impilo yakho ngokubanzi.
• Ukuba uneempawu ezingenakubangelwa zezi:Umzekelo, ukuba unomkhuhlane ongapheliyo, ukwehla kobunzima ngequbuliso, ukubila ebusuku, ukuziva unamanxeba lula, ukopha rhoqo, okanye ukudinwa kakhulu.
• Jonga imeko yesifo esele sikhona: Kumntu onesifo esifana nomhlaza okanye isifo sezintso esingapheliyo (CKD), jonga ukuba siqhubeka njani.
• Jonga indlela olusebenza ngayo unyango okanye indlela amayeza achaphazela ngayo umzimba: Ezinye iindlela zonyango (umz. unyango lomhlaza) zinokunciphisa inani leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi lakho kwaye zenze buthathaka inkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela komzimba. Oku kunokukunceda ukhathalele izinto ezinjalo.
• Jonga impilo yakho ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

Zeziphi iimeko ezinokufunyaniswa ngovavanyo lwe-CBC?

I-CBC inganceda ugqirha wakho ukuba aqinisekise ukuba unayo nayiphi na kwezi meko:

• I-anemia : Oku kuthetha ukwehla kwamanqanaba eeseli ezibomvu zegazi okanye i-hemoglobin.
• I-Erythrocytosis : Ukwanda koxinzelelo lweeseli ezibomvu zegazi.
• I-Leukocytosis : Ukwanda kwenani leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi.
• I-Leukopenia : Ukuncipha kwenani leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi.
• I-Thrombocytosis : Ukwanda kwenani leeplatelet.
• I-Thrombocytopenia : Ukwehla kwenani leeplatelet.

Khumbula, ezi zinokuba ziimpawu zesifo esinzima ngakumbi, ngoko ke ugqirha wakho kuya kufuneka aqwalasele ingxelo ye-CBC kunye nezinye iimpawu zakho kunye ukuze afumane isigulo.

Lwenziwa njani uvavanyo lwe-CBC? Lulinganisa ntoni kanye kanye?

Kuvavanyo lwe-CBC, umatshini okhethekileyo wekhompyutha (`(automated analyzer)`) ubala iiseli ezibomvu zegazi (`(Erythrocytes)`), iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi (`(Leukocytes)`), kunye neeplatelets (`(Thrombocytes)`) kwisampulu yegazi lakho, kunye nobukhulu bazo. Ukuba ugqirha wakho u-odole `(CBC eneDifferential)`, umatshini ubala neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezimhlophe zegazi kunye neeseli ezingavuthwanga ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba kukho into engacacanga malunga neziphumo, `(Pathologist)` uya kujonga isampuli yegazi phantsi kwemakroskopu aze aqinisekise iziphumo zomatshini.

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba okuqulethwe yile ngxelo kuthini.

Izinto ekufuneka uzijonge kwiiseli zegazi ezibomvu (ii-RBC):

• Inani leeSeli zeGazi eziBomvu (RBC): Oku kubhekisa kwinani leeseli ezibomvu zegazi kumthamo wegazi (ngesiqhelo yi-microliter - `(mcL)`). Cinga, ithontsi legazi liqulethe malunga ne-40-50 `(mcL)`.
• IHemoglobin (Hb): Ubungakanani behemoglobin egazini lakho.
• I-Hematocrit (Hct): Yipesenti engakanani yegazi lakho eyenziwe ziiseli ezibomvu zegazi.

Uza kubona necandelo elibizwa ngokuba yi-"Red Cell Indices". Ezi zikuxelela ngenani leeseli zakho ezibomvu zegazi kunye noxinzelelo lwe-hemoglobin.

• Umlinganiselo weCorpuscular Volume (MCV): Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo beeseli zakho ezibomvu zegazi.
• I-Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): Ubunzima obuqhelekileyo be-hemoglobin kwiseli enye ebomvu yegazi.
• Umlinganiselo weHemoglobin yeCorpuscular (MCHC): Umlinganiselo ophakathi wehemoglobin kumthamo othile wegazi.
• Ububanzi boSasazo lweeSeli eziBomvu (RDW): Umahluko kubungakanani beeseli ezibomvu zegazi. Ngamafutshane, ukuba eli xabiso liphantsi, iiseli zakho ezibomvu zonke zilingana ngobukhulu. Ukuba eli xabiso liphezulu, kukho umahluko omkhulu kubukhulu phakathi kweeseli ezinkulu nezincinci.

Izinto onokuzijonga kwiPlatelet:

• Inani leePlatelet: Inani lilonke leePlatelet kwisampulu yegazi lakho.
• Umlinganiselo wePlatelet Volume (MPV): Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo beeplatelet zakho.

Izinto ekufuneka uzijonge kwiiseli zegazi ezimhlophe (ii-WBC) kunye ne-"Differential":

Ugqirha angayalela i-CBC ukuba ijonge kuphela inani elipheleleyo leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi (`(Inani elipheleleyo le-WBC)`), okanye angayalela `(Inani elingafaniyo)` kunye nalo. `(Inani elingafaniyo)` libala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezimhlophe zegazi, kunye neeseli ezibomvu zegazi ezingavuthwanga. Ezi zinokubikwa njengenani elipheleleyo (linokuphawulwa ngokuthi "i-abs") okanye njengepesenti (%) yeeseli ezimhlophe zegazi zizonke.

Ungabona izinto ezinje kwingxelo yakho ye-CBC:

• Inani leeSeli zeGazi ezimhlophe (i-WBC): Oku kubhekisa kwinani lilonke leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi (zazo zonke iintlobo) emzimbeni wakho.
• IiNeutrophils: Ezi ziiseli zegazi ezimhlophe zokuqala ukungena kulo mlo. Zilwa nosulelo lweentsholongwane kunye nefungus.
• IiMonocytes: Uhlobo lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezinceda ekususeni inkunkuma yeeseli ngexesha losulelo. Zikwanceda ekulumkiseni ezinye iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ngezihlaseli eziyingozi, ezifana neebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane.
• Iilymphocytes: Uhlobo lweseli emhlophe yegazi elwa nosulelo lwentsholongwane kwaye inceda inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuba ikhumbule usulelo lwangaphambili. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba umzimba ulungele ngakumbi ukujongana nosulelo olufanayo ukuba lubuya.
• Ii-Eosinophils: Ezi seli zegazi ezimhlophe zilwa nezifo ezibangelwa zizinambuzane kwaye zibangela neempendulo ze-allergy.
• IiBasophils: Uhlobo lweseli emhlophe yegazi ekhupha i-histamine xa kukho i-allergy kunye ne-heparin, ethintela igazi ukuba lingaqini.
• IiGranulocytes ezingekavuthwa: Ezi zii-neutrophils, ii-eosinophils, okanye ii-basophils ezingekavuthwa ngokupheleleyo.
• Iiseli zegazi ezibomvu zeNucleated (nRBC):Ezi ziiseli ezibomvu zegazi ezingavuthwanga. Zingabonakaliswa njengenani elipheleleyo (`(absolute nRBC)`) okanye njengepesenti (inani leeseli ezibomvu kwiiseli ezimhlophe ezili-100).

Ngaba kufuneka ndilungiselele uvavanyo lwe-CBC?

Akufuneki ukuba kubekho amalungiselelo akhethekileyo ovavanyo lwe-CBC. Ungatya kwaye usele ngokwesiqhelo, kwaye ukuba uthatha nawaphi na amayeza, ungawasela njengesiqhelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba akufuneki uzile ukutya. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ugqirha wakho u-odole ezinye iimvavanyo zegazi kunye ne-CBC, kunokubakho imiyalelo ekhethekileyo yezo vavanyo. Ngoko ke ngumbono olungileyo ukubuza ugqirha wakho okanye ilebhu ngale nto.

Luhlobo luni lwamava olufumanayo xa usenza uvavanyo lwe-CBC?

Xa kuthathwa isampuli yegazi, umthambo uhlala ukhethwa engalweni yakho (ngokuqhelekileyo kufutshane nengqiniba yakho) kwaye indawo leyo icocwe ngento efana nokuhlikihla utywala. Emva koko, umongikazi okanye ingcali yezonyango ifaka inaliti. Xa inaliti ifakwa, ungaziva ulunywa kancinci, njengenaliti encinci okanye ulunywa ziimbovane. Xa uthatha igazi kwiintsana ezincinci, kudla ngokusetyenziswa isithende.

Igazi elincinci lithathwa ngenaliti lize liqokelelwe kwityhubhu ekhethekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokuthathwa ityhubhu engaphezulu kwenye, kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo oluyalelwe ngugqirha.

Nje ukuba igazi litsalwe, inaliti iyasuswa kwaye ibhandeji encinci okanye isiqwenga segauze sifakwe kwindawo leyo. Emva koko isampuli yegazi lakho ithunyelwa kwilebhu ukuze ivavanywe.

Kwenzeka ntoni emva kovavanyo lwe-CBC?

Emva kokuba igazi litsaliwe, ingalo yakho iya kuvalwa ngebhandishi okanye iqhekeza le-gauze. Ingalo yakho isenokuba buhlungu okwethutyana. Ngamanye amaxesha, kunokubakho inxeba elincinci apho inaliti ifakwe khona. Oku kuqhelekile kwaye kuya kuphela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.

Ngaba kukho naziphi na iingozi okanye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kolu vavanyo?

I-CBC luvavanyo olukhuselekileyo noluqhelekileyo. Ayinazo naziphi na iingozi ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ithuba elincinci losulelo kwindawo apho igazi litsalwa khona, ingakumbi ukuba unenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ebuthathaka. Amaxesha amaninzi, abanye abantu banokuziva bedidekile okanye benesiyezi emva kokutsalwa igazi. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, kungcono ukuhlala phantsi uthule okwethutyana.

Zithini iireyithi eziqhelekileyo zovavanyo lwe-CBC?

Kukho "uLuhlu oluQhelekileyo" lwamaxabiso kwingxelo ye-CBC. Olu luhlu lunokwahluka kancinci kwilabhoratri nganye. Ukongeza, kukho ezinye izizathu zokuba la maxabiso aqhelekileyo anokwahluka:

• Ilebhu apho uvavanyo lwenziwa khona: Kunokubakho umahluko omncinci kwizixhobo kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo kwilebhu nganye.
• Imeko yakho yehomoni: Ezinye iingxelo zinika uluhlu olwahlukileyo lweereferensi kumadoda nakubafazi. Ezi zisekelwe kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo ehomoni kwisini ngasinye. Oku kunokutshintsha ukuba usebenzisa unyango lwehomoni.
• Ubudala bakho: Ububanzi obuqhelekileyo bahlukile kubantu abadala nakubantwana.
• Nokuba ukhulelwe okanye unezinye iingxaki zempilo:Amaxabiso aqhelekileyo anokutshintsha ngale nto.
• Iiyunithi zokulinganisa ezisetyenziswa yilebhu: Umzekelo, ezinye iziphumo zinganikwa njengeeseli nge-microliter nganye (`(iiseli nge-microliter nganye - mcL, uL okanye µL)`), kwaye ezinye zinganikwa njengeeseli nge-microliter nganye ziphindaphindwe nge-1000 (`(k/mcL, k/uL okanye k/µL)`). Oku kunokwenza amaxabiso abonakale ahluke kakhulu.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukujonga uluhlu lweereferensi olunikiweyo kwingxelo yakho kwaye uthelekise ixabiso lakho kuphela kulo. Ukuba unemibuzo, ungathandabuzi ukubuza ugqirha wakho.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-CBC?

Iziphumo zihlala zifumaneka kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Ngamanye amaxesha, iziphumo zingafumaneka kwiiyure ezingama-24. Ugqirha wakho uza kukufowunela xa ufumana iziphumo zakho, azichaze, aze akuxelele into omawuyenze ngokulandelayo.

Kuthetha ukuthini iziphumo ze-CBC ezingaqhelekanga?

Kunokubakho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemeko zempilo ezinokubangela ukwanda okanye ukuncipha kwenani leeseli egazini. Ezinye zezi zinokuba zibi kakhulu, ngelixa ezinye ziqhelekile kwaye zinyangeke lula. Nazi imizekelo embalwa:

• Ukubalwa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi eziphezulu: Oku kunokubangelwa sisifo sentliziyo, isifo semiphunga, i-polycythemia vera (imeko apho umongo wethambo uvelisa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi ezininzi kakhulu), okanye i-sleep apnea (i-sleep apnea).
• Inani eliphantsi leeseli ezibomvu zegazi (i-anemia): Linokubangelwa kukungabikho kwesondlo (njengokunqongophala kwevithamini B12 okanye ukunqongophala kwesinyithi), ukopha, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezintso, kunye nezifo zegazi kunye nomongo wamathambo.
• Amanani aphezulu eeplatelet: Iintsholongwane kunye neengxaki zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela zisenokuba yimbangela.
• Ukubalwa kweeplatelet ezisezantsi kunokubangelwa zizinto ezifana nezi: Immune Thrombocytopenia (imeko apho inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela itshabalalisa iiplatelet), ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza, kunye neHemolytic Uremic Syndrome.
• Inani eliphezulu leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi: Ezi zinokubangelwa zizifo ezifana nosulelo, i-allergies, iimeko zokuzikhusela komzimba, i-lymphoma, kunye ne-leukemia.
• Inani eliphantsi leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi: Izifo ezizikhusela ngokwazo emzimbeni, amayeza athile, izifo zomongo wethambo, kunye nosulelo zisenokuba yimbangela.

Yintoni omawuyenze emva koko ukuba iziphumo aziqhelekanga?

Ukuba ingxelo yakho ye-CBC ayiqhelekanga, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokuba ithetha ukuthini. Ugqirha wakho unokuyalela iimvavanyo ezingaphezulu okanye aqalise isicwangciso sonyango. Okanye, usenokungaludingi unyango konke konke, umane ujonge. Ngoko ke musa ukoyika kwaye umamele oko ugqirha wakho akuthethayo.

Ndifanele ndimtsalele umnxeba nini ugqirha?

Ukuba unemibuzo okanye iinkxalabo malunga novavanyo lwe-CBC okanye iziphumo zalo, qiniseka ukuba ufowunela ugqirha wakho. Musa ukugcina nantoni na ongayiqondiyo.

Ngaba i-CBC ibonisa ukusebenza kwezintso?

Uvavanyo lwe-CBC alubonisi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba izintso zakho zisebenza kakuhle kangakanani. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zexabiso ezikule ngxelo, ezifana nenani le-lymphocyte kunye ne-MCV, xa zidityaniswe nezinye iimvavanyo, zinokunceda ugqirha wakho ukuba afumane umbono wokuba izintso zakho zisebenza kakuhle kangakanani.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, ngoku ndiyathemba ukuba uyiqonda ngcono i-CBC test.

Uvavanyo lwegazi olupheleleyo (i-CBC) luvavanyo lwegazi oluqhelekileyo nolubaluleke kakhulu olusetyenziswa ngoogqirha ukuze bafumane ulwazi malunga nempilo yakho.

Usenokwenza oku ngexesha lovavanyo oluqhelekileyo, okanye ugqirha wakho angakuyalela ukuba kufunyanwe unobangela wezinye zeempawu zakho. Kuqhelekile ukuba uzive unexhala kwaye usoyika ngelixa ulinde iziphumo zovavanyo. Kodwa khumbula, iziphumo ze-CBC zinika ugqirha wakho izikhokelo ezibalulekileyo malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni emzimbeni wakho. Ezi zikhokelo zinokukunceda ufumane ukuba yintoni kanye kanye engalunganga (`(Ukuxilongwa)`), uqale unyango olufanelekileyo (`(Unyango)`), kwaye uzive ungcono. Ngoko ke, eli linyathelo nje elinye lokubuyisela impilo yakho endleleni. Ndikunqwenelela ithamsanqa!

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