Kuqhelekile ukuziva uxinezelekile kwaye wothukile xa ufumanisa ukuba une-HIV. Kodwa awuwedwa. Namhlanje, isayensi yezonyango ihambele phambili kakhulu. I-HIV yimeko enokulawulwa kwaye ungaphila ubomi obusempilweni nobude. Esona sixhobo sinamandla esinaso soku kunyango lwe-ART. Ke namhlanje, masithethe ngokulula malunga nokuba luyintoni olu nyango lwe-ART, yintoni oluyenzayo, nendlela olusebenza ngayo ukuze uluqonde.
Luthini unyango lwe-ART ngokulula?
I-ART sisifinyezo se- Antiretroviral Therapy . Ngamafutshane, yindibaniselwano yamayeza anikwa ukunyanga usulelo lwe-HIV. I-HIV yintsholongwane ehlasela amajoni omzimba wethu. Ngokukodwa, ii-CD4 cells (ezibizwa ngokuba zii-helper T-cells), ezisebenza 'njengamajoni' emzimbeni wethu, ziyayitshabalalisa le ntsholongwane. Xa ezi CD4 cells zilahlekile, inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba iyawa. Emva koko, amathuba okufumana izifo ezinzulu kunye nosulelo olungaqhelekanga luphezulu kakhulu.
Into ebalulekileyo kukuba i-ART ayinakuyinyanga ngokupheleleyo i-HIV, kodwa inokunciphisa kakhulu inani le-HIV (umthwalo wentsholongwane) emzimbeni wakho.
Xa umthwalo wentsholongwane uncipha, umzimba wakho uyakwazi ukwenza iiseli ze-CD4 ezingaphezulu kwakhona. Oku kuqinisa amajoni akho omzimba kwaye kukukhusele kwiintsholongwane ezinzulu.
I-ART idla ngokubandakanya umxube wamayeza amabini ukuya kwamane. Ukunika amayeza aliqela asebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kusebenza ngakumbi kunokunika ichiza elinye kuphela. Ikwanciphisa umngcipheko wokuba intsholongwane ingabi nakumelana namayeza.
Kutheni oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-'Antiretroviral'?
I-HIV ikwiqela leentsholongwane ezibizwa ngokuba ziiRetroviruses . Ngokwesiqhelo, i-RNA (iikopi zemiyalezo) yenziwa nge-DNA (ulwazi lwethu lwemfuza) kwiiseli zethu. Kodwa le Retrovirus yenza okwahlukileyo koko. Oko kukuthi, isebenzisa i-RNA ekuyo ukwenza i-DNA ngaphakathi kweeseli zethu. Yiyo loo nto la mayeza ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Antiretroviral' kuba asebenza ngokuchasene naloo nkqubo. Usenokuweva ebizwa ngokuba yi-ART, i-cART (i-ART edibeneyo) okanye i-HAART (i-ART esebenzayo kakhulu). La magama onke athetha into enye.
Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba nomthwalo wentsholongwane 'ongabonakaliyo'?
Le yeyona nto ibalulekileyo neyinzuzo kwi-ART. Xa usela amayeza akho ngokuchanekileyo, ubungakanani bentsholongwane ye-HIV (umthwalo wentsholongwane) egazini lakho buyancipha kangangokuba abunakubonwa ngovavanyo oluqhelekileyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba linqanaba 'elingabonwayo' . Oku kudla ngokuchazwa njengenqanaba elingaphantsi kweekopi ezingama-20 zentsholongwane kwi-milliliter yegazi (< iikopi ezingama-20/mL).
'Ukungabonakali' akuthethi ukuba uphilile. Ukuba uyeka ukuthatha amayeza akho, intsholongwane efihliweyo emzimbeni wakho inokuphinda isebenze. Kwakhona, ukuba uthatha uvavanyo lwe-HIV, iya kubonakala 'ilungile' kuba olo vavanyo lukhangela ii-antibodies ezichasene nentsholongwane, hayi intsholongwane ngokwayo.
Kodwa khumbula oku: Ayibonakali = Ayidluliseli (U=U) . Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba umthwalo wakho wentsholongwane uhlala kwinqanaba elingabonakaliyo, awunakudlulisela i-HIV komnye umntu ngokwabelana ngesondo. Oku kungqinwe ngokwesayensi namhlanje. Kwakhona, umntu okule nqanaba unokuphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo, obude, njengomntu ongenayo i-HIV.
Isebenza njani i-ART? Ibali lentsholongwane ye-HIV
Ukuze siqonde indlela eli yeza elisebenza ngayo, kufuneka siqale siqonde indlela intsholongwane ye-HIV engena ngayo kwiiseli zethu ize izenzele iikopi zayo.
Cinga ngentsholongwane ye-HIV njengesela. Iseli yakho ye-CD4 yindlu. Eli sela lingena endlwini, lisebenzisa izixhobo ezifanayo endlwini, lenze ezinye iikopi zalo, lize litsibele kwezinye izindlu. Kule nkqubo, loo ndlu yokuqala (iseli ye-CD4) iyatshatyalaliswa.
Kukho amanyathelo aliqela kule nkqubo. Amayeza e-ART asebenza ngokumisa elinye okanye ngaphezulu kwala manyathelo.
| Amanyathelo | Inkqubo eyenzekayo (ngamagama alula) |
|---|---|
| 1. Isincamathelisi | Le ntsholongwane isebenzisa enye yeeproteni zayo (GP120) ukunamathela 'kwi-keyhole' (i-receptor) kumphezulu weeseli zethu ze-CD4. |
| 2. Ukudibana | Iqokobhe langaphandle lentsholongwane lidibana neqokobhe leseli ye-CD4. |
| 3. Ukungena | 'Ibhokisi yezixhobo' yentsholongwane (iCapsid) - oko kukuthi, ulwazi lwayo lwemfuza (i-RNA) kunye nee-enzymes ezifunekayo ukwenza iikopi - zingena kwiseli. |
| 4. Uguqulelo Olubuyela Umva | Kusetyenziswa i-enzyme (i-reverse transcriptase) eziswa yintsholongwane, i-DNA yenziwa nge-RNA yentsholongwane. Kufana nokuguqulela ulwimi lwasemzini lube lolwethu. |
| 5. Ukudibanisa | I-DNA entsha yentsholongwane esandul’ ukwenziwa ingena kwi-nucleus yeseli yethu ize idibane ne-DNA yethu. Oku kuncediswa yenye i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Integrase'. Ngoku iseli yethu icinga ukuba nayo le yinxalenye yayo. |
| 6. Uguqulelo kunye noGuqulelo | Iiseli zethu, njengeDNA yazo, zenza iikopi zale DNA yentsholongwane, zize ziqale ukwenza iiproteni zentsholongwane ngokusekelwe kuloo miyalezo. |
| 7. Indibano | Kufika enye i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Protease', inqumle la maqhekeza eeproteni akhiweyo, ize iwahlanganise abe ziikopi ezintsha zentsholongwane. |
| 8. Ukukhula kunye nokufa kweeseli | Iintsholongwane ezisandula ukwenziwa ziyayitshabalalisa i-CD4 cell, ziphume, kwaye zihlasele ezinye ii-CD4 cells eziphilileyo. |
Amayeza e-ART asebenza ngokuphazamisana nenye yamanyathelo akhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla. Amanye amayeza ayayithintela intsholongwane ukuba ingangeni kwiseli. Amanye ayayithintela ekwenzeni i-DNA. Amanye ayayithintela ekuhlanganiseni iintsholongwane ezintsha.
Ngawaphi amayeza asetyenziswa kunyango lwe-ART?
Amayeza e-ART anokwahlulwa abe ngamaqela aliqela aphambili. Iqela ngalinye lisebenza ngokujolisa kwicandelo elahlukileyo lomjikelo wobomi bentsholongwane ye-HIV.
- Izithinteli zokungena: Ezi zithintela intsholongwane ukuba ingangeni kwiseli ye-CD4.
- IiCapsid Inhibitors: Zithintela 'ibhokisi yezixhobo' (iCapsid) yentsholongwane ekuvulekeni okanye ekudibaneni kwakhona.
- Ii-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs): Xa intsholongwane isenza i-DNA, ivelisa izitena 'zobuxoki' ezibonakala ngathi 'zizitena' ezizifunayo. Xa ezi zisetyenziswa, uthotho lwe-DNA alunakugqitywa.
- Ii-Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs): Ezi ziya ngqo kwi-enzyme eyenza i-DNA (Reverse Transcriptase) kwaye zingasebenzi.
- Ii-Integrase Inhibitors (INSTIs): Zithintela i-enzyme (i-integrase) edibanisa i-DNA yentsholongwane kwi-DNA yeseli yethu.
- IiProtease Inhibitors (PIs): Zithintele i-enzyme esika iiproteni (iprotease) ekuhlanganiseni iintsholongwane ezintsha.
- Izithambisi ze-Pharmacokinetic (Ii-Boosters): Ezi aziyichaphazeli ngqo intsholongwane, kodwa zinceda amanye amayeza e-ART ukuba ahlale emzimbeni ixesha elide kwaye ekwizinga eliphezulu.
Amayeza owanikwayo adla ngokuba yindibaniselwano yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi ntlobo. Umzekelo, isenokuba yipilisi enye eyenziwe ngee-NRTI ezimbini kunye ne-integrase inhibitor.
Ndingazikhethela njani amayeza e-ART afanelekileyo kum?
Ugqirha onyangayo uza kugqiba eyona ndibaniselwano yamayeza ifanelekileyo kuwe emva kokuqwalasela izinto ezahlukeneyo.
- Umthamo wakho wentsholongwane kunye nenani le-CD4: Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba zeziphi ezi xabiso xa uqala unyango.
- Ukuxhathisa intsholongwane ngamayeza: Ngamanye amaxesha intsholongwane iba nokumelana namayeza athile. Uvavanyo lunokwenziwa ukuze kufunyaniswe.
- Ukuba unezinye izifo, ezifana nesifo sezintso, isifo sesibindi, isifo sentliziyo, isifo seswekile, okanye i-cholesterol ephezulu, kufuneka uxelele ugqirha wakho ngazo.
- Amanye amayeza owasebenzisayo: Ukuba uthatha amayeza alo naluphi na olunye uhlobo lwesifo, kunokubakho ukusebenzisana phakathi kwala mayeza kunye namayeza e-ART.
- Ukukhulelwa: Ukuba ukhulelwe okanye uceba ukukhulelwa, kukho amayeza akhuselekileyo afanelekileyo kuwe.
- Kulula ukusela amayeza: Cinga ukuba ingaba yipilisi ethathwa kanye ngemini okanye kabini ngemini, nokuba kufuneka ithathwe nokutya okanye ngaphandle kokutya, kwaye ingena njani kwindlela ophila ngayo.
Zithini iingenelo kunye neengozi zonyango lwe-ART?
Iingenelo
- Ukuqinisa amajoni omzimba: Inani leeseli ze-CD4 liyanda, nto leyo ekhulisa amandla omzimba wakho okumelana nezifo.
- Ukukhuselwa kwizifo ezinzulu: I-HIV inokukhusela kwizifo ezinobungozi ezifana ne-pneumonia kunye nesifo sephepha.
- Umngcipheko onciphileyo womhlaza: Umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza onxulumene ne-HIV (umz. iKaposi sarcoma, i-non-Hodgkin lymphoma) uyancitshiswa.
- Ukuthintela i-AIDS: Ukuba ayinyangwa, usulelo lwe-HIV lunokufikelela kwinqanaba lokugqibela elibizwa ngokuba yi-AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). I-ART iyayimisa le nto.
- Ukuthintela ukosuleleka kwabanye:Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili (U=U) , ukuba umthwalo wakho wentsholongwane awubonakali, awuyi kukwazi ukuwusasaza kwabanye ngokwabelana ngesondo.
- Ubomi obusempilweni nobude: Umntu osebenzisa amayeza ngokufanelekileyo unokuphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo, njengomntu ongenayo i-HIV.
Iingozi kunye nemiphumo emibi
Abanye abantu banokufumana iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga xa beqala ukusebenzisa i-ART. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zihlala ziphela emva kweeveki ezimbalwa njengoko umzimba uqhelana namayeza.
- Isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza
- Ukuphazamiseka kwesisu, urhudo
- Intloko ebuhlungu
- Isiyezi
- Ukudinwa, ukudinwa
- Ukungalali
- Ukuqhambuka kwesikhumba
Ukuba ufumana naziphi na kwezi mpawu, ungayeki ukuthatha amayeza akho uze uxelele ugqirha wakho. Angakunceda ufumane isisombululo okanye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, akutshintshele kwelinye iyeza elifanelekileyo kuwe. Amanye amayeza anokuba nemiphumo emibi yexesha elide, njengokunyusa amanqanaba akho e-cholesterol. Yiyo loo nto ugqirha wakho eza kukujonga rhoqo.
Uyijonga njani impumelelo yonyango?
Emva kokuba uqalise i-ART, ugqirha wakho uza kukujonga ngokweshedyuli ethile. Uza kwenza iimvavanyo ezimbini eziphambili.
| Uvavanyo | Iziphumo ezilindelekileyo | Inani lezihlandlo |
|---|---|---|
| Umthwalo wentsholongwane | Eli xabiso liye lehla laya kwinqanaba 'elingabonakaliyo'. | Rhoqo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala emva kokuba uqale, uze emva kweenyanga ezi-3-6. |
| Inani leeseli ze-CD4 (Ubalo lwe-CD4) | Eli xabiso liyakhula . (Inqanaba elisempilweni liphakathi kwama-500-1500) | Ekuqaleni rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezi-3-6, uze emva koko xa kufuneka. |
Ungaphoswa nalusuku olunye lokusela amayeza akho!
Eyona ngxaki inkulu kwimpumelelo yonyango lwe-ART kukubaSela amayeza akho yonke imihla, ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ungaphoswa lusuku olunye. Ukuba uphoswa yidosi, intsholongwane inethuba lokuphinda iphindaphindeke emzimbeni wakho. Ukuba oko kuyenzeka, intsholongwane inokuba nokumelana namayeza owaselayo (ukunganyamezelani namayeza). Emva koko amayeza aya kuyeka ukusebenza kwaye kuya kufuneka uye kwamanye amayeza. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuthatha amayeza akho ngexesha, nokuba kukuseta isikhumbuzi kwifowuni yakho okanye ukucela ilungu losapho ukuba likukhumbuze.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-ART lunyango olusindisa ubomi olulawula usulelo lwe-HIV. Nangona ingenakunyanga i-HIV, inokukunceda uphile ubomi obusempilweni nobude.
- Kubalulekile ukuthatha amayeza akho yonke imihla nangexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukuba uphosakele umthamo wakho, intsholongwane inokuba namandla okumelana namayeza.
- Ukuba ubungakanani bentsholongwane egazini lakho 'abubonakali', awunakudlulisela i-HIV komnye umntu ngokwabelana ngesondo (U=U).
- Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zinokwenzeka kwangethuba kunyango, kodwa zihlala zizezexeshana. Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokungonwabi.
- I-HIV sisifo nje esingapheliyo. Ngonyango olufanelekileyo kunye nolawulo, ungaphila ubomi obupheleleyo nobonwabisayo. Awuwedwa.
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