Ngaba umntwana wakho unengxaki yokusebenza nabanye okanye ukuthetha? Ngaba unengxaki yokujonga abanye emehlweni nokuthetha? Ngaba unengxaki yokufunda ulwimi okanye yokuthetha? Okanye ngamanye amaxesha ukhala iiyure ezininzi, okanye uziphatha ngendlela engalawulekiyo? Ukuba ungumzali womntwana one-autism, mhlawumbi uyazi kakuhle ukuba olu hlobo lokuziphatha lunokuchaphazela kangakanani ubomi bomntwana. Enye indlela esebenzayo onokuyicinga kumntwana wakho ngamaxesha anjalo yi-Applied Behavior Analysis, okanye i-ABA therapy.
Ngamafutshane, yintoni unyango lwe-ABA?
Unyango lwe-ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) lunyango olukhethekileyo lokuziphatha olusetyenziselwa abantwana kunye nabantu abane-autism kunye nezinye iziphene zokukhula. Ingcamango esisiseko emva kwalo ilula kakhulu. Oko kukuthi, xa umntwana ebonisa ukuziphatha okuhle nokufanelekileyo, ukuba siyayincoma loo ndlela yokuziphatha size sinike impendulo eyakhayo (umvuzo) ngayo, umntwana uya kukhuthazeka ukuba aphinde loo ndlela yokuziphatha.
Ngamanye amazwi, xa siqinisa ukuziphatha komntwana, loo ndlela yokuziphatha iba yinto eqhelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, xa singaphenduli ngendlela engafanelekanga yomntwana ngendlela efanayo, loo ndlela yokuziphatha iyancipha kancinci kancinci, kwaye inokuphela kwaphela.
Unyango lwe-ABA lunokunceda umntwana one-autism ukuba:
- Yakha ubudlelwane nabantu: Funda ukuthetha, ukudlala, kunye nokusebenza kunye nabanye.
- Funda izakhono ezintsha: izinto ezinje ngolwimi, izifundo, kunye nendlela yokwenza izinto wedwa.
- Yandisa ukuziphatha okuhle nokulungileyo: njengokumamela abanye nokuba nomonde xa ucela.
- Nciphisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezinzima: izinto ezifana nokuzilimaza, ukubetha abanye, kunye nokusoloko ukhala.
Uphando lubonise ukuba unyango lwe-ABA luphucula kakhulu izakhono zabantwana zentlalo, izakhono zonxibelelwano, kunye nolwimi oluvakalayo. Ezinye izifundo zifumanise ukuba unyango lwe-ABA ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-20 ngeveki kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi bomntwana (ingakumbi ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka emi-4 ubudala) lunokuphucula kakhulu uphuhliso lomntwana. Kukwafunyaniswe ukuba imfuneko yeenkonzo ezikhethekileyo iyancipha kamva ebomini.
Kwenzeka ntoni ngokwenene ngexesha lonyango lwe-ABA?
Xa umntwana wakho eqala unyango lwe-ABA, uza kuqala adibane neBhodi eQinisekisiweyo ngokuziphatha (BCBA), enoqeqesho olukhethekileyo kweli candelo. Into yokuqala aza kuyenza kukwazi kakuhle umntwana wakho aze ahlole iimfuno zakhe kunye nezakhono zakhe zangoku.
Emva kokumazi kakuhle umntwana wakho ngale ndlela, ingcali yezonyango iza kudala isicwangciso sonyango esihambelana nomntwana wakho kwaye senzelwe yena . Esi sicwangciso senzelwe ngokukodwa ukujolisa kwiindlela zokuziphatha umntwana wakho afuna ukuzitshintsha kunye nezakhono afuna ukuziphuhlisa.
Ingcali yonyango lomntwana wakho iza kusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomntwana wakho kunye nendlela aziphethe ngayo.
Ziziphi iindlela eziphambili ezisetyenziswa kunyango lwe-ABA?
Abahlalutyi bokuziphatha (ii-BCBA) basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo xa besebenzisa unyango lwe-ABA. Nazi ezinye zezona ziphambili. Kubalulekile ukuba uqonde umahluko phakathi kwazo.
| Indlela yokusebenza | Kalula nje... |
|---|---|
| Uqeqesho lovavanyo olufihlakeleyo (i-DTT) | Oku kudla ngokuba yinto abantu abayicingayo xa besiva i-ABA. Kodwa le yinxalenye enye ye-ABA. I-DTT yindlela ecwangcisiweyo kakhulu apho ingcali yezonyango ifundisa umntwana umsebenzi omnye ngexesha, inyathelo ngenyathelo. Yenziwa ngumntu ngamnye. Kwabanye abantwana, le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu. Into ebalulekileyo kukuba nangona ngaphambili le ndlela yayibandakanya isohlwayo sokuziphatha kakubi, ngoku ayivumelekanga ngokupheleleyo. Ayisekho indlela eyamkelekileyo. |
| Unyango lweNkathalo ePhambili (i-PRT) | Le ndlela yahluke kakhulu kwi-DTT. Ayicwangciswanga kakuhle. Igxila ekufundiseni ngokudlala nezinto ezinxulumene nobomi bemihla ngemihla bomntwana. Kwi-PRT, ingcali yezonyango isebenzisa intando nomdla womntwana ukufundisa. Ingcali yezonyango ilandela umntwana, kodwa ayimnyanzeli umntwana ukuba enze into ayifunayo. Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana ubonisa umdla wokudlala ngeebhloko, ingcali yezonyango isebenzisa ezo bhloko ukumfundisa imibala, iimilo, okanye oonobumba. |
| Imodeli yeDenver yokuqala kwangoko (ESDM) | Olu ludibaniso lweendlela zombini ezingentla. NjengePRT, indlela ye-ESDM ikwanemisebenzi esekwe kumdlalo . Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, iindlela zokufundisa ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana ne-DTT nazo zingasetyenziswa. Enye yeempawu ezikhethekileyo zale ndlela kukuba izama ukufezekisa iinjongo ezininzi ngaphakathi komsebenzi omnye. Umzekelo, ukufundisa umntwana imilo kanxantathu kunokuba yinjongo enye. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuba umntwana abeke isiqwenga esimile njengonxantathu kwiphazili ngokuchanekileyo kunokuba yinjongo enye, ukuphuhlisa izakhono zomntwana zokunyakaza. |
Ziziphi iingenelo eziphambili zonyango lwe-ABA?
Kukho iingenelo ezininzi ezinokuthi unyango lwe-ABA luzizise kuwe nakumntwana wakho:
- Ubuchule bokusebenzisa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo: Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ezinye iimeko ezininzi zempilo , kungekuphela nje i-autism.
- Isicwangciso esiphathelele umntwana: Asinguye wonke umntwana ofanayo. Isicwangciso sonyango senzelwe iimfuno kunye nobuchule bomntwana wakho.
- Iziphumo ezingqinisisiweyo ngokwesayensi: Oku akusiyonto nje ithandwayo. Izifundo ezininzi ziye zabonisa impumelelo kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo zale ndlela yonyango.
- Iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ekhaya: Unyango lwe-ABA lukwakufundisa, mzali, iindlela zokufundisa umntwana wakho ekhaya kunye nokulinganisa inkqubela yakhe. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lomntwana wakho.
Zithini iingcamango eziphosakeleyo kuluntu malunga ne-ABA?
Unyango lwe-ABA luye lwaba ngumxholo wokugxekwa kunye neembono eziphosakeleyo ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngokukodwa, xa le ndlela yaqaliswa okokuqala, yayisebenzisa indlela yokohlwaya abantwana abangafundanga nto. Kodwa kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ngoku ezo ndlela ziyekiwe ngokupheleleyo . Kodwa abanye abantu basaluchasa olu nyango ngenxa yeengcamango ezinjalo eziphosakeleyo.
| Ingcamango engafanelekanga | Ibali Lokwenyani |
|---|---|
| "I-ABA imalunga nokuzama ukunyanzela abantwana ukuba babe 'ngabantu abaqhelekileyo'." | Le yingcamango ephosakeleyo enkulu. Injongo ephambili ye-ABA kukungatshintshi umntwana nokumenza afane nabanye abantu. Ingqwalasela apha kukutshintsha iindlela zokuziphatha ezibalulekileyo kwezentlalo ezichaphazela ngqo ukhuseleko nokufunda komntwana . Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana uyazilimaza, ukuyeka loo ndlela yokuziphatha kubalulekile kukhuseleko lomntwana. |
| "Oku kufana nokuqeqesha izilwanyana." | Ukuqinisa okulungileyo ngumgaqo osisiseko kwisayensi yokufunda nokuziphatha. Kuqhelekile kwizilwanyana nakubantu. Ngumgaqo ofanayo osetyenziswa kwizinto ezifana nomfundisi-ntsapho oncoma umntwana esikolweni, okanye ibhonasi kumntu owenza umsebenzi olungileyo emsebenzini. Kwi-ABA, lo mgaqo usetyenziselwa ukufundisa umntwana izakhono ezibalulekileyo zobomi. |
| "I-ABA igxila kwiingxaki zokuziphatha kuphela." | Ukunciphisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezinzima yinxalenye ye-ABA. Kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi, ifundisa abantwana iindlela zokuziphatha ezifanelekileyo neziluncedo zokutshintsha ezo ndlela zokuziphatha zimbi. Endaweni yokuthi nje "musa ukukhwaza," ibafundisa indlela yokucela into abayifunayo kunye nendlela yokulawula umsindo wabo. |
| "Oku kumalunga nokuhlawula abantwana ukuba basebenze." | 'Ukunyoba' kunye 'nokuqiniswa okuhle' zizinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Ukunyoba kuxa umntwana eziphatha kakubi (umz., ezulazula evenkileni aze alile), size simnike into yokumnqanda. Kodwa ekuqinisweni okuhle , simxelela umntwana kwangaphambili, "Ukuba uziphethe kakuhle ngaphakathi evenkileni, ndiza kukuthengela into oyithandayo xa siphuma." Apha, sichaza ukuziphatha okuhle okulindelekileyo kwangaphambili. |
Umntwana wam uza kuyidinga ixesha elingakanani i-ABA therapy?
Lo ngumbuzo obuzwa ngabazali abaninzi. Kodwa akukho mpendulo inye. Ubude bexesha umntwana wakho aza kulidinga unyango lwe-ABA buxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Wonke umntwana wahlukile.
Xa umntwana wakho eqala ukusebenza nogqirha wengqondo, uya kukunceda uthathe isigqibo sokuba umntwana wakho uza kuyidinga ixesha elingakanani. Ugqirha wengqondo uya kuqwalasela uhlobo lonyango olusetyenziswayo, ubungakanani boncedo umntwana wakho aludingayo, kunye nokuba umntwana wakho uphucuka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.
Xa umntwana wakho efunyaniswa ukuba une-autism, wena njengomzali unokuziva uxinezelekile kwaye uxinezelekile. Ufuna ukwenza okona kulungileyo kumntwana wakho. Kodwa ngenxa yeendlela ezininzi zonyango ezikhoyo, kunokuba nzima ukwazi ukuba ukhetha yiphi. Umntu ofanelekileyo ukuthetha naye ngale nto ngugqirha wakho. Thetha naye malunga neendlela zakho. Enye yezona ndlela zonyango zisebenzayo onokuziqwalasela yi-ABA therapy. Oku kunokunceda umntwana wakho atshintshe indlela aziphethe ngayo, aphuhlise izakhono zakhe, kwaye anciphise isidingo sakhe seenkonzo ezikhethekileyo kwixesha elizayo.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Unyango lwe-ABA yindlela yesayensi encoma ukuziphatha kakuhle komntwana, isabela kakuhle kuyo, kwaye iphucule ukuziphatha kwakhe.
- Olu cwangciso lonyango alufani kubo bonke abantwana. Lulungiselelwe umntwana wakho yingcali eqeqeshiweyo.
- Oku kunceda ukuphucula izakhono zomntwana zentlalo, unxibelelwano, nokufunda, kwaye kunciphisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezinzima.
- Unyango lwanamhlanje lwe-ABA alusebenzisi naluphi na uhlobo lwesohlwayo. Musa ukoyika loo nto.
- Kukho iingcamango ezininzi eziphosakeleyo malunga ne-ABA kuluntu, ngoko soloko ufuna ulwazi kwimithombo ethembekileyo nakugqirha wakho.
- Ngaphambi kokuba ugqibe ukuba loluphi unyango olufanelekileyo kumntwana wakho, qiniseka ukuba uthetha nogqirha wakho.
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