Sonke sinembonakalo kunye neempawu esizizuze kubazali bethu, akunjalo? Abanye bathi, "Amehlo am afana nqwa nakamama," kwaye "Ingqumbo yam ivela kubaba." Konke oku kugqitywa ziijini, izinto ezincinci emizimbeni yethu. Ngamafutshane, ezi jini zifana nencwadi enkulu equlethe imiyalelo yendlela umzimba wethu omele wakhiwe ngayo kunye nendlela omele usebenze ngayo. Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba unobumba okanye igama elikule ncwadi yemiyalelo alilunganga, ukuba kukho utshintsho oluncinci? Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yinguqu yemfuza . Yile nto sithetha ngayo namhlanje.
Ngamafutshane, yintoni utshintsho lwemfuza?
Utshintsho lwemfuza lutshintsho kulandelelwano lwe-DNA emzimbeni wakho. Cinga ngomzimba wakho njengesakhiwo esikhulu. Isicwangciso, okanye icebo, lokwakha eso sakhiwo yi-DNA yakho. Le DNA iqulethe izakhi zofuzo. Esi sicwangciso sixelela yonke iseli emzimbeni wakho into emayenziwe.
Ngoko ke, kwenzeka ntoni ukuba kukho utshintsho oluncinci ndaweni ithile kule plani, ukuba umgca udwetshwe kwindawo engafanelekanga, okanye ukuba inxalenye isusiwe? Yiyo loo nto utshintsho lwemfuza luyiyo. Ukuba inxalenye yolandelelwano lwe-DNA ikwindawo engafanelekanga, ayiphelelanga, okanye yonakele ngandlela ithile, ungafumana iimpawu zesifo semfuza.
Zenzeka njani kwaye nini ezi nguqu zemfuza?
Oku kwenzeka ikakhulu ngexesha lokwahlukana kweeseli . Oko kukuthi, xa iseli enye emzimbeni wethu yahlukana kwaye kwakheka iiseli ezintsha. Khawuthelekelele ukuba ukopisha incwadi enkulu kwaye wenza ezinye iincwadi ezininzi. Xa ukopisha, iimpazamo zinokwenzeka, akunjalo? Yiloo nto eyenzekayo nalapha.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili apho olu hlulo lweeseli lwenzeka khona emzimbeni wethu:
1. I-Mitosis: Oku kwenzeka xa umzimba wethu usenza iiseli ezintsha. Umzekelo, xa unenxeba eluswini lwakho, kufuneka kuveliswe iiseli ezintsha ukuze ziphiliswe. Oku kusetyenziselwa olu hlulo. Okwenzekayo apha kukuba kwenziwe ikopi yeechromosomes kwiseli ekhoyo ize yahlulwe ibe ziiseli ezimbini.
2. I-Meiosis: Le yinkqubo ekhethekileyo. Ivelisa iiseli zamaqanda kunye neeseli zesidoda ezifunekayo ukwenza isizukulwana esilandelayo. Into ekhethekileyo apha kukuba sisiqingatha kuphela seekhromosomu ezingama-46 kwiseli yokuqala, oko kukuthi, ezingama-23 kuphela, eziya kwiiseli ezintsha. Yiyo loo nto ufumana ulwazi olufanayo lwemfuza kumama nakutata wakho.
Ngoko ke, ngeli xesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli, iimpazamo ezincinci zinokwenzeka xa i-DNA ikopishwa. Njengaxa kukopishwa incwadi, unobumba usenokushiywa ngaphandle, unobumba usenokutshintshwa, okanye unobumba omtsha unokungezwa.
- Ukutshintsha ileta.
- Ukucima ileta (cima) .
- Ukufaka unobumba owongezelelweyo.
Xa olu hlobo lwempazamo (uguquko lwemfuza) lusenzeka, iiseli azisenakukwazi ukufunda imiyalelo ekwincwadi yemiyalelo. Mhlawumbi iindawo ezifunekayo azikho, okanye kongezwa iindawo ezingafunekiyo. Konke oku kuthetha ukuba iiseli azisakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wazo ngokufanelekileyo.
Utshintsho lwemfuza luyichaphazela njani imizimba yethu?
Utshintsho lwemfuza lutshintsho kulwazi olufunekayo kwiiseli zakho. Iijini zethu ziyimiyalelo yokwenza iiproteni emizimbeni yethu. Ezi proteni zilawula phantse yonke into emizimbeni yethu - ukususela kwinkangeleko yethu, njengobude, umbala wolusu, kunye nombala weenwele, ukuya kuyo yonke inkqubo eyenzeka ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
Ngoko ke xa kwenzeka utshintsho kwizakhi zofuzo, indlela ezi proteni ezenziwe ngayo inokutshintsha. Emva koko iiseli ziqala ukwenza into eyahlukileyo, kungekhona umsebenzi ezimele ziwenze. Yiyo loo nto kuvela iimpawu zezifo zezakhi zofuzo.
Ezi mpawu zixhomekeke ekubeni utshintsho lwenzeka kwijini eliphi. Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lwezifo kunye neemeko ezibangelwa lutshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo. Nazi ezinye zeempawu onokuzifumana:
- Utshintsho kwinkangeleko yomzimba: izinto ezifana nokungahambi kakuhle kobuso, inkalakahla eqhekekileyo, iminwe eneentambo, kunye nobude obufutshane.
- Iingxaki zokusebenza kwengqondo: ukukhubazeka kokufunda kunye nokulibaziseka kokukhula.
- Ukuphazamiseka kokubona okanye ukuva.
- Ubunzima bokuphefumla.
- Umngcipheko okhulayo womhlaza.
Ngaba zonke iinguqu zemfuza zimbi? Ngaba kukho ezilungileyo?
Hayi. Le yingcamango eqhelekileyo ephosakeleyo. Ayizizo zonke iinguqu zezakhi zofuzo ezibangela izifo. Ezinye iinguqu zezakhi zofuzo zikhona nje ngaphandle kokuchaphazela impilo yakho. Isizathu kukuba nokuba kukho utshintsho kulandelelwano lwe-DNA, akwenzi mahluko mkhulu kwindlela esebenza ngayo iseli.
Kwaye imizimba yethu iyamangalisa. Sineendawo ezikhethekileyo emizimbeni yethu ezibizwa ngokuba zii-enzymes . Ezi zinokulungisa utshintsho oluthile lwezakhi zofuzo oluvela ngaphambi kokuba luchaphazele iseli. Kufana nokucima unobumba ongalunganga encwadini uze uphinde ubhale ngokuchanekileyo.
Okumangalisa nangakumbi kukuba ezinye iinguqu zemfuza zinokuba nefuthe elihle kuthi. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi nguqu ziphucula iiproteni ezenziwa ziiseli zethu, zisinceda sizivumelanise ngcono notshintsho olukwindawo esikuyo. Umzekelo, abanye abantu banenguqu yemfuza ebakhusela kwisifo sentliziyo nesifo seswekile. Amathuba okuba bahlaselwe zezi zifo aphantsi kunabanye, nokuba bayatshaya okanye batyebile.
Ngaba kukho naluphi na utshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo?
Ewe. Ezi nguqu zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezimbini eziphambili kuxhomekeke apho zenzeka khona.
| Uhlobo lotshintsho | Ingcaciso elula |
|---|---|
| Uguquko lweGermiline | Oku kwenzeka kwiiseli zokuzala zabazali, oko kukuthi, kwidlozi okanye kwiqanda . Ke ngoko, olu tshintsho lufunyanwa ngumntwana. Oku kuthetha ukuba ludluliselwa kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye (ilifa) . |
| Uguquko lweSomatic | Oku kwenzeka emva kokuba umntwana ekhulelwe, njengoko umntwana ekhula. Olu tshintsho lunokwenzeka nakweyiphi na iseli emzimbeni, kodwa kungekhona kwiiseli zokuzala (isidoda namaqanda). Ke ngoko, aluzuzwa kubazali kubantwana . |
Ingaba ezi nguqu zemfuza zidluliselwa ebantwaneni zisuka kubazali? (Ilifa)
Ewe, njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, utshintsho lwe-germline lunokufunyanwa kubazali ukuya ebantwaneni. Utshintsho lwe-Somatic lwenzeka ngokungacwangciswanga, ngaphandle kwembali yosapho.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo apho utshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo lufunyanwa khona kumzali ukuya kumntwana. Ezi ziyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, kodwa masizigcine zilula.
| Ipateni yelifa | Ingcaciso elula |
|---|---|
| I-Autosomal Elawulayo | Kwanele ukuba umntwana azuze esi sifo ngokuzuza i-gene eguquliweyo kumzali omnye kuphela . Umzekelo, i-Marfan syndrome. |
| I-Autosomal Recessive | Ukuze umntwana afumane isifo, bobabini abazali kufuneka bafumane i-gene efanayo eguquliweyo. Umzekelo, isifo se-sickle cell. |
| I-X-linked Dominant / Recessive | Olu tshintsho lukwi-chromosome X. Indlela olufunyanwa ngayo luxhomekeke ekubeni umama okanye utata uthwele olu tshintsho nokuba umntwana yindoda okanye ngumfazi. Umzekelo: Umbala ongaboniyo. |
| Iqhagamshelwe ngu-Y | Olu tshintsho lukwi-chromosome ye-Y. Ekubeni ngamadoda kuphela ane-chromosome ye-Y, oku kuzuzwa kuphela nguyise kunyana. |
| I-Mitochondrial | Utshintsho kwi-DNA kwi-mitochondria, enika amandla kwiiseli. Ekubeni ezi zifunyanwa ngumntwana kuphela kwiseli yeqanda, ezi zifunyanwa kuphela kunina . |
Zithini Iingxaki Zemfuza?
Isifo semfuza yimeko ebangelwa kukutshintsha kwezinto zakho zemfuza (i-genome). Oku kuquka i-DNA yakho, ii-genes, kunye nee-chromosomes. Oku kunokubangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo:
- Utshintsho kwijini enye (i-monogenic)
- Utshintsho kwiijini ezahlukeneyo (ilifa lezinto ezininzi)
- Utshintsho kwi-chromosome enye okanye ezingaphezulu
- Izinto ezisingqongileyo (ukuchanabeka kwiikhemikhali, imisebe ye-UV)
Ngaba kukho into esinokuyenza ukuthintela utshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo?
Enyanisweni, akukho nto sinokuyenza ukuthintela ezinye iinguqu zemfuza kuba zenzeka ngengozi. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iinguqu ziphenjelelwa yindlela esiphila ngayo kunye nendawo esingqongileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba singathabatha amanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko wezinye iinguqu.
- Kuphephe ukutshaya ngokupheleleyo. Iikhemikhali ezikwicuba zingonakalisa i-DNA.
- Sebenzisa isithambisi selanga esilungileyo xa uphuma elangeni. Imitha ye-ultraviolet (UV) evela elangeni inokonakalisa i-DNA yeeseli zesikhumba kwaye ibangele utshintsho.
- Kuphephe ukuvezwa kwiikhemikhali eziyingozi (izinto ezibangela umhlaza) kunye nemitha yelanga.
- Yitya ukutya okunesondlo nokunokulinganisela. Nciphisa ukutya okwenziweyo nokucutshungulwayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ukuba uneengxaki okanye amathandabuzo malunga neemeko zemfuza kusapho lwakho, okanye ukuba uceba ukuba nabantwana, kungcono ukuthetha nogqirha wakho ngayo loo nto. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ungaya kuvavanyo lwemfuza. Olu vavanyo lunokuchonga naluphi na utshintsho kwimfuza yakho kunye neekromosomu.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Utshintsho kwimfuza lutshintsho oluvela kwincwadi yemiyalelo yemizimba yethu, i-DNA.
- Ayizizo zonke iinguqu zemfuza ezimbi. Ezinye zazo azisilimazi konke konke, kwaye ezinye zinokuba luncedo.
- Ezinye iinguqu (i-germline) zifunyanwa ngabazali ukuya ebantwaneni. Ezinye iinguqu (i-somatic) zenzeka ngokungacwangciswanga ngexesha lobomi kwaye azizuzwa ngabantwana.
- Imikhwa yempilo efana nokuphepha ukutshaya nokuzikhusela elangeni inokunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana utshintsho oluthile kwizakhi zofuzo.
- Ukuba wena okanye umntu osapho lwakho ukrokrela ukuba unesifo semfuza, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna ingcebiso kagqirha.
💬 Comments (0)
Akukho zimvo zithunyelweyo okwangoku. Faka uluvo lwakho apha okokuqala.
Faka uluvo lwakho