Ngaba unesilonda esibuhlungu esingapheliyo kangangeentsuku? Okanye kukho isilonda esincinci ekhoneni lomlomo wakho esingapholiyo kwaye sikubangela ukungakhululeki? Mhlawumbi uziva into efana neqhuma elincinci xa uchukumisa intamo yakho. Sihlala silibala ngezi zinto, sicinga ukuba ngumkhuhlane nje okanye usulelo oluncinci. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ezi mpawu zincinci zinokuba luphawu lokuqala lwento enzulu ekufuneka siyiqwalasele. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesihloko esingathethwa ngabantu abaninzi, kodwa ekufuneka siqaphele sonke - umhlaza wentloko nentamo.
Yintoni umhlaza wentloko nentamo?
Ngamafutshane, "umhlaza wentloko nentamo" awulohlobo olunye lomhlaza. Ligama eliqhelekileyo leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza eziqala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentloko nentamo yakho. Uninzi lwazo luqala kwiiseli ezithe tyaba ezijikeleze izicubu ezimanzi ngaphakathi emlonyeni wakho, emqaleni (pharynx), kwibhokisi yelizwi, nakwimpumlo. Ngokwezonyango, ezi zibizwa ngokuba ziiseli ezi-squamous. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwale mihlaza lubizwa ngokuba yi-Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC).
Ukuba ufunyaniswe unolu hlobo lomhlaza, ugqirha wakho womhlaza uza kusebenza nawe ukuze agqibe ukuba loluphi unyango olukulungeleyo. Injongo ephambili apha kukukhusela umzimba kangangoko kunokwenzeka okusinceda sithethe, sitye, kwaye siveze iimvakalelo ngelixa silwa nomhlaza. Okukhona esi sifo sifunyaniswa kwaye sinyangwa ngokukhawuleza, kokukhona amathuba okuchacha ngokupheleleyo eba ngcono.
Zeziphi iindawo eziphambili apho ezi cancer zinokwenzeka khona?
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi eziphambili zomhlaza wentloko nentamo. Ezi zahlulwe ngokwendawo ezenzeka kuyo. Makhe sijonge ukuba zeziphi.
| Uhlobo lomhlaza | Iindawo ezichaphazelekayo |
|---|---|
| Umhlaza Womlomo | Imilebe, iintsini, ulwimi, izidlele, kunye namacala angaphakathi emilebe, incasa ephezulu nesezantsi yomlomo, ngasemva kwamazinyo. |
| Umhlaza weSitho saMathe | Inxulumene neendlala zamathe. |
| Umqolo Wempumlo kunye nomhlaza weSinus weParanasal | Ngokuphathelele umngxuma ongaphakathi kwempumlo okanye imingxunya (iisinasi) emathanjeni ajikeleze impumlo. |
| Umhlaza weNasopharyngeal | Kwinxalenye ephezulu yomqala. |
| Umhlaza womlomo | Inxalenye ephakathi yomqala, kufutshane neetoni kunye nesiseko solwimi. |
| Umhlaza we-Hypopharyngeal | Kwinxalenye esezantsi yomqala. |
| Umhlaza weLaryngeal | Inxulumene nebhokisi yelizwi (i-larynx), equlethe iintambo zelizwi ezivelisa ilizwi lethu. |
Zithini iimpawu zale mihlaza?
Iimpawu zale mihlaza zixhaphake kakhulu kwizigaba zokuqala. Zifana nezo zosulelo lomkhuhlane okanye lomphimbo. Yiyo loo nto abantu abaninzi bengazinanzi. Kodwa khumbula, umphimbo obuhlungu ohlala iiveki ezingaphezu kwezimbini ukuya kwezintathu lolona phawu luqhelekileyo noluphambili lwale mihlaza.
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iimpawu onokuzifumana ngokuxhomekeke kolu hlobo lomhlaza.
| Iimpawu ozifumanayo | Iimpawu onokuzibona okanye ozivayo |
|---|---|
| Umphimbo obuhlungu ongapheliyo. | Iqhubu/iqhubu emqaleni, emlonyeni, okanye entanyeni. |
| Iintlungu zendlebe okanye iimpawu zosulelo lwendlebe rhoqo (nokuba indlebe ibonakala iqhelekile xa ihlolwa ngugqirha). | Isilonda emlonyeni okanye kulwimi esingapholiyo. |
| Intloko ebuhlungu rhoqo. | Ukopha rhoqo ngeempumlo, ukopha ngamathe okanye nge-mucus. |
| Intlungu ebusweni okanye entanyeni engapheziyo. | Isithende esimhlophe okanye esibomvu kwiintsini, ulwimi, okanye ngaphakathi emlonyeni. |
| Intlungu kumazinyo angaphezulu. | Ukudumba emhlathini, entanyeni, okanye ecaleni lobuso (oku kunokubangela ukuba amazinyo okufakelwa angangeni kakuhle). |
| Intlungu xa uhlafuna okanye uginya ukutya. | - |
| Ukurhawuzelela okanye ukutshintsha kwelizwi. | - |
| Ubunzima bokuphefumla okanye bokuthetha. | - |
Ukuba unayo nayiphi na kwezi mpawu, kusenokuba yinto eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuze wazi kakuhle ukuba kwenzeka ntoni, kubalulekile ukubona ugqirha ngoko nangoko uze uhlolwe ngokupheleleyo.
Kutheni le mihlaza ikhula? Zithini izinto ezibangela umngcipheko?
Umhlaza uqala xa iseli eqhelekileyo emzimbeni wethu itshintsha ngesizathu esithile ize iqale ukwahlukana ngokungalawulekiyo. Oku kuqokelelana kweeseli kwenza ithumba. Eli thumba linokungena kwizicwili ezingqongileyo lize lisasazeke kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.
Abaphandi bafumanise izinto ezininzi ezibangela umngcipheko ezichaphazela olu tshintsho lweeseli.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwecuba: Olu lolona tshaba lukhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kubangele i-70% ukuya kwi-80% yomhlaza wentloko nentamo kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kuquka yonke into ukusuka ekutshayeni icuba kunye neecuba ukuya ekuhlafuneni icuba kunye nokusebenzisa i-snuff. Nokuba awutshayi, ukuba kufutshane nomntu otshayayo (umsi otshayayo) kwandisa umngcipheko wakho.
- Ukusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo: Ukusetyenziswa kotywala nako kuyingozi enkulu. Umngcipheko uba mkhulu ngakumbi ukuba usebenzisa utywala kunye necuba.
- I-Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Le yintsholongwane edluliselwa ngesondo. Kumazwe aphuhlileyo, usulelo lwe-HPV ngoku luyimbangela ephambili yale mihlaza, idlula ukusetyenziswa kwecuba.
- Ukuhlafuna i-betel nut: Le yingxaki ebalulekileyo kwilizwe lethu nakumazwe aseMzantsi Asia. Eyona nto ibangela umhlaza womlomo eSri Lanka kukuhlafuna i-betel nut kunye namagqabi e-betel. Lo mkhwa unyusa kakhulu umngcipheko womhlaza womlomo.
Ezinye izinto ezinobungozi:
- Intsholongwane ka-Epstein-Barr (EBV): Ukosuleleka yile ntsholongwane kunokubangela umhlaza wempumlo okanye umhlaza we-salivary glands.
- Ubuthathaka benkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela: Xa inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka, ayikwazi ukulwa neeseli zomhlaza. Inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela inokuba buthathaka ngenxa yezinto ezifana nosulelo lwe-HIV kunye notyando olufana nokufakelwa isitho somzimba.
- Izizathu zofuzo: Ezinye iimeko zofuzo, umzekelo, i-Fanconi anemia, zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokufumana lo mhlaza.
- Ukuvezwa zizinto ezibangela umhlaza: Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwi-asbestos, izibulali-zinambuzane, uthuli lomthi, umsi wepeyinti, njl.
- Ukuvezwa kwimitha: Ukuba sele ufumene unyango lwemitha entloko okanye entanyeni.
- Ukutya okunetyuwa nokugciniweyo: Ukutya rhoqo inyama nentlanzi enetyuwa.
- Ukungayikhathaleli impilo yomlomo: Ukungawagcini amazinyo neentsini zakho zicocekile kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza womlomo.
Ugqirha uluchonga njani ngokuchanekileyo olu sifo?
Uxilongo ludla ngokuqala ngovavanyo lomzimba. Ugqirha uza kuhlola umlomo wakho, impumlo, umphimbo, nentamo yakho ngononophelo. Uza kuziva namaqhuma okanye amaqhuma entanyeni, emilebeni nakwiintsini zakho.
Emva koko, ungathunyelwa kwiimvavanyo ezifana nezi, njengoko kufuneka:
- I-Endoscopy: Ityhubhu encinci, ekhanyisiweyo isetyenziselwa ukuhlola ingaphakathi lempumlo yakho, umphimbo, okanye ibhokisi yelizwi.
- Uvavanyo lokucinga: Uvavanyo olufana ne-X-ray, i-CT scans, i-MRIs, kunye ne-PET scans lunokufumanisa iithumba emzimbeni.
- Uvavanyo lwelebhu:Ukuba ubona nantoni na ekrokrisayo, ungafumana uvavanyo lwe-HPV ukuqinisekisa ukuba umhlaza ubangelwa yintsholongwane ye-HPV.
- I-Biopsy: Le yindlela yodwa yokuqiniseka nge-100% ukuba iqhuma linomhlaza okanye akunjalo. Kule nto, kuthathwa iqhekeza elincinci lesicubu kwiqhuma lize livavanywe iiseli zomhlaza.
Ziziphi iindlela zonyango?
Iindlela zonyango zixhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaza, ukuba usasazeke kangakanani (inqanaba), kunye nempilo yakho iyonke. Unyango oluphambili zezi:
- Utyando: Nanini na xa kunokwenzeka, oogqirha bazama ukususa ngokupheleleyo ithumba kunye nenani elincinci lezicubu eziphilileyo ezijikeleze lona. Ukuba kukho ukurhaneleka kokuba umhlaza usasazeke kwiindawo ze-lymph nodes, iindawo ze-lymph entanyeni nazo zinokususwa.
- Unyango lweMisebe: Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa ii-X-reyi ezinamandla aphezulu ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza. Olu nyango lunokunikwa lodwa okanye ludityaniswe notyando kunye ne-chemotherapy.
- Unyango lweKhemotherapy: Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala iiseli zomhlaza. Olu nyango lusetyenziswa ngakumbi kwiimeko eziphambili apho umhlaza usasazeke khona.
Ukuba umhlaza sele uqhubele phambili okanye ubuya emva konyango, ugqirha unokucebisa nezinye iindlela zonyango, ezifana nezi:
- Unyango Olujoliswe Kulo: La mayeza asebenza kwiindawo ezithile ezijoliswe kwiiseli zomhlaza.
- Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy: La mayeza anceda inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuba iqaphele kwaye itshabalalise iiseli zomhlaza.
Ungazikhusela njani kwezi cancer?
Zininzi izinto esinokuzenza ukuze sizikhusele kwezi zifo zomhlaza.
- Yeka ukusebenzisa icuba ngokupheleleyo: Yeka zonke iimveliso zecuba, kuquka icuba, icuba elihlafunwayo, kunye nesnuff.
- Nciphisa okanye uyeke ukusela utywala: Ukunciphisa utywala kunokunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza.
- Fumana ugonyo lwe-HPV: Ugonyo olubizwa ngokuba yiGardasil 9® lukhusela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsholongwane ye-HPV.
- Zikhusele elangeni: Ukusebenzisa i-sunscreen kunye nokunxiba impahla egquma ulusu lwakho xa uselangeni kunokukunceda ekukhuseleni kumhlaza wolusu entloko, entanyeni nasebusweni.
- Gcina umlomo wakho usempilweni: Hlamba amazinyo akho yonke imihla kwaye ugcine iintsini zakho zisempilweni.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Musa ukuzityeshela iimpawu ezinje ngomqala obuhlungu ongapholiyo, isilonda emlonyeni, utshintsho kwilizwi, okanye iqhuma entanyeni yakho ukuba ziyaqhubeka kangangeeveki ezingaphezu kwezimbini.
- Ukuba unayo nayiphi na kwezi mpawu, musa ukoyika kwaye ubone ugqirha ngokukhawuleza. Okukhona isifo sifunyanwa ngokukhawuleza, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba unyango luphumelele.
- Ukutshaya, ukusela utywala, kunye nokuhlafuna icuba zezona zinto ziphambili ezibangela umhlaza wentloko nentamo. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzikhusela kukuyeka le mikhwa.
- Ungazikhusela kwesi sifo sinzima ngokulandela indlela yokuphila enempilo kwaye uphephe izinto ezinokubangela umngcipheko.
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