Ngabo kuphela abaye bahlangabezana nentlungu yokuba amathemba abo aphele ngequbuliso abaziyo ukuba kubuhlungu kangakanani. Ngamanye amaxesha, izinto ezinje zinokwenzeka kwiiveki zokuqala zokukhulelwa xa ungalindelanga. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngesihloko abantu abaninzi abangafuni ukuthetha ngaso, kodwa sibaluleke kakhulu. Yiyo loo nto ukuphuphuma kwesisu.
Yintoni kanye kanye into yokuphuphuma kwesisu?
Ngamafutshane, ukuphuphuma kwesisu , abanye abantu bakubiza ngokuba ' kukukhupha isisu okuzenzekelayo' , kukulahlekelwa ngumzimba okungalindelekanga kwiiveki zokuqala ezingama-20 zokukhulelwa, ezimalunga neenyanga ezi-5. Nangona kubizwa ngokuba ' kukuphuma kwesisu ', kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba oku akuyonto uyenzileyo kakubi . Uninzi lwexesha, ezi zinto zizinto esingenakuzilawula, kwaye zenzeka kuba umntwana osesiswini uyeka ukukhula .
Ziziphi iintlobo zokukhupha isisu ezikhoyo?
Ngoku usenokuba uzibuza ukuba ezi ziphuphu ziphunyelwa ngendlela efanayo na. Ewe, ugqirha wakho angakuxelela ngezi ntlobo zeziphuphu ziphunyelwa:
Ukungaphumeleli Ukuphuma Kwesisu
Okwenzekayo kule meko kukuba awazi nokuba uphunyelwe sisisu. Oko kuthetha ukuba akukho zimpawu ezihlala zivela ngexesha lophunyelwe sisisu. Kodwa kuphela xa wenza i-ultrasound apho ufumanisa ukuba akukho ntliziyo ibethayo kumntwana. Khawucinge ukuba kunokuba buhlungu kangakanani ukufumana into enjalo.
Ukuphuma kwesisu ngokupheleleyo
Kwimeko enjalo, ukukhulelwa kulahlekile ngokupheleleyo kwaye isibeleko sakho asinanto. Usenokopha, kwaye iziqwenga zezicubu zomntwana ongekazalwa nazo zinokuphuma . Ugqirha unokuqinisekisa ukuba oku kukuphuma kwesisu ngokupheleleyo nge -ultrasound .
Ukuphuma Kwesisu Okuphindaphindiweyo
Kulapho uphunyelwa zisisu kathathu ngokulandelelana. Kuthiwa le meko ichaphazela malunga ne-1% yezibini. Kuqhelekile ukuba uzive uxinezelekile kakhulu xa kwenzeka into efana nale.
Ukuphuma Kwesisu Okusongelayo
Kwimeko enjalo, nangona umlomo wesibeleko sakho uvaliwe, unokufumana iintlungu zokopha kunye nentlungu esezantsi kwesisu, efana nokuya exesheni. Kodwa uninzi lwexesha , ukukhulelwa kuyaqhubeka ngaphandle kweengxaki . Nangona kunjalo, ugqirha wakho uza kukujonga ngokusondeleyo kulo lonke ixesha lokukhulelwa kwakho. Kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo kagqirha wakho ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngeli xesha.
Ukuphuma Kwesisu Okungenakuphepheka
Usenokuba uphuma igazi, unentlungu esezantsi kwesisu, kwaye umlomo wakho wesibeleko usenokuba uqala ukuvuleka. Usenokuba uvuza ulwelo lwe-amniotic , ulwelo olumanzi olujikeleze umntwana. Kulapho kunokwenzeka ukuba uphunyelwe sisisu ngokupheleleyo.
Ndingazazi njani ukuba ndiphunyelwe sisisu? (Iimpawu)
Ngamanye amaxesha usenokungazi nokuba uphunyelwa sisisu. Kodwa kwabo bafumana iimpawu ngexesha lophunyelwa sisisu, ezi zezona mpawu zixhaphakileyo:
- Ukopha okuya kusanda kancinci kancinci. Ngamanye amaxesha iziqwenga zezicubu ezingwevu okanye amahlwili egazi anokuphuma.
- Intlungu yesisu esisezantsi kunye nokuqaqamba. Oku kudla ngokuba nzima ngakumbi kunentlungu oyifumanayo ngexesha lokuya exesheni kwakho ngenyanga.
- Intlungu yomqolo. Oku kungaqala kancinci kwaye kube nzima kwabanye abantu, kwaye kunokuba lula kwabanye.
- Iimpawu zokukhulelwa ziyaphela kancinci kancinci. Umzekelo, izinto ezifana nesiyezi kunye nokucaphuka zinokuphela.
Ukuba unayo nayiphi na kwezi mpawu, kufuneka ufowunele umboneleli wakho wokhathalelo lwangaphambi kokukhulelwa ngoko nangoko . Uza kukuxelela ukuba uze eofisini okanye uye kwigumbi likaxakeka. Kunzima ukungoyiki ngexesha elinje, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza.
Yintoni ebangela ukuphuphuma kwesisu?
Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza, "Kutheni oku kwenzeke kum?" "Ngaba ndenze into engalunganga?" Kodwa inyani yile, uninzi lokukhulelwa okubangelwa kukungafezeki kwakho akubangelwa yimpazamo yakho. Makhe sijonge ezona zizathu ziphambili.
Izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiChromosomal
Ukungaqheleki kweekhromosomu kubangela malunga nama-50% okuphuphuma kwesisu kwi-trimester yokuqala, emalunga neeveki ezili-13 zokukhulelwa. Khumbula, iikhromosomu zizinto ezincinci ngaphakathi kwiiseli zethu ezithwala zonke iijini zethu. Yonke into ukususela kwisini somntu ukuya kumbala weenwele zakhe, umbala wamehlo, kunye nohlobo lwegazi imiselwa zezi jini.
Xa iqanda kunye nesidoda zidityaniswe zenze i-embryo, iiseti ezimbini zee-chromosomes zongezwa kunye. Khawucinge nje, ukuba iqanda okanye isidoda sinee-chromosomes ezimbalwa okanye ezingaphezulu kunesiqhelo, i-embryo ephumayo iya kuba nenani elingaqhelekanga lee-chromosomes. Emva koko, njengoko i-embryo ikhula, iiseli ziyahlukana kwaye ziphindaphindeke, kwaye ukungaqheleki kuloo nkqubo kunokubangela ukuphuphuma kwesisu. Uninzi lwexesha, ezi ngxaki ze-chromosome azicwangciswanga. Akukaziwa ukuba kutheni oku kusenzeka.
Ziziphi ezinye izizathu zokuphuma kwesisu?
Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwe-chromosomal, kukho ezinye izinto ezininzi ezinokubangela ukuphuphuma kwesisu:
- Iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo.
- Ukuchatshazelwa zizifo ezikwiqela lezifo ze-TORCH.Ezi zezinye zeentlobo zosulelo ezinokuba yingozi ngexesha lokukhulelwa. (Umzekelo: iToxoplasmosis, iRubella, iCytomegalovirus, iHerpes simplex)
- Ukungalingani kweeHormonal.
- Ukufakelwa okungafanelekanga kweqanda elivundisiweyo eludongeni lwesibeleko.
- Ubudala bakho. Umngcipheko wokuphuphuma kwesisu uyanda kancinci njengoko ukhula.
- Izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwisibeleko (umz., utshintsho kwimo yesibeleko, ii-fibroids)
- Umlomo wesibeleko ongakwaziyo: Kulapho umlomo wesibeleko uqala ukuvuleka kwangethuba kakhulu ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
- Ezinye izinto ezibangela indlela yokuphila. Umzekelo, ukutshaya, ukusela utywala, nokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni.
- Izifo zomzimba ezibangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle komzimba, ezifana ne -lupus .
- Isifo Sezintso Esibi Kakhulu.
- Isifo sentliziyo esizalwa naso.
- Isifo seswekile esingalawulwayo.
- Isifo se-thyroid.
- Ukuvezwa kwimitha yelanga.
- Amanye amayeza. Umzekelo, amayeza afana ne -Isotretinoin (Isotretinoin / Accutane®) okunceda i-acne.
- Ukungondleki Okubi Kakhulu.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba akukho bungqina besayensi bokuba uxinzelelo, umthambo, isondo, okanye ukusebenzisa iipilisi zokulawula ukukhulelwa ixesha elide kubangela ukuphuphuma kwesisu. Nokuba imeko yakho injani na, musa ukuzibeka ityala ukuba uphuphunyelwe sisisu. Uninzi lokuphuphuma kwesisu alubangelwa yinto oyenzileyo okanye ongayenzanga. Ukuqonda oku kunokukunceda wenze isigqibo.
Kubuhlungu kangakanani ukukhupha isisu?
Oku kuyahluka ngokwenene kumntu nomntu. Abanye abantu banokufumana iintlungu ezinzulu zesisu esisezantsi kunye nokuqaqamba. Abanye banokufumana iintlungu ezifana nezo zokuya exesheni. Ubungakanani bentlungu bungahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokukhulelwa kwesisu onakho. Umzekelo, ukuba 'unesisu esipheleleyo' ekhaya, unokufumana iintlungu ezingaphezulu kunomntu 'ophumileyo' ngenxa yokukhupha isisu ngotyando.
Yintoni eyenzekayo kuqala xa isisu siphunyelwe? Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani?
Kunzima ukutsho ngqo ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kuqala xa isisu siphumile, kuba iimpawu zomntu ngamnye zahlukile. Ngamanye amaxesha, akukho zimpawu kwaphela, kwaye i-ultrasound scan yeyona ndlela yokwazi ukuba isisu siphumile na. Uninzi lwabasetyhini luba nentlungu ethile esiswini kunye nokopha . Kodwa okwenzeka kuqala kuyahluka kumntu nomntu.
Kuyafana nokuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba isisu siphume, kuyahluka ukusuka kumntu ukuya komnye.Abanye abafazi banokuba neentlungu eziqatha kunye nokopha kakhulu kunabanye. Ugqirha wakho angakuxelela into omawuyilindele aze akunike iingcebiso malunga nendlela yokulawula le ntlungu kunye nokungonwabi.
Ziziphi izinto ezibangela ukukhulelwa kwesisu?
Into enobungozi luphawu okanye ukuziphatha okwandisa amathuba okufumana isifo okanye imeko. Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokubangela ukukhulelwa kwesisu:
- Ubudala bakho: Izifundo zibonise ukuba umngcipheko wokuphuphuma kwesisu kwabasetyhini abakwiminyaka yabo yama-20 uphakathi kwe-12% ne-15%, unyuka uye kuthi ga kwi-25% xa beneminyaka engama-40. Uphuphuma kwesisu okuninzi okunxulumene nobudala kubangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-chromosome , apho umntwana ongekazalwa ene-chromosomes ezininzi okanye ezimbalwa kakhulu.
- Ukuba ukhe waphunyelwa sisisu ngaphambili: Ukuba ukhe waphunyelwa sisisu ngaphambili, unethuba elimalunga nama-25% lokuphinda uphunyelwe sisisu (oku kungaphezulu kancinci kunokomntu ongazange aphunyelwe sisisu ngaphambili).
- Iimeko zempilo: Isifo seswekile esingalawulekiyo, usulelo olwahlukeneyo, okanye iingxaki ezithile ngesibeleko sakho okanye umlomo wesibeleko zinokunyusa umngcipheko wakho wokuphuma kwesisu.
Thetha nogqirha wakho ngezi zinto zinobungozi. Uza kuhlola imbali yakho yezonyango aze akuxelele ngomngcipheko wakho.
Bangaphi abafazi abaphunyelwa zizisu? Ingakanani ingozi enokubakho iveki neveki?
Kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwe-10% kunye ne-20% yazo zonke izisu ezaziwayo ziphelela ekuphunyelweni sisisu . Uninzi lwezi zisusu (malunga ne-80%) zenzeka kwiinyanga ezintathu zokuqala zokukhulelwa (oko kukuthi, kwiiveki ezili-13). Emva kweeveki ezingama-20, ngaphantsi kwe-5% yezisusu zenzeka.
Ngamanye amaxesha, eli nani linokuba phezulu nangakumbi ukuba ucinga ngokukhulelwa okuphunyeziweyo okwenzeka kwangoko emva kokufakelwa. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukopha kunokubakho rhoqo njengakwixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuya exesheni, ngoko ke umntu usenokungazi nokuba ukhulelwe. Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba 'kukukhulelwa kwamakhemikhali' .
Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba umngcipheko wakho wokuphuphuma kwesisu uyancipha njengoko ukhula . Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-15% yokukhulelwa iphelela ekuphuphumeni kwesisu. Umngcipheko wokuphuphuma kwesisu kwi-trimester yesibini (iiveki ze-13 ukuya kwi-19) uphakathi kwe-1% kunye ne-5%. Izinto ezininzi, ezifana neminyaka yakho kunye nempilo yakho, zichaphazela lo mngcipheko. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba awunazo ezinye iingxaki zempilo, umngcipheko wakho wokuphuphuma kwesisu uyancipha njengoko ukhula.
Ufumanisa njani ngokuchanekileyo ukukhulelwa kwesisu?
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba isisu siphumile, ugqirha wakho angenza ezi mvavanyo zilandelayo:
- I-Ultrasound: Oku kujonga ukuba umntwana unentliziyo ebethayo okanye kukho 'i-yolk sac', enokubonwa kwizigaba zokuqala ze-embryo.
- Uvavanyo lwegazi:Oku kuvavanya inqanaba lehomoni ebizwa ngokuba yi -'Human Chorionic Gonadotropin' (hCG) . Le yihomoni eveliswa yi-placenta. Amanqanaba aphantsi e-hCG anokuqinisekisa ukuba isisu siphumile.
- Uvavanyo lwePelvic: Olu vavanyo lujonga ukuba umlomo wesibeleko sakho uvulekile na.
Iphathwa njani into yokuphuphuma kwesisu?
Ukuba uphunyelwe sisisu, umntwana ongekazalwa kufuneka asuswe esibelekweni sakho. Ukuba kukho naliphi na ilungu lokukhulelwa elishiywe emzimbeni wakho, unokufumana usulelo, ukopha kakhulu, okanye ezinye iingxaki .
Ukuba isisu siphumile ngokupheleleyo, oko kuthetha ukuba zonke izicwili zomntwana ongekazalwa zisusiwe esibelekweni, akukho nyango lufunekayo rhoqo. Ugqirha wakho uza kwenza i-ultrasound ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto iseleyo esibelekweni.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umzimba wakho awukayisusi yonke le tissue, okanye ukuba awukaqali ukopha, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ukuba ususe le tissue nokuba ngamayeza okanye ngotyando.
Unyango Olungelulo Utyando
Ugqirha wakho angakuxelela ukuba ulinde umzimba wakho ukhuphe ukukhulelwa. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwiimeko zokuphuphuma kwesisu okungakhange kwenzeke. Kodwa ukulinda ukuba ukukhulelwa kudlule kungathatha iintsuku ezininzi. Ukuba akukhuselekanga ukwenza njalo, okanye ukuba ufuna ukuphelisa ukukhulelwa ngokukhawuleza, ugqirha wakho angakunika iyeza lokunceda ukukhulelwa kudlule. Olu khetho luhlala lufumaneka kuphela ukuba uphunyelwe sisisu ngaphambi kweeveki ezili-10 zokukhulelwa kwakho.
Nokuba ukukhulelwa kwesisu akuqinisekiswanga, ukuba uneempawu zokuphuphuma kwesisu, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ukuba ulale ebhedini iintsuku ezimbalwa. Ungagcinwa esibhedlele ubusuku bonke ukuze ujongwe. Nje ukuba ukopha kuphele, ungaqhubeka nemisebenzi eqhelekileyo. Ukuba umlomo wakho wesibeleko uvuliwe, kufunyaniswa ukuba 'umlomo wesibeleko ongakwaziyo' kwaye unokwenziwa utyando lokuvala umlomo wesibeleko (olubizwa ngokuba 'yi-cervical cerclage') .
Unyango lotyando
Ukuba umntwana wakho akaphumanga esibelekweni sakho, okanye ukuba wopha kakhulu, ugqirha wakho angenza i-D&C (Dilation and Curettage) okanye i-D&E (Dilation and Evacuation) . Ukuba ukhulelwe ngaphezulu kweeveki ezili-10, utyando lunokuba lolona khetho luphela. Kule nkqubo, umlomo wesibeleko sakho uyavulwa kwaye naziphi na izicubu zokukhulelwa eziseleyo ziyasuswa kwisibeleko sakho ngokuzikrwela okanye ngokuzifunxa. Le nkqubo yenziwa esibhedlele, phantsi kwe-anesthesia.
Zithini iimpawu emva kokuphuma kwesisu? Ndingambona nini ugqirha?
Kuqhelekile ukuba umntu afumane amabala athile aze angakhululeki emva kokuphuma kwesisu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufumana naziphi na kwezi mpawu, kufuneka ufowunele ugqirha wakho ngoko nangoko , kuba ezi zinokuba ziimpawu zosulelo:
- Kulungile ukopha kakhulu okanye ukopha kakhulu.
- Ukuba nomkhuhlane.
- Ukugodola.
- Intlungu enzima kakhulu.
Musa ukufaka nantoni na ngaphakathi kwilungu lobufazi bakho ubuncinane iiveki ezimbini emva kokukhipha isisu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ungasebenzisi ii-tampons, ungabi neentlobano zesini, okanye usebenzise iminwe okanye izinto zokudlala ngesondo ngeli xesha. Ugqirha wakho uza kucwangcisa idinga lokulandelela ukuze ajonge ukuba uphilile na kunye naziphi na iingxaki.
Zeziphi iimvavanyo ekufuneka zenziwe ukuba uphunyelwa zizisu rhoqo?
Ukuba uphunyelwe sisisu ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezithathu ngokulandelelana (oku kubizwa ngokuba 'kuphunyelwa sisisu ngokuphindaphindiweyo'), ugqirha wakho unokuyalela uvavanyo lwegazi okanye uvavanyo lwemfuza. Ezinye zezi ziquka:
- Uvavanyo lweMfuzo: Wena kunye neqabane lakho ningenza uvavanyo lwegazi, olufana ne -karyotyping, ukuze kuhlolwe ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-chromosome. Ukuba kukho izicwili ezivela kumntwana ophunyeziweyo, zingavavanywa nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-chromosome.
- Uvavanyo lweGazi: Uvavanyo lwegazi lunokwenziwa ukujonga iimeko zokuzikhusela komzimba okanye iimeko zehomoni ezinokubangela ukuphuphuma kwesisu.
Ukongeza, ugqirha wakho angasebenzisa enye yezi ndlela ukuhlola isibeleko sakho:
- I-Hysterosalpingogram: Le yinkqubo esebenzisa idayi, efana ne-X-ray, ukuhlola isibeleko sakho kunye nemibhobho ye-fallopian.
- I-Hysteroscopy: Kule nkqubo, ugqirha ujonga ngaphakathi kwesibeleko ngesixhobo esincinci, esifana neteleskopu.
- I-Laparoscopy: Kule nto, ugqirha ujonga amalungu esinqe ngesixhobo esikhanyisiweyo.
Ungaphinda ukhulelwe emva kokuphuphuma kwesisu? Kuza kube nini?
Ewe, unako. Uninzi lwabasetyhini abaphunyelwa sisisu (malunga ne-87%) baqhubeka nokukhulelwa okuqhelekileyo kunye nabantwana abasempilweni. Ukuphunyelwa sisisu akuthethi ukuba unengxaki yokuzala. Khumbula, uninzi lokuphunyelwa sisisu lubangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-chromosome, hayi yinto oyenzileyo.
Isigqibo sokuba uza kuzama nini ukukhulelwa kwakhona yinto wena nogqirha wakho enifanele niyenze kunye. Uninzi lwabasetyhini lunokukhulelwa kwakhona emva kokuba sexesheni 'eliqhelekileyo'.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuthatha ixesha lokuphola emzimbeni nasengqondweni emva kokuphuma kwesisu.Ingcebiso iyafumaneka ukukunceda ujongane nale lahleko. Amaqela enkxaso apho unokuthetha khona ngokulahlekelwa kukuphuma kwesisu anokuba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kuwe nakwiqabane lakho. Cela ugqirha wakho ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga neengcebiso kunye namaqela enkxaso anjalo. Ngaphezu kwako konke, ungazibeki tyala ngokuphuma kwesisu. Zinike ixesha lokulila.
Ukuba uphunyelwe sisisu kathathu ngokulandelelana, buza ugqirha wakho malunga novavanyo ukuze ufumane unobangela oyintloko. Kungcono ukusebenzisa ucwangciso lokuzala ude ufumane iziphumo zolo vavanyo. Ugqirha uza kuhlola iziphumo zovavanyo, aze akuxelele ukuba uyeke ukusebenzisa ucwangciso lokuzala kwaye uzame ukukhulelwa kwakhona.
Ngaba ukuphuphuma kwesisu kungathintelwa kwakhona?
Enyanisweni, akunakwenzeka ukuthintela ukuphuphuma kwesisu. Ukuba uphunyelwe sisisu, asikuko ukuba wenze nantoni na eyabangela oko. Eyona nto ingcono onokuyenza kukunyamekela umzimba wakho kakuhle. Nazi ezinye iindlela onokuzinyamekela ngazo:
- Ukuya rhoqo kunyango lwakho lokukhulelwa.
- Ukugcina ubunzima obusempilweni obukufaneleyo.
- Ukuphepha izinto ezinokubangela ukuphuphuma kwesisu, njengokusela utywala nokutshaya.
- Ukuthatha i-vitamin yokukhulelwa.
- Ukuzilolonga rhoqo kunye nokutya okunempilo.
Ungamelana njani nentlungu yokuphuphuma kwesisu? ( Okokugqibela, khumbula oku )
Ukuphulukana nokukhulelwa yinto ebuhlungu kakhulu, ephakamisa iimvakalelo nemibuzo emininzi. Ukuchacha ngokweemvakalelo emva kokuphuphuma kwesisu kudla ngokuba kukude kakhulu kwaye kunzima kunokuchacha ngokwasemzimbeni. Zinike ixesha olidingayo ukuze ulile ukufelwa. Thetha ngeemvakalelo zakho neqabane lakho, abahlobo kunye nosapho. Okanye fumana iqela lenkxaso yokufelwa kokukhulelwa kwi-intanethi. Zingqonge nabantu abakuxhasayo, okanye funa uncedo lweengcali ukukunceda ujongane nokufelwa.
Ukuphuma kwesisu lixesha elibangela iimvakalelo kakhulu kubazali abalindeleyo, kwaye kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukulila ngenxa yokulahlekelwa. Khumbula, ukuphuma kwesisu akunakuthintelwa, kwaye asikuko into oyenzileyo kakubi. Akuthethi ukuba awunakuphinda ube nabantwana, okanye ukuba uza kuphinda uphume isisu. Kuqhelekile ukuba buhlungu. Fumana inkxaso kusapho, kubahlobo, kumaqela enkxaso kwi-intanethi, okanye kumcebisi onelayisenisi. Ukuba uceba ukukhulelwa kwakhona, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokukhulelwa kwakho okulandelayo, ixesha, kunye nayo nayiphi na imibuzo onokuba nayo.
Ukuphuma Kwesisu , Ukukhulelwa, Impilo Yabasetyhini, Iimpawu, Oonobangela, Unyango, Ukukhipha Isisu











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